Human capital (PWT)
Human capital index, from years of schooling (Penn World Table)
Link with national income+0.82essentially a measure of national income
Links that hold up18of 193 pairs tested
Unitindex (1 = no schooling)higher is better
SourcePenn World TableCC BY 4.0
What this measures. "Human capital" means the skills and knowledge workers bring to their jobs. This index measures it from schooling alone. It starts from how many years adults spent in school, then counts the early years for more than the later ones, following studies of how much higher pay tends to be with each extra year. A score of 1 means no schooling; the US is about 3.8. It uses the same schooling figures as mean years of schooling, so the two are close by construction. For that reason it is left out of the education score, which already counts years of schooling.
How it has moved
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Countries With the Highest Human Capital (PWT) · Countries With the Lowest Human Capital (PWT)
Every country, every year
One row per country and one column per year, sorted by the most recent value. Hover over any cell to see the figure. The country names link to each country’s page.
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Links that hold up
r is how closely two measures rise and fall together across countries, from −1 (opposite) to +1 (in step), where 0 means no link. These pairs are ranked by the link after adjusting for national income, which means comparing countries with the same GDP per person. Each pair passed three checks. The link held after that adjustment. It was unlikely to be chance (q of 0.05 or less), even allowing for countries in the same region being alike and for the many pairs tested. And the two are not just two measures of the same thing. Very small q values are written in short form: 8.0e-5 means 0.000080.
| Measure | Before adjusting | After adjusting | q | Countries | Tracks income? |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Human capital (PWT) and Adult literacyWhere Human capital (PWT) is higher, Adult literacy tends to be higher: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Adult literacy by country | +0.84 | +0.59 | 0.012 | 100 | high |
| Human capital (PWT) and PISA readingWhere Human capital (PWT) is higher, PISA reading tends to be higher: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. PISA reading by country | +0.72 | +0.44 | 0.020 | 78 | high |
| Human capital (PWT) and Health coverage indexWhere Human capital (PWT) is higher, Health coverage index tends to be higher: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Health coverage index by country | +0.84 | +0.42 | 0.011 | 140 | proxy |
| Human capital (PWT) and PISA scienceWhere Human capital (PWT) is higher, PISA science tends to be higher: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. PISA science by country | +0.71 | +0.42 | 0.033 | 78 | high |
| Human capital (PWT) and Gender Inequality IndexWhere Human capital (PWT) is higher, Gender Inequality Index tends to be lower: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Gender Inequality Index by country | -0.84 | -0.42 | 0.036 | 138 | proxy |
| Human capital (PWT) and European ancestryWhere Human capital (PWT) is higher, European ancestry tends to be higher: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. European ancestry by country | +0.67 | +0.40 | 0.042 | 136 | moderate |
| Human capital (PWT) and Median ageWhere Human capital (PWT) is higher, Median age tends to be higher: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Median age by country | +0.81 | +0.37 | 0.023 | 142 | proxy |
| Human capital (PWT) and Skilled birth attendanceWhere Human capital (PWT) is higher, Skilled birth attendance tends to be higher: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Skilled birth attendance by country | +0.72 | +0.36 | 0.023 | 132 | high |
| Human capital (PWT) and PhysiciansWhere Human capital (PWT) is higher, Physicians tends to be higher: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Physicians by country | +0.78 | +0.34 | 0.038 | 140 | proxy |
| Human capital (PWT) and Birth rateWhere Human capital (PWT) is higher, Birth rate tends to be lower: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Birth rate by country | -0.80 | -0.30 | 0.025 | 142 | proxy |
| Human capital (PWT) and Vulnerable employmentWhere Human capital (PWT) is higher, Vulnerable employment tends to be lower: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Vulnerable employment by country | -0.81 | -0.29 | 0.038 | 142 | proxy |
| Human capital (PWT) and Under-5 mortalityWhere Human capital (PWT) is higher, Under-5 mortality tends to be lower: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Under-5 mortality by country | -0.77 | -0.29 | 0.013 | 140 | proxy |
| Human capital (PWT) and Infant mortalityWhere Human capital (PWT) is higher, Infant mortality tends to be lower: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Infant mortality by country | -0.78 | -0.28 | 0.027 | 140 | proxy |
| Human capital (PWT) and Population 0-14Where Human capital (PWT) is higher, Population 0-14 tends to be lower: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Population 0-14 by country | -0.80 | -0.28 | 0.024 | 142 | proxy |
| Human capital (PWT) and Legal system and property rights (Fraser)Where Human capital (PWT) is higher, Legal system and property rights (Fraser) tends to be higher: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Legal system and property rights (Fraser) by country | +0.74 | +0.24 | 0.025 | 140 | proxy |
| Human capital (PWT) and Pupil-teacher ratioWhere Human capital (PWT) is higher, Pupil-teacher ratio tends to be lower: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Pupil-teacher ratio by country | -0.75 | -0.23 | 0.033 | 134 | proxy |
| Human capital (PWT) and Birth registrationWhere Human capital (PWT) is higher, Birth registration tends to be higher: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Birth registration by country | +0.66 | +0.21 | 0.039 | 133 | proxy |
| Human capital (PWT) and Maternal mortalityWhere Human capital (PWT) is higher, Maternal mortality tends to be lower: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Maternal mortality by country | -0.68 | -0.21 | 0.031 | 140 | proxy |
Links that don’t count as findings
These go together strongly, but they are built from the same numbers or measure the same thing. So they are bound to match, or their match shows that the measures agree, not something about the world.
