Slum share of urban population
Population living in slums (% of urban population)
Link with national income-0.78strongly income-linked
Links that hold up18of 158 pairs tested
Unit% of urban populationhigher is worse
SourceWDICC BY 4.0
How it has moved
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Every country, every year
One row per country and one column per year, sorted by the most recent value. Hover over any cell to see the figure. The country names link to each country’s page.
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Links that hold up
r is how closely two measures rise and fall together across countries, from −1 (opposite) to +1 (in step), where 0 means no link. These pairs are ranked by the link after adjusting for national income, which means comparing countries with the same GDP per person. Each pair passed three checks. The link held after that adjustment. It was unlikely to be chance (q of 0.05 or less), even allowing for countries in the same region being alike and for the many pairs tested. And the two are not just two measures of the same thing. Very small q values are written in short form: 8.0e-5 means 0.000080.
| Measure | Before adjusting | After adjusting | q | Countries | Tracks income? |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Slum share of urban population and Inequality-adjusted HDIWhere Slum share of urban population is higher, Inequality-adjusted HDI tends to be lower: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Inequality-adjusted HDI by country | -0.81 | -0.50 | 0.026 | 163 | proxy |
| Slum share of urban population and HDIWhere Slum share of urban population is higher, HDI tends to be lower: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. HDI by country | -0.80 | -0.49 | 0.028 | 178 | proxy |
| Slum share of urban population and Education scoreWhere Slum share of urban population is higher, Education score tends to be lower: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Education score by country | -0.78 | -0.46 | 0.021 | 180 | proxy |
| Slum share of urban population and Mean years of schoolingWhere Slum share of urban population is higher, Mean years of schooling tends to be lower: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Mean years of schooling by country | -0.78 | -0.46 | 0.009 | 178 | proxy |
| Slum share of urban population and Adolescent fertilityWhere Slum share of urban population is higher, Adolescent fertility tends to be higher: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Adolescent fertility by country | +0.76 | +0.44 | 0.034 | 184 | proxy |
| Slum share of urban population and Adult literacyWhere Slum share of urban population is higher, Adult literacy tends to be lower: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Adult literacy by country | -0.73 | -0.43 | 0.021 | 132 | high |
| Slum share of urban population and Birth rateWhere Slum share of urban population is higher, Birth rate tends to be higher: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Birth rate by country | +0.78 | +0.41 | 0.036 | 184 | proxy |
| Slum share of urban population and Gender Inequality IndexWhere Slum share of urban population is higher, Gender Inequality Index tends to be higher: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Gender Inequality Index by country | +0.80 | +0.41 | 0.022 | 165 | proxy |
| Slum share of urban population and Secondary enrollmentWhere Slum share of urban population is higher, Secondary enrollment tends to be lower: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Secondary enrollment by country | -0.73 | -0.39 | 0.025 | 176 | high |
| Slum share of urban population and Vulnerable employmentWhere Slum share of urban population is higher, Vulnerable employment tends to be higher: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Vulnerable employment by country | +0.78 | +0.39 | 0.013 | 171 | proxy |
| Slum share of urban population and Tobacco useWhere Slum share of urban population is higher, Tobacco use tends to be lower: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Tobacco use by country | -0.40 | -0.38 | 0.038 | 162 | independent |
| Slum share of urban population and Informal employmentWhere Slum share of urban population is higher, Informal employment tends to be higher: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Informal employment by country | +0.77 | +0.36 | 0.010 | 137 | proxy |
| Slum share of urban population and Electricity accessWhere Slum share of urban population is higher, Electricity access tends to be lower: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Electricity access by country | -0.71 | -0.35 | 0.028 | 184 | high |
| Slum share of urban population and Out of school, primaryWhere Slum share of urban population is higher, Out of school, primary tends to be higher: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Out of school, primary by country | +0.57 | +0.34 | 0.003 | 175 | moderate |
| Slum share of urban population and Basic water accessWhere Slum share of urban population is higher, Basic water access tends to be lower: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Basic water access by country | -0.72 | -0.33 | 0.050 | 183 | proxy |
| Slum share of urban population and Internet usersWhere Slum share of urban population is higher, Internet users tends to be lower: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Internet users by country | -0.74 | -0.30 | 0.035 | 182 | proxy |
| Slum share of urban population and Employment in agricultureWhere Slum share of urban population is higher, Employment in agriculture tends to be higher: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Employment in agriculture by country | +0.73 | +0.29 | 0.034 | 171 | proxy |
| Slum share of urban population and Hours workedWhere Slum share of urban population is higher, Hours worked tends to be higher: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Hours worked by country | +0.59 | +0.27 | 0.036 | 37 | high |
Links that don’t count as findings
These go together strongly, but they are built from the same numbers or measure the same thing. So they are bound to match, or their match shows that the measures agree, not something about the world.
