Fertility rate
Fertility rate, total (births per woman)
Link with national income-0.81essentially a measure of national income
Links that hold up22of 158 pairs tested
Unitbirths per womanhigher is neither better nor worse
SourceWDICC BY 4.0
How it has moved
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Every country, every year
One row per country and one column per year, sorted by the most recent value. Hover over any cell to see the figure. The country names link to each country’s page.
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Links that hold up
r is how closely two measures rise and fall together across countries, from −1 (opposite) to +1 (in step), where 0 means no link. These pairs are ranked by the link after adjusting for national income, which means comparing countries with the same GDP per person. Each pair passed three checks. The link held after that adjustment. It was unlikely to be chance (q of 0.05 or less), even allowing for countries in the same region being alike and for the many pairs tested. And the two are not just two measures of the same thing. Very small q values are written in short form: 8.0e-5 means 0.000080.
| Measure | Before adjusting | After adjusting | q | Countries | Tracks income? |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fertility rate and Birth rateWhere Fertility rate is higher, Birth rate tends to be higher: a strong link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Birth rate by country | +0.98 | +0.94 | 0.000 | 199 | proxy |
| Fertility rate and Population 0-14Where Fertility rate is higher, Population 0-14 tends to be higher: a strong link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Population 0-14 by country | +0.96 | +0.85 | 0.004 | 199 | proxy |
| Fertility rate and Under-5 mortalityWhere Fertility rate is higher, Under-5 mortality tends to be higher: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Under-5 mortality by country | +0.85 | +0.59 | 0.017 | 188 | proxy |
| Fertility rate and Median ageWhere Fertility rate is higher, Median age tends to be lower: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Median age by country | -0.87 | -0.57 | 0.032 | 199 | proxy |
| Fertility rate and Adolescent fertilityWhere Fertility rate is higher, Adolescent fertility tends to be higher: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Adolescent fertility by country | +0.84 | +0.57 | 0.035 | 199 | proxy |
| Fertility rate and Electricity accessWhere Fertility rate is higher, Electricity access tends to be lower: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Electricity access by country | -0.81 | -0.52 | 0.004 | 198 | high |
| Fertility rate and Maternal mortalityWhere Fertility rate is higher, Maternal mortality tends to be higher: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Maternal mortality by country | +0.78 | +0.51 | 0.009 | 187 | proxy |
| Fertility rate and Infrastructure scoreWhere Fertility rate is higher, Infrastructure score tends to be lower: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Infrastructure score by country | -0.87 | -0.50 | 0.000 | 197 | proxy |
| Fertility rate and Basic sanitationWhere Fertility rate is higher, Basic sanitation tends to be lower: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Basic sanitation by country | -0.82 | -0.50 | 0.001 | 197 | high |
| Fertility rate and Infant mortalityWhere Fertility rate is higher, Infant mortality tends to be higher: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Infant mortality by country | +0.83 | +0.50 | 0.004 | 188 | proxy |
| Fertility rate and Basic water accessWhere Fertility rate is higher, Basic water access tends to be lower: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Basic water access by country | -0.82 | -0.49 | 0.013 | 197 | proxy |
| Fertility rate and Education scoreWhere Fertility rate is higher, Education score tends to be lower: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Education score by country | -0.83 | -0.47 | 0.002 | 191 | proxy |
| Fertility rate and Pupil-teacher ratioWhere Fertility rate is higher, Pupil-teacher ratio tends to be higher: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Pupil-teacher ratio by country | +0.81 | +0.45 | 0.001 | 180 | proxy |
| Fertility rate and Primary completionWhere Fertility rate is higher, Primary completion tends to be lower: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Primary completion by country | -0.78 | -0.43 | 0.010 | 161 | proxy |
| Fertility rate and Life expectancyWhere Fertility rate is higher, Life expectancy tends to be lower: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Life expectancy by country | -0.83 | -0.42 | 0.011 | 199 | proxy |
| Fertility rate and Birth registrationWhere Fertility rate is higher, Birth registration tends to be lower: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Birth registration by country | -0.73 | -0.42 | 0.008 | 166 | proxy |
| Fertility rate and Internet usersWhere Fertility rate is higher, Internet users tends to be lower: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Internet users by country | -0.82 | -0.40 | 0.005 | 197 | proxy |
| Fertility rate and PISA readingWhere Fertility rate is higher, PISA reading tends to be lower: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. PISA reading by country | -0.65 | -0.39 | 0.035 | 87 | high |
| Fertility rate and PISA scienceWhere Fertility rate is higher, PISA science tends to be lower: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. PISA science by country | -0.65 | -0.38 | 0.008 | 87 | high |
| Fertility rate and PISA mathsWhere Fertility rate is higher, PISA maths tends to be lower: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. PISA maths by country | -0.63 | -0.34 | 0.023 | 87 | high |
| Fertility rate and Population 65+Where Fertility rate is higher, Population 65+ tends to be lower: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Population 65+ by country | -0.73 | -0.33 | 0.016 | 199 | high |
| Fertility rate and Road traffic deathsWhere Fertility rate is higher, Road traffic deaths tends to be higher: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Road traffic deaths by country | +0.65 | +0.25 | 0.020 | 183 | high |
How much the other measures account for
The 71 most widely reported measures boil down to a few broad patterns. This table shows how much of the differences between countries on this measure those patterns account for, adding one pattern at a time. The patterns are rebuilt without this measure, and without anything built from the same numbers or measuring the same thing. So it never predicts itself under another name. The figures use the 133 countries reporting all of them, and 70 candidate measures.