| Measure | Before adjusting | After adjusting | q | Countries | Tracks income? |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Human capital (PWT) and Mean years of schoolingNot an independent finding: one of these indices is built partly from the other, so their agreement is just arithmetic. Mean years of schooling by country | +0.94 | +0.78 | 0.000 | 141 | proxy |
| Human capital (PWT) and Inequality-adjusted HDINot an independent finding: one of these indices is built partly from the other, so their agreement is just arithmetic. Inequality-adjusted HDI by country | +0.91 | +0.61 | 0.001 | 134 | proxy |
| Human capital (PWT) and HDINot an independent finding: one of these indices is built partly from the other, so their agreement is just arithmetic. HDI by country | +0.89 | +0.61 | 0.012 | 141 | proxy |
| Human capital (PWT) and Education scoreNot an independent finding: one of these indices is built partly from the other, so their agreement is just arithmetic. Education score by country | +0.84 | +0.44 | 0.007 | 141 | proxy |
| Human capital (PWT) and Gender Development IndexNot an independent finding: one of these indices is built partly from the other, so their agreement is just arithmetic. Gender Development Index by country | +0.64 | +0.25 | 0.022 | 140 | high |
| Human capital (PWT) and Productivity (TFP)Not an independent finding: one of these indices is built partly from the other, so their agreement is just arithmetic. Productivity (TFP) by country | +0.57 | -0.18 | 0.416 | 118 | high |
How much the other measures account for
The 72 most widely reported measures boil down to a few broad patterns. This table shows how much of the differences between countries on this measure those patterns account for, adding one pattern at a time. The patterns are rebuilt without this measure, and without anything built from the same numbers or measuring the same thing. So it never predicts itself under another name. The figures use the 115 countries reporting all of them, and 69 candidate measures.
This shows how much it moves with the others. It does not explain anything. Measures that move together end up on the same pattern whether or not anything connects them. And the countries here are the best-documented ones. A high figure means this measure is largely predictable from the others, not that they produce it.
| Patterns used | Share of this measure accounted for | Added by this pattern |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 74% | — |
| 2 | 74% | +1% |
| 3 | 75% | +1% |
| 4 | 76% | +0% |
| 5 | 76% | +1% |
| 6 | 76% | +0% |
How it differs by category
This compares the measure across groups of countries, such as those sharing a main religion, instead of against another number. The figure is the share of the differences between countries on this measure that lies between the groups, on a scale from 0 to 1. It is shown before and after adjusting for national income.
The “between groups” figure runs from 0 (the groups are no different) to 1 (the groups explain all the differences between countries). Groups have no up or down, so this says how much the groups differ, never which way. For that, read the group averages. The figure also tends to rise when there are more groups. So to judge whether it could be chance (q), we shuffle the same labels among the same countries many times and see how often a figure this big turns up. Then we allow for the fact that many measures are checked at once, since with enough checks a few big figures turn up by luck alone. Groups with fewer than 12 countries are left out. And countries that share a label share a lot else. Adjusting for income rules out one third factor, but leaves language, region, legal tradition and history untouched.
| Grouped by | Between groups | After income | q | Groups at each end |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Last European coloniser | 0.47 | 0.26 | 0.152 | best: Never a European colony 2.87 · worst: France 2.04 index (1 = no schooling) |
| Largest religious group | 0.29 | 0.32 | 0.003 | best: Christians 2.87 · worst: Muslims 2.44 index (1 = no schooling) |
| Official ideology | 0.13 | 0.01 | 0.943 | best: No strong official ideology 2.85 · worst: Nationalist 2.6 index (1 = no schooling) |
| Party system | 0.36 | 0.11 | 0.465 | best: No parties banned 2.92 · worst: A few parties banned 2.23 index (1 = no schooling) |
Every other pair
Everything else this measure was tested against, apart from the links that hold up and the pairs built from the same numbers. Sorted by the link after adjusting. Search by name; every column sorts. A small adjusted figure is a result too. It says the two do not move together once income is set aside.