| Measure | Before adjusting | After adjusting | q | Countries | Tracks income? |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Slum share of urban population and Infrastructure scoreNot an independent finding: one of these indices is built partly from the other, so their agreement is just arithmetic. Infrastructure score by country | -0.77 | -0.35 | 0.067 | 183 | proxy |
How much the other measures account for
The 71 most widely reported measures boil down to a few broad patterns. This table shows how much of the differences between countries on this measure those patterns account for, adding one pattern at a time. The patterns are rebuilt without this measure, and without anything built from the same numbers or measuring the same thing. So it never predicts itself under another name. The figures use the 133 countries reporting all of them, and 70 candidate measures.
This shows how much it moves with the others. It does not explain anything. Measures that move together end up on the same pattern whether or not anything connects them. And the countries here are the best-documented ones. A high figure means this measure is largely predictable from the others, not that they produce it.
| Patterns used | Share of this measure accounted for | Added by this pattern |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 68% | — |
| 2 | 70% | +2% |
| 3 | 71% | +1% |
| 4 | 71% | +0% |
| 5 | 72% | +1% |
| 6 | 74% | +1% |
This measure sits on the pattern all the measures share, which is national income under another name.
How it differs by category
This compares the measure across groups of countries, such as those sharing a main religion, instead of against another number. The figure is the share of the differences between countries on this measure that lies between the groups, on a scale from 0 to 1. It is shown before and after adjusting for national income.
The “between groups” figure runs from 0 (the groups are no different) to 1 (the groups explain all the differences between countries). Groups have no up or down, so this says how much the groups differ, never which way. For that, read the group averages. The figure also tends to rise when there are more groups. So to judge whether it could be chance (q), we shuffle the same labels among the same countries many times and see how often a figure this big turns up. Then we allow for the fact that many measures are checked at once, since with enough checks a few big figures turn up by luck alone. Groups with fewer than 12 countries are left out. And countries that share a label share a lot else. Adjusting for income rules out one third factor, but leaves language, region, legal tradition and history untouched.
| Grouped by | Between groups | After income | q | Groups at each end |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Last European coloniser | 0.45 | 0.25 | 0.088 | worst: France 50.3% · best: Never a European colony 19.5% % of urban population |
| Largest religious group | 0.18 | 0.08 | 0.440 | worst: Muslims 30.6% · best: Christians 20.5% % of urban population |
Every other pair
Everything else this measure was tested against, apart from the links that hold up and the pairs built from the same numbers. Sorted by the link after adjusting. Search by name; every column sorts. A small adjusted figure is a result too. It says the two do not move together once income is set aside.
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| Slum share of urban population and Public social spendingComparing only countries with similar income it is still -0.50, but that could easily be chance once we allow for countries in the same region being alike. Public social spending by country | -0.63 | -0.50 | 0.122 | 41 | moderate |
| Slum share of urban population and Old-age spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Old-age spending by country | -0.49 | -0.47 | 0.169 | 41 | independent |
| Slum share of urban population and RedistributionLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.45) could easily be chance. Redistribution by country | -0.66 | -0.45 | 0.054 | 44 | moderate |
| Slum share of urban population and Health coverage indexLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.41) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Health coverage index by country | -0.78 | -0.41 | 0.111 | 178 | proxy |
| Slum share of urban population and Under-5 mortalityLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.39) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Under-5 mortality by country | +0.74 | +0.39 | 0.066 | 179 | proxy |
| Slum share of urban population and Fertility rateLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.38) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Fertility rate by country | +0.76 | +0.38 | 0.053 | 184 | proxy |
| Slum share of urban population and Infant mortalityLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.38) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Infant mortality by country | +0.75 | +0.38 | 0.080 | 179 | proxy |
| Slum share of urban population and Government expenseCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Government expense by country | -0.46 | -0.37 | 0.081 | 144 | moderate |
| Slum share of urban population and Basic sanitationLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.36) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Basic sanitation by country | -0.74 | -0.36 | 0.103 | 183 | high |
| Slum share of urban population and Skilled birth attendanceLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.36) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Skilled birth attendance by country | -0.68 | -0.36 | 0.080 | 171 | high |
| Slum share of urban population and Married by 18Linked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.35) could easily be chance. Married by 18 by country | +0.62 | +0.35 | 0.203 | 133 | moderate |