This shows how much it moves with the others. It does not explain anything. Measures that move together end up on the same pattern whether or not anything connects them. And the countries here are the best-documented ones. A high figure means this measure is largely predictable from the others, not that they produce it.
| Patterns used | Share of this measure accounted for | Added by this pattern |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 79% | — |
| 2 | 80% | +2% |
| 3 | 87% | +6% |
| 4 | 87% | +0% |
| 5 | 87% | +0% |
| 6 | 87% | +0% |
This measure sits on the pattern all the measures share, which is national income under another name.
How it differs by category
This compares the measure across groups of countries, such as those sharing a main religion, instead of against another number. The figure is the share of the differences between countries on this measure that lies between the groups, on a scale from 0 to 1. It is shown before and after adjusting for national income.
The “between groups” figure runs from 0 (the groups are no different) to 1 (the groups explain all the differences between countries). Groups have no up or down, so this says how much the groups differ, never which way. For that, read the group averages. The figure also tends to rise when there are more groups. So to judge whether it could be chance (q), we shuffle the same labels among the same countries many times and see how often a figure this big turns up. Then we allow for the fact that many measures are checked at once, since with enough checks a few big figures turn up by luck alone. Groups with fewer than 12 countries are left out. And countries that share a label share a lot else. Adjusting for income rules out one third factor, but leaves language, region, legal tradition and history untouched.
| Grouped by | Between groups | After income | q | Groups at each end |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Last European coloniser | 0.48 | 0.29 | 0.037 | most: France 3.77 · least: Spain 2.08 births per woman |
| Largest religious group | 0.25 | 0.18 | 0.030 | most: Muslims 2.98 · least: Christians 2.3 births per woman |
Every other pair
Everything else this measure was tested against, apart from the links that hold up and the pairs built from the same numbers. Sorted by the link after adjusting. Search by name; every column sorts. A small adjusted figure is a result too. It says the two do not move together once income is set aside.
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| Fertility rate and Population growthComparing only countries with similar income it is still +0.53, but that could easily be chance once we allow for countries in the same region being alike. Population growth by country | +0.64 | +0.53 | 0.158 | 199 | moderate |
| Fertility rate and Health coverage indexLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.51) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Health coverage index by country | -0.86 | -0.51 | 0.070 | 186 | proxy |
| Fertility rate and Adult literacyLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.46) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Adult literacy by country | -0.77 | -0.46 | 0.057 | 135 | high |
| Fertility rate and HDILinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.42) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. HDI by country | -0.86 | -0.42 | 0.112 | 187 | proxy |
| Fertility rate and Skilled birth attendanceLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.41) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Skilled birth attendance by country | -0.74 | -0.41 | 0.114 | 177 | high |
| Fertility rate and Anaemia in womenLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.40) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Anaemia in women by country | +0.71 | +0.40 | 0.080 | 185 | high |
| Fertility rate and Slum share of urban populationLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.38) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Slum share of urban population by country | +0.76 | +0.38 | 0.053 | 184 | high |
| Fertility rate and Extreme poverty rateLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.37) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Extreme poverty rate by country | +0.76 | +0.37 | 0.067 | 163 | proxy |
| Fertility rate and Tobacco useCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Tobacco use by country | -0.36 | -0.37 | 0.112 | 164 | independent |
| Fertility rate and Women's age at first marriageCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Women's age at first marriage by country | -0.36 | -0.36 | 0.562 | 40 | moderate |
| Fertility rate and Children with one parentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Children with one parent by country | +0.33 | +0.35 | 0.461 | 38 | independent |
| Fertility rate and Secondary enrollmentLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.35) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Secondary enrollment by country | -0.75 | -0.35 | 0.075 | 187 | high |
| Fertility rate and Gender Development IndexLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.34) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Gender Development Index by country | -0.67 | -0.34 | 0.223 | 180 | high |
| Fertility rate and Married by 18Linked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.33) could easily be chance. Married by 18 by country | +0.64 | +0.33 | 0.226 | 136 | moderate |