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| Human capital (PWT) and Gender wage gapCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Gender wage gap by country | +0.35 | +0.45 | 0.080 | 38 | independent |
| Human capital (PWT) and One-person householdsLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.42) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. One-person households by country | +0.72 | +0.42 | 0.116 | 121 | high |
| Human capital (PWT) and Population 65+Linked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.41) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Population 65+ by country | +0.76 | +0.41 | 0.093 | 142 | high |
| Human capital (PWT) and Recycling rateComparing only countries with similar income it is still +0.39, but that could easily be chance once we allow for countries in the same region being alike. Recycling rate by country | +0.51 | +0.39 | 0.100 | 35 | moderate |
| Human capital (PWT) and PISA mathsLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.38) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. PISA maths by country | +0.70 | +0.38 | 0.123 | 78 | high |
| Human capital (PWT) and Hospital bedsLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.38) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Hospital beds by country | +0.61 | +0.38 | 0.100 | 132 | high |
| Human capital (PWT) and Slum share of urban populationLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.37) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Slum share of urban population by country | -0.79 | -0.37 | 0.055 | 138 | high |
| Human capital (PWT) and Child stuntingLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.36) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Child stunting by country | -0.78 | -0.36 | 0.059 | 119 | proxy |
| Human capital (PWT) and Health spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Health spending by country | +0.48 | +0.36 | 0.083 | 140 | independent |
| Human capital (PWT) and Married by 18Linked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.35) could easily be chance. Married by 18 by country | -0.68 | -0.35 | 0.052 | 101 | moderate |
| Human capital (PWT) and Informal employmentLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.34) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Informal employment by country | -0.84 | -0.34 | 0.059 | 113 | proxy |
| Human capital (PWT) and Infrastructure scoreLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.34) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Infrastructure score by country | +0.84 | +0.34 | 0.069 | 142 | proxy |
| Human capital (PWT) and Fixed broadbandLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.34) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Fixed broadband by country | +0.80 | +0.34 | 0.120 | 142 | proxy |
| Human capital (PWT) and Religion very importantLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.34) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Religion very important by country | -0.66 | -0.34 | 0.178 | 94 | high |
| Human capital (PWT) and Voice and accountabilityLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.31) could easily be chance. Voice and accountability by country | +0.64 | +0.31 | 0.227 | 142 | moderate |
| Human capital (PWT) and Alcohol consumptionLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.31) could easily be chance. Alcohol consumption by country | +0.53 | +0.31 | 0.080 | 140 | moderate |
| Human capital (PWT) and Women's political empowermentLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.31) could easily be chance. Women's political empowerment by country | +0.51 | +0.31 | 0.188 | 139 | moderate |
| Human capital (PWT) and Contraceptive use (any method)Linked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.31) could easily be chance. Contraceptive use (any method) by country | +0.62 | +0.31 | 0.308 | 114 | moderate |
| Human capital (PWT) and Property rightsLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.31) could easily be chance. Property rights by country | +0.55 | +0.31 | 0.076 | 139 | moderate |
| Human capital (PWT) and Anaemia in womenLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.30) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Anaemia in women by country | -0.68 | -0.30 | 0.251 | 139 | high |
| Human capital (PWT) and Ease of forming a partyCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Ease of forming a party by country | +0.34 | +0.30 | 0.297 | 139 | moderate |
| Human capital (PWT) and Free and fair electionsLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.30) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Free and fair elections by country | +0.64 | +0.30 | 0.273 | 139 | high |
| Human capital (PWT) and Trust in governmentAlmost no link either way. Trust in government by country | -0.04 | -0.29 | 0.184 | 47 | moderate |
| Human capital (PWT) and Participatory democracyLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.28) could easily be chance. Participatory democracy by country | +0.55 | +0.28 | 0.304 | 139 | moderate |
| Human capital (PWT) and Births outside marriageCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Births outside marriage by country | -0.36 | -0.28 | 0.416 | 43 | independent |
| Human capital (PWT) and Electoral democracyLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.27) could easily be chance. Electoral democracy by country | +0.55 | +0.27 | 0.340 | 139 | moderate |