| Slum share of urban population and Population 0-14Linked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.34) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Population 0-14 by country | +0.76 | +0.34 | 0.127 | 184 | proxy |
| Slum share of urban population and Maternal mortalityLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.33) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Maternal mortality by country | +0.68 | +0.33 | 0.204 | 178 | proxy |
| Slum share of urban population and Median ageLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.33) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Median age by country | -0.75 | -0.33 | 0.127 | 184 | proxy |
| Slum share of urban population and Tax revenueCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Tax revenue by country | -0.43 | -0.33 | 0.113 | 144 | moderate |
| Slum share of urban population and Anaemia in womenLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.32) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Anaemia in women by country | +0.65 | +0.32 | 0.129 | 177 | high |
| Slum share of urban population and Adult obesityCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Adult obesity by country | -0.42 | -0.32 | 0.150 | 179 | moderate |
| Slum share of urban population and Women's age at first marriageCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Women's age at first marriage by country | -0.44 | -0.31 | 0.226 | 39 | moderate |
| Slum share of urban population and Gender Development IndexLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.31) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Gender Development Index by country | -0.63 | -0.31 | 0.089 | 173 | high |
| Slum share of urban population and Public order spendingAlmost no link either way. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Public order spending by country | -0.01 | -0.31 | 0.382 | 36 | high |
| Slum share of urban population and Pupil-teacher ratioLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.30) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Pupil-teacher ratio by country | +0.71 | +0.30 | 0.119 | 169 | proxy |
| Slum share of urban population and Primary completionLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.29) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Primary completion by country | -0.69 | -0.29 | 0.206 | 159 | proxy |
| Slum share of urban population and Family benefits spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Family benefits spending by country | -0.42 | -0.29 | 0.128 | 41 | independent |
| Slum share of urban population and Market-income GiniCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Market-income Gini by country | +0.48 | +0.28 | 0.386 | 44 | moderate |
| Slum share of urban population and Road traffic deathsLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.28) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Road traffic deaths by country | +0.63 | +0.28 | 0.187 | 176 | high |
| Slum share of urban population and Expected schoolingLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.27) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Expected schooling by country | -0.70 | -0.27 | 0.221 | 178 | proxy |
| Slum share of urban population and Education spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Education spending by country | -0.23 | -0.27 | 0.052 | 175 | independent |
| Slum share of urban population and Birth registrationLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.27) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Birth registration by country | -0.64 | -0.27 | 0.174 | 163 | proxy |
| Slum share of urban population and Government consumptionCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Government consumption by country | -0.27 | -0.27 | 0.097 | 168 | independent |
| Slum share of urban population and Food insecurityLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.27) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Food insecurity by country | +0.73 | +0.27 | 0.226 | 149 | proxy |
| Slum share of urban population and Tertiary enrollmentLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.26) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Tertiary enrollment by country | -0.66 | -0.26 | 0.329 | 169 | high |
| Slum share of urban population and Population growthCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Population growth by country | +0.49 | +0.26 | 0.252 | 184 | moderate |
| Slum share of urban population and Political stabilityLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.26) could easily be chance. Political stability by country | -0.58 | -0.26 | 0.339 | 182 | moderate |
| Slum share of urban population and Life expectancyLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.26) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Life expectancy by country | -0.72 | -0.26 | 0.074 | 184 | proxy |
| Slum share of urban population and DTP3 immunisationLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.25) could easily be chance. DTP3 immunisation by country | -0.52 | -0.25 | 0.059 | 178 | moderate |
| Slum share of urban population and Health spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Health spending by country | -0.30 | -0.25 | 0.213 | 178 | independent |
| Slum share of urban population and Equality scoreLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.24) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Equality score by country | -0.60 | -0.24 | 0.195 | 158 | high |
| Slum share of urban population and Religious attendanceLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.24) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Religious attendance by country | +0.61 | +0.24 | 0.298 | 101 | high |
| Slum share of urban population and Armed conflict presentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Armed conflict present by country | +0.45 | +0.23 | 0.105 | 178 | moderate |