| Fertility rate and Gender Inequality IndexLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.33) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Gender Inequality Index by country | +0.81 | +0.33 | 0.089 | 169 | proxy |
| Fertility rate and Out of school, primaryLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.30) could easily be chance. Out of school, primary by country | +0.55 | +0.30 | 0.053 | 186 | moderate |
| Fertility rate and Unemployment benefit spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Unemployment benefit spending by country | -0.28 | -0.30 | 0.381 | 39 | moderate |
| Fertility rate and Recycling rateCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Recycling rate by country | -0.29 | -0.29 | 0.421 | 35 | moderate |
| Fertility rate and Political rights (FH)Linked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.27) could easily be chance. Political rights (FH) by country | +0.51 | +0.27 | 0.367 | 188 | moderate |
| Fertility rate and Employment in agricultureLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.27) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Employment in agriculture by country | +0.77 | +0.27 | 0.209 | 177 | proxy |
| Fertility rate and Primary enrollmentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Primary enrollment by country | -0.13 | -0.27 | 0.116 | 192 | independent |
| Fertility rate and Tertiary enrollmentLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.27) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Tertiary enrollment by country | -0.69 | -0.27 | 0.097 | 178 | high |
| Fertility rate and Inequality-adjusted HDILinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.26) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Inequality-adjusted HDI by country | -0.84 | -0.26 | 0.292 | 167 | proxy |
| Fertility rate and Equality scoreLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.26) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Equality score by country | -0.65 | -0.26 | 0.111 | 163 | high |
| Fertility rate and Free and fair electionsLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.24) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Free and fair elections by country | -0.58 | -0.24 | 0.343 | 168 | high |
| Fertility rate and Religious attendanceLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.24) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Religious attendance by country | +0.64 | +0.24 | 0.218 | 105 | high |
| Fertility rate and Religion very importantLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.23) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Religion very important by country | +0.61 | +0.23 | 0.063 | 107 | high |
| Fertility rate and Expected schoolingLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.23) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Expected schooling by country | -0.73 | -0.23 | 0.206 | 187 | proxy |
| Fertility rate and Muslim shareCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Muslim share by country | +0.32 | +0.22 | 0.204 | 184 | independent |
| Fertility rate and Child stuntingLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.22) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Child stunting by country | +0.71 | +0.22 | 0.244 | 156 | proxy |
| Fertility rate and Civil liberties (FH)Could easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Civil liberties (FH) by country | +0.50 | +0.22 | 0.421 | 188 | moderate |
| Fertility rate and Old-age spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Old-age spending by country | -0.24 | -0.21 | 0.396 | 42 | independent |
| Fertility rate and Tax revenueCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Tax revenue by country | -0.37 | -0.21 | 0.444 | 151 | moderate |
| Fertility rate and Migrant share of populationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Migrant share of population by country | -0.38 | +0.20 | 0.121 | 198 | high |
| Fertility rate and Age at childbearingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Age at childbearing by country | -0.26 | +0.20 | 0.133 | 199 | moderate |
| Fertility rate and UndernourishmentLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.20) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Undernourishment by country | +0.68 | +0.20 | 0.143 | 163 | proxy |
| Fertility rate and Mean years of schoolingLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.20) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Mean years of schooling by country | -0.74 | -0.20 | 0.337 | 187 | proxy |
| Fertility rate and Political stabilityLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.20) could easily be chance. Political stability by country | -0.58 | -0.20 | 0.221 | 195 | moderate |
| Fertility rate and Food insecurityLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.19) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Food insecurity by country | +0.76 | +0.19 | 0.169 | 155 | proxy |
| Fertility rate and Armed conflict presentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Armed conflict present by country | +0.43 | +0.19 | 0.390 | 188 | moderate |
| Fertility rate and Governance scoreCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Governance score by country | -0.50 | -0.18 | 0.278 | 171 | moderate |