| Human capital (PWT) and Regime typeLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.27) could easily be chance. Regime type by country | +0.54 | +0.27 | 0.316 | 139 | moderate |
| Human capital (PWT) and Civil liberties (FH)Linked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.27) could easily be chance. Civil liberties (FH) by country | -0.59 | -0.27 | 0.078 | 141 | moderate |
| Human capital (PWT) and Muslim shareCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Muslim share by country | -0.32 | -0.27 | 0.111 | 142 | independent |
| Human capital (PWT) and Freedom from party bansCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Freedom from party bans by country | +0.31 | +0.27 | 0.271 | 139 | independent |
| Human capital (PWT) and Labor share of incomeCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Labor share of income by country | +0.18 | +0.27 | 0.245 | 118 | independent |
| Human capital (PWT) and Political rights (FH)Linked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.27) could easily be chance. Political rights (FH) by country | -0.56 | -0.27 | 0.161 | 141 | moderate |
| Human capital (PWT) and Active labour market spendingAlmost no link either way. Active labour market spending by country | +0.05 | -0.27 | 0.216 | 42 | moderate |
| Human capital (PWT) and Christian shareCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Christian share by country | +0.12 | +0.26 | 0.113 | 142 | independent |
| Human capital (PWT) and Fertility rateLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.26) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Fertility rate by country | -0.77 | -0.26 | 0.131 | 142 | proxy |
| Human capital (PWT) and Liberal democracyLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.26) could easily be chance. Liberal democracy by country | +0.59 | +0.26 | 0.334 | 139 | moderate |
| Human capital (PWT) and Market-income GiniCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Market-income Gini by country | -0.46 | -0.26 | 0.425 | 45 | moderate |
| Human capital (PWT) and Government expenseLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.26) could easily be chance. Government expense by country | +0.55 | +0.26 | 0.060 | 121 | moderate |
| Human capital (PWT) and Ethnic diversityCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Ethnic diversity by country | -0.46 | -0.25 | 0.171 | 127 | moderate |
| Human capital (PWT) and Tertiary enrollmentLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.25) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Tertiary enrollment by country | +0.73 | +0.25 | 0.063 | 137 | high |
| Human capital (PWT) and Hours worked (PWT)Could easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Hours worked (PWT) by country | -0.44 | -0.25 | 0.249 | 117 | moderate |
| Human capital (PWT) and Governance scoreLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.25) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Governance score by country | +0.66 | +0.25 | 0.320 | 140 | high |
| Human capital (PWT) and Women's age at first marriageAlmost no link either way. Women's age at first marriage by country | -0.05 | -0.25 | 0.353 | 40 | moderate |
| Human capital (PWT) and Self-reported happinessCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Self-reported happiness by country | +0.11 | -0.24 | 0.297 | 94 | moderate |
| Human capital (PWT) and Contraceptive use (modern methods)Linked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.24) could easily be chance. Contraceptive use (modern methods) by country | +0.53 | +0.24 | 0.421 | 111 | moderate |
| Human capital (PWT) and Confidence in religious institutionsLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.24) could easily be chance. Confidence in religious institutions by country | -0.51 | -0.24 | 0.193 | 94 | moderate |
| Human capital (PWT) and ResearchersLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.23) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Researchers by country | +0.68 | +0.23 | 0.242 | 117 | proxy |
| Human capital (PWT) and Adolescent fertilityLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.23) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Adolescent fertility by country | -0.75 | -0.23 | 0.051 | 142 | proxy |
| Human capital (PWT) and Male labor participationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Male labor participation by country | -0.22 | -0.23 | 0.360 | 142 | independent |
| Human capital (PWT) and Secondary enrollmentLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.23) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Secondary enrollment by country | +0.76 | +0.23 | 0.124 | 139 | high |
| Human capital (PWT) and Migrant share of populationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Migrant share of population by country | +0.39 | -0.23 | 0.343 | 142 | high |
| Human capital (PWT) and Freedom of associationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Freedom of association by country | +0.38 | +0.22 | 0.434 | 139 | moderate |
| Human capital (PWT) and Labour scoreLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.22) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Labour score by country | +0.71 | +0.22 | 0.132 | 142 | high |
| Human capital (PWT) and Unemployment benefit spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Unemployment benefit spending by country | -0.10 | -0.22 | 0.359 | 39 | moderate |