| Slum share of urban population and Population 65+Linked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.23) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Population 65+ by country | -0.65 | -0.23 | 0.193 | 184 | high |
| Slum share of urban population and UndernourishmentLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.23) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Undernourishment by country | +0.66 | +0.23 | 0.242 | 158 | proxy |
| Slum share of urban population and Out-of-pocket health spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Out-of-pocket health spending by country | +0.40 | +0.22 | 0.492 | 178 | moderate |
| Slum share of urban population and Premature NCD mortalityCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Premature NCD mortality by country | +0.38 | -0.22 | 0.274 | 173 | high |
| Slum share of urban population and Marriage rate (UN)Almost no link either way. Marriage rate (UN) by country | -0.03 | -0.22 | 0.341 | 93 | independent |
| Slum share of urban population and Rule of lawLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.21) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Rule of law by country | -0.63 | -0.21 | 0.433 | 182 | high |
| Slum share of urban population and Marriage rateCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Marriage rate by country | +0.21 | +0.21 | 0.687 | 45 | independent |
| Slum share of urban population and Civil liberties (FH)Could easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Civil liberties (FH) by country | +0.47 | +0.21 | 0.482 | 177 | moderate |
| Slum share of urban population and Voice and accountabilityLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.21) could easily be chance. Voice and accountability by country | -0.54 | -0.21 | 0.462 | 182 | moderate |
| Slum share of urban population and PhysiciansLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.20) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Physicians by country | -0.66 | -0.20 | 0.089 | 178 | proxy |
| Slum share of urban population and Life satisfactionLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.20) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Life satisfaction by country | -0.72 | -0.20 | 0.134 | 156 | proxy |
| Slum share of urban population and Extreme poverty rateLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.20) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Extreme poverty rate by country | +0.64 | +0.20 | 0.376 | 158 | proxy |
| Slum share of urban population and Recycling rateCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Recycling rate by country | -0.35 | -0.20 | 0.565 | 34 | moderate |
| Slum share of urban population and Hospital bedsCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Hospital beds by country | -0.50 | -0.20 | 0.234 | 164 | high |
| Slum share of urban population and Political rights (FH)Could easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Political rights (FH) by country | +0.46 | +0.19 | 0.495 | 177 | moderate |
| Slum share of urban population and Child stuntingLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.19) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Child stunting by country | +0.63 | +0.19 | 0.322 | 155 | proxy |
| Slum share of urban population and Gini indexCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Gini index by country | +0.33 | +0.19 | 0.322 | 158 | moderate |
| Slum share of urban population and Suicide rateCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Suicide rate by country | -0.29 | -0.18 | 0.415 | 173 | independent |
| Slum share of urban population and Environment scoreCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Environment score by country | +0.38 | +0.18 | 0.064 | 184 | moderate |
| Slum share of urban population and Retirement age, womenCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Retirement age, women by country | +0.21 | +0.17 | 0.361 | 48 | independent |
| Slum share of urban population and Government spending per capitaLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.17) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Government spending per capita by country | -0.62 | -0.17 | 0.466 | 42 | proxy |
| Slum share of urban population and PISA mathsLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.17) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. PISA maths by country | -0.55 | -0.17 | 0.389 | 83 | high |
| Slum share of urban population and Women in managementCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Women in management by country | -0.31 | -0.17 | 0.177 | 143 | moderate |
| Slum share of urban population and Retirement age, menCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Retirement age, men by country | +0.33 | +0.17 | 0.489 | 48 | independent |
| Slum share of urban population and Protected landAlmost no link either way. Protected land by country | -0.02 | +0.17 | 0.274 | 184 | independent |
| Slum share of urban population and Unemployment benefit spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Unemployment benefit spending by country | -0.21 | -0.16 | 0.568 | 38 | moderate |
| Slum share of urban population and Pre-trial detainee shareCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Pre-trial detainee share by country | +0.34 | +0.16 | 0.071 | 160 | independent |
| Slum share of urban population and Labour scoreLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.15) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Labour score by country | -0.59 | -0.15 | 0.288 | 178 | high |
| Slum share of urban population and One-person householdsLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.14) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. One-person households by country | -0.61 | -0.14 | 0.217 | 144 | high |
| Slum share of urban population and Frequent prayerLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.14) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Frequent prayer by country | +0.53 | +0.14 | 0.511 | 75 | high |