| Fertility rate and Frequent prayerLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.18) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Frequent prayer by country | +0.61 | +0.18 | 0.266 | 78 | high |
| Fertility rate and Electoral democracyCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Electoral democracy by country | -0.47 | -0.17 | 0.438 | 168 | moderate |
| Fertility rate and Homicide rateAlmost no link either way. Homicide rate by country | -0.05 | -0.17 | 0.116 | 170 | moderate |
| Fertility rate and DTP3 immunisationLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.17) could easily be chance. DTP3 immunisation by country | -0.51 | -0.17 | 0.379 | 186 | moderate |
| Fertility rate and Government expenseCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Government expense by country | -0.33 | -0.17 | 0.626 | 151 | moderate |
| Fertility rate and Hospital bedsLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.17) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Hospital beds by country | -0.50 | -0.17 | 0.219 | 171 | high |
| Fertility rate and Liberal democracyLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.16) could easily be chance. Liberal democracy by country | -0.51 | -0.16 | 0.511 | 168 | moderate |
| Fertility rate and Women in a unionCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Women in a union by country | +0.42 | +0.16 | 0.547 | 192 | moderate |
| Fertility rate and Interpersonal trustCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Interpersonal trust by country | -0.38 | +0.16 | 0.362 | 107 | high |
| Fertility rate and Retirement age, menCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Retirement age, men by country | +0.25 | +0.16 | 0.699 | 49 | independent |
| Fertility rate and Public social spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Public social spending by country | -0.24 | -0.16 | 0.494 | 42 | moderate |
| Fertility rate and Freedom of associationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Freedom of association by country | -0.31 | -0.16 | 0.365 | 168 | moderate |
| Fertility rate and Fixed broadbandLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.16) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Fixed broadband by country | -0.73 | -0.16 | 0.091 | 196 | proxy |
| Fertility rate and Vulnerable employmentLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.15) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Vulnerable employment by country | +0.75 | +0.15 | 0.509 | 177 | proxy |
| Fertility rate and PhysiciansLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.15) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Physicians by country | -0.70 | -0.15 | 0.196 | 186 | proxy |
| Fertility rate and Aid givenCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Aid given by country | -0.14 | -0.15 | 0.466 | 47 | high |
| Fertility rate and Voice and accountabilityLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.15) could easily be chance. Voice and accountability by country | -0.54 | -0.15 | 0.351 | 195 | moderate |
| Fertility rate and Participatory democracyCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Participatory democracy by country | -0.47 | -0.15 | 0.501 | 168 | moderate |
| Fertility rate and Health spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Health spending by country | -0.22 | -0.15 | 0.392 | 186 | independent |
| Fertility rate and Divorce rate (UN)Could easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Divorce rate (UN) by country | -0.12 | -0.14 | 0.485 | 95 | independent |
| Fertility rate and GDP growthCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. GDP growth by country | +0.23 | +0.14 | 0.326 | 199 | moderate |
| Fertility rate and Women in managementCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Women in management by country | -0.31 | -0.14 | 0.574 | 149 | moderate |
| Fertility rate and Gender wage gapCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Gender wage gap by country | -0.13 | -0.14 | 0.769 | 38 | independent |
| Fertility rate and Trust in governmentAlmost no link either way. Trust in government by country | +0.02 | +0.14 | 0.524 | 47 | moderate |
| Fertility rate and Confidence in religious institutionsCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Confidence in religious institutions by country | +0.46 | +0.13 | 0.472 | 107 | moderate |
| Fertility rate and Health scoreCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Health score by country | -0.32 | -0.13 | 0.448 | 186 | moderate |
| Fertility rate and Wellbeing scoreLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.13) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Wellbeing score by country | -0.54 | +0.13 | 0.587 | 107 | high |
| Fertility rate and Family benefits spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Family benefits spending by country | -0.19 | -0.13 | 0.397 | 42 | independent |
| Fertility rate and Divorce rateCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Divorce rate by country | -0.12 | -0.13 | 0.526 | 45 | independent |
| Fertility rate and Retirement age, womenAlmost no link either way. Retirement age, women by country | -0.07 | -0.12 | 0.540 | 49 | independent |
| Fertility rate and Informal employmentLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.12) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Informal employment by country | +0.77 | +0.12 | 0.629 | 140 | proxy |