| Human capital (PWT) and Single-parent householdsAlmost no link either way. Single-parent households by country | -0.01 | +0.22 | 0.305 | 121 | independent |
| Human capital (PWT) and Women's age at first marriage (census-based)Linked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.21) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Women's age at first marriage (census-based) by country | +0.68 | +0.21 | 0.140 | 136 | high |
| Human capital (PWT) and Life expectancyLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.21) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Life expectancy by country | +0.78 | +0.21 | 0.163 | 142 | proxy |
| Human capital (PWT) and Expected schoolingLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.21) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Expected schooling by country | +0.75 | +0.21 | 0.330 | 141 | proxy |
| Human capital (PWT) and Frequent prayerLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.21) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Frequent prayer by country | -0.62 | -0.21 | 0.525 | 69 | high |
| Human capital (PWT) and Out of school, primaryLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.21) could easily be chance. Out of school, primary by country | -0.55 | -0.21 | 0.180 | 138 | moderate |
| Human capital (PWT) and Women in a unionCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Women in a union by country | -0.41 | -0.20 | 0.343 | 141 | moderate |
| Human capital (PWT) and Economy free of state ownershipCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Economy free of state ownership by country | +0.28 | +0.20 | 0.473 | 139 | independent |
| Human capital (PWT) and Basic sanitationLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.20) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Basic sanitation by country | +0.74 | +0.20 | 0.193 | 141 | high |
| Human capital (PWT) and Political civil libertiesCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Political civil liberties by country | +0.36 | +0.19 | 0.443 | 139 | moderate |
| Human capital (PWT) and Road traffic deathsLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.19) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Road traffic deaths by country | -0.68 | -0.19 | 0.239 | 140 | high |
| Human capital (PWT) and Freedom of expressionCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Freedom of expression by country | +0.34 | +0.19 | 0.453 | 139 | moderate |
| Human capital (PWT) and Primary completionLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.19) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Primary completion by country | +0.73 | +0.19 | 0.369 | 132 | proxy |
| Human capital (PWT) and Protected landCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Protected land by country | +0.27 | +0.19 | 0.087 | 141 | independent |
| Human capital (PWT) and GDP growthCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. GDP growth by country | -0.27 | -0.19 | 0.386 | 142 | moderate |
| Human capital (PWT) and Population growthLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.19) could easily be chance. Population growth by country | -0.52 | -0.19 | 0.062 | 142 | moderate |
| Human capital (PWT) and Employment in agricultureLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.19) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Employment in agriculture by country | -0.78 | -0.19 | 0.219 | 142 | proxy |
| Human capital (PWT) and Suicide rateCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Suicide rate by country | +0.32 | +0.19 | 0.322 | 140 | independent |
| Human capital (PWT) and Religious attendanceLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.19) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Religious attendance by country | -0.61 | -0.19 | 0.538 | 92 | high |
| Human capital (PWT) and Gender scoreCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Gender score by country | +0.33 | +0.19 | 0.296 | 140 | moderate |
| Human capital (PWT) and Food insecurityLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.18) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Food insecurity by country | -0.75 | -0.18 | 0.406 | 122 | proxy |
| Human capital (PWT) and Women in managementCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Women in management by country | +0.32 | +0.18 | 0.352 | 120 | moderate |
| Human capital (PWT) and Civil society participationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Civil society participation by country | +0.28 | +0.18 | 0.479 | 139 | independent |
| Human capital (PWT) and African ancestryLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.18) could easily be chance. African ancestry by country | -0.68 | -0.18 | 0.403 | 136 | moderate |
| Human capital (PWT) and Independent oppositionCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Independent opposition by country | +0.37 | +0.18 | 0.515 | 138 | moderate |
| Human capital (PWT) and Government consumptionCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Government consumption by country | +0.38 | +0.17 | 0.221 | 134 | independent |
| Human capital (PWT) and Family benefits spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Family benefits spending by country | +0.32 | +0.17 | 0.555 | 42 | independent |