| Slum share of urban population and Health scoreCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Health score by country | -0.12 | +0.13 | 0.466 | 178 | moderate |
| Slum share of urban population and Free and fair electionsLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.13) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Free and fair elections by country | -0.51 | -0.13 | 0.539 | 164 | high |
| Slum share of urban population and Aid givenCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Aid given by country | -0.16 | +0.13 | 0.293 | 46 | high |
| Slum share of urban population and Primary enrollmentAlmost no link either way. Primary enrollment by country | -0.08 | -0.13 | 0.253 | 180 | independent |
| Slum share of urban population and Religion very importantLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.13) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Religion very important by country | +0.54 | +0.13 | 0.520 | 103 | high |
| Slum share of urban population and Military spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Military spending by country | -0.14 | -0.13 | 0.074 | 154 | independent |
| Slum share of urban population and PISA scienceLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.12) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. PISA science by country | -0.53 | -0.12 | 0.315 | 83 | high |
| Slum share of urban population and Regulatory qualityLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.12) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Regulatory quality by country | -0.64 | -0.12 | 0.378 | 182 | proxy |
| Slum share of urban population and Divorce rateAlmost no link either way. Divorce rate by country | -0.04 | -0.12 | 0.094 | 44 | independent |
| Slum share of urban population and Christian shareCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Christian share by country | -0.11 | -0.12 | 0.565 | 174 | independent |
| Slum share of urban population and Fixed broadbandLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.11) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Fixed broadband by country | -0.65 | -0.11 | 0.386 | 182 | proxy |
| Slum share of urban population and Single-parent householdsAlmost no link either way. Single-parent households by country | -0.03 | -0.11 | 0.252 | 144 | independent |
| Slum share of urban population and Divorce rate (UN)Almost no link either way. Divorce rate (UN) by country | -0.10 | -0.11 | 0.236 | 85 | independent |
| Slum share of urban population and Births outside marriageAlmost no link either way. Births outside marriage by country | -0.05 | -0.10 | 0.812 | 41 | independent |
| Slum share of urban population and Compulsory schoolingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Compulsory schooling by country | -0.36 | -0.10 | 0.652 | 173 | moderate |
| Slum share of urban population and Confidence in religious institutionsCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Confidence in religious institutions by country | +0.43 | +0.10 | 0.504 | 103 | moderate |
| Slum share of urban population and Agricultural landCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Agricultural land by country | +0.15 | -0.10 | 0.654 | 183 | independent |
| Slum share of urban population and Governance scoreCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Governance score by country | -0.44 | -0.10 | 0.674 | 167 | moderate |
| Slum share of urban population and Women's political empowermentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Women's political empowerment by country | -0.39 | -0.09 | 0.267 | 164 | moderate |
| Slum share of urban population and Electoral democracyCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Electoral democracy by country | -0.42 | -0.09 | 0.695 | 164 | moderate |
| Slum share of urban population and Government effectivenessLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Government effectiveness by country | -0.65 | -0.09 | 0.542 | 182 | proxy |
| Slum share of urban population and Liberal democracyCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Liberal democracy by country | -0.46 | -0.09 | 0.712 | 164 | moderate |
| Slum share of urban population and Forest areaAlmost no link either way. Forest area by country | +0.01 | +0.09 | 0.532 | 184 | independent |
| Slum share of urban population and Interpersonal trustCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Interpersonal trust by country | -0.38 | +0.09 | 0.393 | 103 | high |
| Slum share of urban population and Conflict deathsAlmost no link either way. Conflict deaths by country | +0.05 | -0.08 | 0.361 | 178 | moderate |
| Slum share of urban population and Male labor participationAlmost no link either way. Male labor participation by country | +0.05 | +0.08 | 0.435 | 171 | independent |
| Slum share of urban population and Trust in governmentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Trust in government by country | -0.13 | +0.08 | 0.874 | 46 | moderate |
| Slum share of urban population and Regime typeCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Regime type by country | -0.42 | -0.08 | 0.720 | 164 | moderate |
| Slum share of urban population and Women in a unionCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Women in a union by country | +0.34 | +0.08 | 0.636 | 180 | moderate |
| Slum share of urban population and Female labor participationAlmost no link either way. Female labor participation by country | +0.01 | +0.07 | 0.427 | 171 | independent |
| Slum share of urban population and Wellbeing scoreLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Wellbeing score by country | -0.52 | +0.07 | 0.580 | 103 | high |
| Slum share of urban population and Trade opennessCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Trade openness by country | -0.36 | -0.07 | 0.630 | 169 | moderate |