| Fertility rate and Women's political empowermentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Women's political empowerment by country | -0.43 | -0.12 | 0.234 | 168 | moderate |
| Fertility rate and Forest areaAlmost no link either way. Forest area by country | -0.09 | -0.12 | 0.551 | 196 | independent |
| Fertility rate and Government spending per capitaCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Government spending per capita by country | -0.16 | +0.12 | 0.693 | 43 | proxy |
| Fertility rate and ResearchersLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.11) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Researchers by country | -0.53 | +0.11 | 0.661 | 131 | proxy |
| Fertility rate and Political civil libertiesCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Political civil liberties by country | -0.28 | -0.11 | 0.542 | 168 | moderate |
| Fertility rate and Education spendingAlmost no link either way. Education spending by country | -0.08 | -0.10 | 0.423 | 187 | independent |
| Fertility rate and Regime typeCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Regime type by country | -0.45 | -0.10 | 0.597 | 168 | moderate |
| Fertility rate and Female labor participationAlmost no link either way. Female labor participation by country | +0.00 | +0.10 | 0.470 | 177 | independent |
| Fertility rate and Conflict deathsAlmost no link either way. Conflict deaths by country | +0.06 | -0.10 | 0.354 | 188 | moderate |
| Fertility rate and Religiously unaffiliatedCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Religiously unaffiliated by country | -0.42 | -0.10 | 0.464 | 184 | moderate |
| Fertility rate and Births outside marriageCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Births outside marriage by country | +0.10 | +0.09 | 0.855 | 42 | independent |
| Fertility rate and Christian shareAlmost no link either way. Christian share by country | -0.06 | -0.09 | 0.623 | 184 | independent |
| Fertility rate and Compulsory schoolingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Compulsory schooling by country | -0.37 | -0.08 | 0.593 | 185 | moderate |
| Fertility rate and Mobile subscriptionsCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Mobile subscriptions by country | -0.40 | -0.08 | 0.278 | 198 | moderate |
| Fertility rate and Government consumptionCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Government consumption by country | -0.14 | -0.08 | 0.669 | 178 | independent |
| Fertility rate and Pre-trial detainee shareCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Pre-trial detainee share by country | +0.28 | +0.08 | 0.769 | 172 | independent |
| Fertility rate and Public order spendingAlmost no link either way. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Public order spending by country | +0.07 | +0.08 | 0.822 | 37 | high |
| Fertility rate and CO2 per capitaCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. CO2 per capita by country | -0.30 | +0.08 | 0.607 | 191 | proxy |
| Fertility rate and Rule of lawLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Rule of law by country | -0.62 | -0.08 | 0.724 | 195 | high |
| Fertility rate and Military spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Military spending by country | -0.12 | -0.07 | 0.755 | 156 | independent |
| Fertility rate and Life satisfactionLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Life satisfaction by country | -0.69 | -0.07 | 0.751 | 160 | proxy |
| Fertility rate and Youth not in work or studyCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Youth not in work or study by country | +0.50 | +0.07 | 0.686 | 175 | high |
| Fertility rate and Market-income GiniCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Market-income Gini by country | +0.20 | +0.07 | 0.799 | 45 | moderate |
| Fertility rate and Male labor participationAlmost no link either way. Male labor participation by country | +0.04 | +0.07 | 0.738 | 177 | independent |
| Fertility rate and Corporate tax rateCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Corporate tax rate by country | +0.26 | -0.07 | 0.739 | 86 | moderate |
| Fertility rate and Single-parent householdsAlmost no link either way. Single-parent households by country | -0.02 | -0.06 | 0.744 | 150 | independent |
| Fertility rate and Gini indexCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Gini index by country | +0.27 | +0.06 | 0.792 | 163 | moderate |
| Fertility rate and Environment scoreCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Environment score by country | +0.31 | +0.06 | 0.483 | 196 | moderate |
| Fertility rate and Suicide rateCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Suicide rate by country | -0.20 | -0.06 | 0.764 | 179 | independent |
| Fertility rate and Adult obesityCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Adult obesity by country | -0.27 | -0.06 | 0.830 | 188 | moderate |
| Fertility rate and Freedom of expressionCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Freedom of expression by country | -0.23 | -0.06 | 0.740 | 168 | moderate |
| Fertility rate and Hours workedCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Hours worked by country | +0.14 | -0.06 | 0.860 | 38 | high |
| Fertility rate and RedistributionCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Redistribution by country | -0.23 | -0.06 | 0.867 | 45 | moderate |
| Fertility rate and Marriage rateAlmost no link either way. Marriage rate by country | -0.05 | -0.05 | 0.764 | 46 | independent |