| Human capital (PWT) and South Asian ancestryCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. South Asian ancestry by country | -0.12 | -0.17 | 0.189 | 136 | independent |
| Human capital (PWT) and Religiously unaffiliatedCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Religiously unaffiliated by country | +0.46 | +0.17 | 0.259 | 142 | moderate |
| Human capital (PWT) and Tobacco useCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Tobacco use by country | +0.38 | +0.17 | 0.268 | 130 | independent |
| Human capital (PWT) and Price levelLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.17) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Price level by country | +0.63 | +0.17 | 0.400 | 142 | high |
| Human capital (PWT) and Basic water accessLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.17) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Basic water access by country | +0.73 | +0.17 | 0.091 | 141 | proxy |
| Human capital (PWT) and Electricity accessLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.16) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Electricity access by country | +0.71 | +0.16 | 0.203 | 142 | high |
| Human capital (PWT) and Internet usersLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.16) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Internet users by country | +0.79 | +0.16 | 0.447 | 142 | proxy |
| Human capital (PWT) and Education spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Education spending by country | +0.28 | +0.16 | 0.515 | 138 | independent |
| Human capital (PWT) and Government effectivenessLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.16) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Government effectiveness by country | +0.75 | +0.16 | 0.367 | 142 | proxy |
| Human capital (PWT) and CO2 per capitaCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. CO2 per capita by country | +0.41 | -0.16 | 0.661 | 141 | proxy |
| Human capital (PWT) and RedistributionCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Redistribution by country | +0.48 | +0.15 | 0.419 | 45 | moderate |
| Human capital (PWT) and Environment scoreCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Environment score by country | -0.13 | +0.15 | 0.281 | 141 | independent |
| Human capital (PWT) and Rule of lawLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.15) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Rule of law by country | +0.70 | +0.15 | 0.270 | 142 | high |
| Human capital (PWT) and Tax revenueCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Tax revenue by country | +0.34 | +0.14 | 0.357 | 121 | moderate |
| Human capital (PWT) and Armed conflict presentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Armed conflict present by country | -0.44 | -0.14 | 0.125 | 140 | moderate |
| Human capital (PWT) and UndernourishmentLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.14) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Undernourishment by country | -0.56 | +0.14 | 0.664 | 132 | proxy |
| Human capital (PWT) and Refugees originatingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Refugees originating by country | -0.14 | +0.14 | 0.333 | 141 | moderate |
| Human capital (PWT) and Sound money (Fraser)Could easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Sound money (Fraser) by country | +0.49 | +0.14 | 0.253 | 140 | moderate |
| Human capital (PWT) and Youth not in work or studyLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.14) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Youth not in work or study by country | -0.58 | -0.14 | 0.289 | 134 | high |
| Human capital (PWT) and FDI inflowsAlmost no link either way. FDI inflows by country | -0.06 | -0.13 | 0.338 | 142 | independent |
| Human capital (PWT) and Political stabilityLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.13) could easily be chance. Political stability by country | +0.63 | +0.13 | 0.234 | 142 | moderate |
| Human capital (PWT) and Life satisfactionLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.13) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Life satisfaction by country | +0.72 | +0.13 | 0.337 | 138 | proxy |
| Human capital (PWT) and Abortion rate (legal, reported)Could easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Abortion rate (legal, reported) by country | -0.12 | -0.13 | 0.356 | 38 | independent |
| Human capital (PWT) and Middle Eastern ancestryAlmost no link either way. Middle Eastern ancestry by country | +0.04 | -0.12 | 0.145 | 136 | independent |
| Human capital (PWT) and Corporate tax rateCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Corporate tax rate by country | -0.23 | +0.12 | 0.756 | 77 | moderate |
| Human capital (PWT) and Divorce rate (UN)Almost no link either way. Divorce rate (UN) by country | +0.08 | +0.12 | 0.344 | 71 | independent |
| Human capital (PWT) and Military spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Military spending by country | +0.14 | +0.12 | 0.561 | 138 | independent |
| Human capital (PWT) and Small government (Fraser)Could easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Small government (Fraser) by country | -0.32 | -0.12 | 0.096 | 140 | moderate |
| Human capital (PWT) and Retirement age, menCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Retirement age, men by country | -0.27 | -0.11 | 0.664 | 49 | independent |