| Fertility rate and Self-reported happinessCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Self-reported happiness by country | -0.29 | -0.05 | 0.886 | 107 | moderate |
| Fertility rate and Marriage rate (UN)Could easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Marriage rate (UN) by country | +0.19 | +0.05 | 0.815 | 104 | independent |
| Fertility rate and Active labour market spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Active labour market spending by country | -0.14 | -0.05 | 0.876 | 42 | moderate |
| Fertility rate and Gender scoreCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Gender score by country | -0.31 | -0.05 | 0.775 | 180 | moderate |
| Fertility rate and UrbanizationLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Urbanization by country | -0.52 | +0.05 | 0.804 | 199 | high |
| Fertility rate and Political corruptionLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Political corruption by country | +0.56 | +0.04 | 0.780 | 168 | high |
| Fertility rate and InflationAlmost no link either way. Inflation by country | +0.08 | -0.04 | 0.402 | 189 | independent |
| Fertility rate and Alcohol consumptionCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Alcohol consumption by country | -0.43 | -0.04 | 0.841 | 182 | moderate |
| Fertility rate and Regulatory qualityLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Regulatory quality by country | -0.65 | +0.04 | 0.818 | 195 | proxy |
| Fertility rate and UnemploymentAlmost no link either way. Unemployment by country | +0.05 | -0.04 | 0.835 | 177 | independent |
| Fertility rate and Civil society participationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Civil society participation by country | -0.18 | -0.04 | 0.842 | 168 | independent |
| Fertility rate and Women ministersCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Women ministers by country | -0.19 | -0.03 | 0.852 | 185 | independent |
| Fertility rate and One-person householdsLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. One-person households by country | -0.59 | -0.03 | 0.802 | 150 | high |
| Fertility rate and Agricultural landCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Agricultural land by country | +0.22 | -0.03 | 0.817 | 195 | independent |
| Fertility rate and Labour scoreLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Labour score by country | -0.61 | -0.03 | 0.821 | 185 | high |
| Fertility rate and Refugees originatingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Refugees originating by country | +0.19 | -0.03 | 0.788 | 192 | moderate |
| Fertility rate and Out-of-pocket health spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Out-of-pocket health spending by country | +0.27 | -0.03 | 0.886 | 186 | moderate |
| Fertility rate and Tuberculosis incidenceCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Tuberculosis incidence by country | +0.42 | -0.03 | 0.917 | 196 | high |
| Fertility rate and Corruption Perceptions IndexLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Corruption Perceptions Index by country | -0.57 | +0.03 | 0.889 | 175 | high |
| Fertility rate and Trade opennessCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Trade openness by country | -0.37 | -0.02 | 0.875 | 180 | moderate |
| Fertility rate and Protected landCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Protected land by country | -0.15 | +0.02 | 0.878 | 196 | independent |
| Fertility rate and Premature NCD mortalityLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Premature NCD mortality by country | +0.54 | -0.02 | 0.950 | 179 | high |
| Fertility rate and FDI inflowsAlmost no link either way. FDI inflows by country | -0.05 | -0.01 | 0.903 | 195 | independent |
| Fertility rate and Women in parliamentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Women in parliament by country | -0.19 | +0.01 | 0.926 | 185 | independent |
| Fertility rate and HIV prevalenceCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. HIV prevalence by country | +0.19 | +0.01 | 0.976 | 148 | moderate |
| Fertility rate and Control of corruptionLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Control of corruption by country | -0.59 | -0.00 | 0.987 | 195 | high |
| Fertility rate and Government effectivenessLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Government effectiveness by country | -0.69 | +0.00 | 0.987 | 195 | proxy |
| Fertility rate and GDP per capita (PPP)One side of this pair is national income itself, the thing the other figures adjust for. Adjusting income for income leaves nothing, so there is no adjusted figure. The unadjusted link shows how closely the other measure follows income. GDP per capita (PPP) by country | -0.61 | — | — | 199 | proxy |
| Fertility rate and GNI per capita (PPP)One side of this pair is national income itself, the thing the other figures adjust for. Adjusting income for income leaves nothing, so there is no adjusted figure. The unadjusted link shows how closely the other measure follows income. GNI per capita (PPP) by country | -0.61 | — | — | 197 | proxy |
| Fertility rate and GDP per capita (market)One side of this pair is national income itself, the thing the other figures adjust for. Adjusting income for income leaves nothing, so there is no adjusted figure. The unadjusted link shows how closely the other measure follows income. GDP per capita (market) by country | -0.51 | — | — | 199 | proxy |