| Human capital (PWT) and Tuberculosis incidenceLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.11) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Tuberculosis incidence by country | -0.51 | -0.11 | 0.340 | 142 | high |
| Human capital (PWT) and Women ministersCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Women ministers by country | +0.19 | +0.11 | 0.440 | 140 | independent |
| Human capital (PWT) and Economic freedom (Fraser)Linked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.10) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Economic freedom (Fraser) by country | +0.61 | +0.10 | 0.355 | 140 | high |
| Human capital (PWT) and Trade opennessCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Trade openness by country | +0.34 | -0.10 | 0.369 | 133 | moderate |
| Human capital (PWT) and Gini indexCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Gini index by country | -0.34 | -0.10 | 0.668 | 131 | moderate |
| Human capital (PWT) and Official ideology, strengthCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Official ideology, strength by country | -0.17 | -0.10 | 0.377 | 139 | independent |
| Human capital (PWT) and Regulatory qualityLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Regulatory quality by country | +0.71 | +0.10 | 0.193 | 142 | proxy |
| Human capital (PWT) and Public social spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Public social spending by country | +0.32 | +0.10 | 0.605 | 42 | moderate |
| Human capital (PWT) and Compulsory schoolingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Compulsory schooling by country | +0.36 | +0.10 | 0.566 | 136 | moderate |
| Human capital (PWT) and Women in parliamentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Women in parliament by country | +0.22 | +0.09 | 0.559 | 140 | independent |
| Human capital (PWT) and Capital per workerLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Capital per worker by country | +0.66 | -0.09 | 0.485 | 141 | proxy |
| Human capital (PWT) and Conflict deathsAlmost no link either way. Conflict deaths by country | -0.06 | +0.09 | 0.498 | 140 | moderate |
| Human capital (PWT) and Retirement age, womenAlmost no link either way. Retirement age, women by country | -0.00 | +0.09 | 0.806 | 49 | independent |
| Human capital (PWT) and Marriage rateCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Marriage rate by country | -0.11 | -0.09 | 0.637 | 46 | independent |
| Human capital (PWT) and Out-of-pocket health spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Out-of-pocket health spending by country | -0.43 | -0.09 | 0.650 | 140 | moderate |
| Human capital (PWT) and InflationAlmost no link either way. Inflation by country | -0.09 | +0.09 | 0.475 | 142 | independent |
| Human capital (PWT) and Freedom to trade (Fraser)Linked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Freedom to trade (Fraser) by country | +0.60 | +0.08 | 0.681 | 140 | high |
| Human capital (PWT) and Hours workedCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Hours worked by country | -0.35 | -0.07 | 0.829 | 38 | high |
| Human capital (PWT) and Forest areaCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Forest area by country | +0.10 | +0.07 | 0.619 | 140 | independent |
| Human capital (PWT) and Equality scoreLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Equality score by country | +0.63 | +0.07 | 0.845 | 131 | high |
| Human capital (PWT) and Light regulation (Fraser)Could easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Light regulation (Fraser) by country | +0.47 | -0.07 | 0.591 | 140 | high |
| Human capital (PWT) and Mobile subscriptionsCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Mobile subscriptions by country | +0.30 | -0.06 | 0.213 | 142 | moderate |
| Human capital (PWT) and Investment share of GDPCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Investment share of GDP by country | +0.30 | -0.06 | 0.473 | 142 | moderate |
| Human capital (PWT) and Control of corruptionLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Control of corruption by country | +0.65 | +0.06 | 0.735 | 142 | high |
| Human capital (PWT) and Unintended pregnancies ending in abortionAlmost no link either way. Unintended pregnancies ending in abortion by country | +0.10 | +0.05 | 0.827 | 116 | independent |
| Human capital (PWT) and Government spending per capitaCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Government spending per capita by country | +0.45 | -0.05 | 0.842 | 43 | proxy |
| Human capital (PWT) and Political corruptionLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Political corruption by country | -0.60 | -0.05 | 0.826 | 139 | high |
| Human capital (PWT) and Divorce rateCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Divorce rate by country | -0.10 | -0.05 | 0.611 | 45 | independent |
| Human capital (PWT) and East Asian ancestryAlmost no link either way. East Asian ancestry by country | +0.05 | -0.05 | 0.566 | 136 | independent |
| Human capital (PWT) and Abortion rate (estimate)Could easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Abortion rate (estimate) by country | -0.45 | -0.05 | 0.757 | 116 | moderate |
| Human capital (PWT) and Agricultural landCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Agricultural land by country | -0.24 | +0.05 | 0.678 | 141 | moderate |
| Human capital (PWT) and Electricity use per personLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Electricity use per person by country | +0.50 | -0.05 | 0.812 | 142 | proxy |
| Human capital (PWT) and Corruption Perceptions IndexLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Corruption Perceptions Index by country | +0.63 | +0.04 | 0.757 | 140 | high |
| Human capital (PWT) and Female labor participationAlmost no link either way. Female labor participation by country | +0.01 | +0.04 | 0.713 | 142 | independent |
| Human capital (PWT) and DTP3 immunisationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. DTP3 immunisation by country | +0.46 | +0.04 | 0.815 | 140 | moderate |
| Human capital (PWT) and Adult obesityCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Adult obesity by country | +0.39 | +0.04 | 0.784 | 140 | moderate |
| Human capital (PWT) and Marriage rate (UN)Could easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Marriage rate (UN) by country | -0.16 | +0.03 | 0.874 | 78 | independent |
| Human capital (PWT) and Public order spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Public order spending by country | -0.24 | +0.03 | 0.910 | 37 | high |
| Human capital (PWT) and HIV prevalenceCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. HIV prevalence by country | -0.20 | +0.03 | 0.840 | 120 | moderate |
| Human capital (PWT) and Governing party, economic left to rightCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Governing party, economic left to right by country | +0.11 | +0.03 | 0.769 | 130 | independent |
| Human capital (PWT) and Premature NCD mortalityLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Premature NCD mortality by country | -0.57 | -0.03 | 0.882 | 140 | high |
| Human capital (PWT) and Unintended pregnancy rateLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Unintended pregnancy rate by country | -0.62 | -0.03 | 0.941 | 116 | high |
| Human capital (PWT) and Homicide rateCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Homicide rate by country | -0.21 | -0.03 | 0.853 | 126 | moderate |
| Human capital (PWT) and Aid givenCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Aid given by country | +0.13 | -0.02 | 0.900 | 46 | high |
| Human capital (PWT) and Old-age spendingAlmost no link either way. Old-age spending by country | +0.08 | -0.02 | 0.914 | 42 | independent |
| Human capital (PWT) and Interpersonal trustCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Interpersonal trust by country | +0.47 | +0.02 | 0.888 | 94 | high |
| Human capital (PWT) and Primary enrollmentAlmost no link either way. Primary enrollment by country | -0.09 | +0.02 | 0.911 | 141 | independent |
| Human capital (PWT) and Age at childbearingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Age at childbearing by country | +0.44 | -0.01 | 0.953 | 142 | moderate |
| Human capital (PWT) and Children with one parentAlmost no link either way. Children with one parent by country | +0.02 | -0.01 | 0.958 | 38 | independent |
| Human capital (PWT) and UrbanizationLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Urbanization by country | +0.59 | -0.01 | 0.978 | 142 | high |
| Human capital (PWT) and Wellbeing scoreLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Wellbeing score by country | +0.58 | +0.00 | 0.990 | 94 | high |
| Human capital (PWT) and Indigenous American ancestryAlmost no link either way. Indigenous American ancestry by country | -0.01 | -0.00 | 0.966 | 136 | independent |
| Human capital (PWT) and Extreme poverty rateLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Extreme poverty rate by country | -0.68 | +0.00 | 0.992 | 131 | proxy |
| Human capital (PWT) and Pre-trial detainee shareCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Pre-trial detainee share by country | -0.28 | +0.00 | 0.991 | 131 | independent |
| Human capital (PWT) and Health scoreAlmost no link either way. Health score by country | +0.10 | -0.00 | 0.992 | 140 | independent |
| Human capital (PWT) and UnemploymentAlmost no link either way. Unemployment by country | -0.07 | -0.00 | 0.998 | 142 | independent |
| Human capital (PWT) and GDP per capita (PPP)One side of this pair is national income itself, the thing the other figures adjust for. Adjusting income for income leaves nothing, so there is no adjusted figure. The unadjusted link shows how closely the other measure follows income. GDP per capita (PPP) by country | +0.66 | — | — | 142 | proxy |
| Human capital (PWT) and GNI per capita (PPP)One side of this pair is national income itself, the thing the other figures adjust for. Adjusting income for income leaves nothing, so there is no adjusted figure. The unadjusted link shows how closely the other measure follows income. GNI per capita (PPP) by country | +0.69 | — | — | 142 | proxy |
| Human capital (PWT) and GDP per capita (market)One side of this pair is national income itself, the thing the other figures adjust for. Adjusting income for income leaves nothing, so there is no adjusted figure. The unadjusted link shows how closely the other measure follows income. GDP per capita (market) by country | +0.62 | — | — | 142 | proxy |
Source
Groningen Growth and Development Centre, University of Groningen · via DataverseNL
CC BY 4.0 · licence terms · updated irregular (new versions every few years)
Feenstra, Robert C., Robert Inklaar and Marcel P. Timmer (2015), "The Next Generation of the Penn World Table", American Economic Review, 105(10), 3150-3182, www.ggdc.net/pwt. Data: Penn World Table version 11.0, Groningen Growth and Development Centre, doi:10.34894/FABVLR.