| Slum share of urban population and Participatory democracyCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Participatory democracy by country | -0.41 | -0.07 | 0.754 | 164 | moderate |
| Slum share of urban population and Control of corruptionLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Control of corruption by country | -0.56 | -0.07 | 0.774 | 182 | high |
| Slum share of urban population and Freedom of associationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Freedom of association by country | -0.26 | -0.07 | 0.778 | 164 | moderate |
| Slum share of urban population and PISA readingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. PISA reading by country | -0.50 | -0.07 | 0.267 | 83 | high |
| Slum share of urban population and Women in parliamentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Women in parliament by country | -0.14 | +0.06 | 0.751 | 177 | independent |
| Slum share of urban population and Corporate tax rateCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Corporate tax rate by country | +0.27 | -0.06 | 0.784 | 80 | moderate |
| Slum share of urban population and Alcohol consumptionCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Alcohol consumption by country | -0.34 | +0.05 | 0.797 | 175 | moderate |
| Slum share of urban population and Age at childbearingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Age at childbearing by country | -0.29 | +0.05 | 0.632 | 184 | moderate |
| Slum share of urban population and Political civil libertiesCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Political civil liberties by country | -0.25 | -0.05 | 0.832 | 164 | moderate |
| Slum share of urban population and Muslim shareCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Muslim share by country | +0.20 | +0.05 | 0.770 | 174 | independent |
| Slum share of urban population and CO2 per capitaCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. CO2 per capita by country | -0.34 | -0.05 | 0.529 | 179 | proxy |
| Slum share of urban population and InflationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Inflation by country | +0.12 | +0.05 | 0.444 | 177 | independent |
| Slum share of urban population and Children with one parentAlmost no link either way. Children with one parent by country | -0.08 | -0.04 | 0.911 | 38 | independent |
| Slum share of urban population and Freedom of expressionCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Freedom of expression by country | -0.22 | -0.04 | 0.872 | 164 | moderate |
| Slum share of urban population and Homicide rateAlmost no link either way. Homicide rate by country | +0.04 | -0.04 | 0.765 | 157 | moderate |
| Slum share of urban population and Tuberculosis incidenceCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Tuberculosis incidence by country | +0.40 | +0.04 | 0.866 | 183 | high |
| Slum share of urban population and Women ministersCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Women ministers by country | -0.14 | +0.03 | 0.765 | 177 | independent |
| Slum share of urban population and Active labour market spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Active labour market spending by country | -0.30 | -0.03 | 0.686 | 41 | moderate |
| Slum share of urban population and UnemploymentAlmost no link either way. Unemployment by country | +0.04 | -0.02 | 0.792 | 171 | independent |
| Slum share of urban population and UrbanizationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Urbanization by country | -0.49 | -0.02 | 0.888 | 184 | high |
| Slum share of urban population and Mobile subscriptionsCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Mobile subscriptions by country | -0.33 | -0.02 | 0.504 | 183 | moderate |
| Slum share of urban population and Migrant share of populationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Migrant share of population by country | -0.43 | -0.02 | 0.871 | 184 | high |
| Slum share of urban population and Corruption Perceptions IndexLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Corruption Perceptions Index by country | -0.54 | -0.02 | 0.939 | 167 | high |
| Slum share of urban population and HIV prevalenceCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. HIV prevalence by country | +0.17 | -0.02 | 0.892 | 144 | moderate |
| Slum share of urban population and Gender scoreCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Gender score by country | -0.26 | -0.01 | 0.915 | 174 | moderate |
| Slum share of urban population and Youth not in work or studyCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Youth not in work or study by country | +0.41 | +0.01 | 0.882 | 166 | high |
| Slum share of urban population and GDP growthCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. GDP growth by country | +0.14 | +0.01 | 0.893 | 184 | moderate |
| Slum share of urban population and Refugees originatingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Refugees originating by country | +0.19 | +0.01 | 0.938 | 181 | moderate |
| Slum share of urban population and FDI inflowsAlmost no link either way. FDI inflows by country | -0.04 | -0.01 | 0.724 | 183 | independent |
| Slum share of urban population and Political corruptionCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Political corruption by country | +0.49 | -0.01 | 0.971 | 164 | high |
| Slum share of urban population and Civil society participationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Civil society participation by country | -0.15 | +0.01 | 0.975 | 164 | independent |
| Slum share of urban population and ResearchersLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Researchers by country | -0.56 | -0.01 | 0.976 | 128 | proxy |
| Slum share of urban population and Gender wage gapAlmost no link either way. Gender wage gap by country | +0.05 | +0.00 | 0.993 | 37 | independent |
| Slum share of urban population and Self-reported happinessCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Self-reported happiness by country | -0.25 | -0.00 | 0.998 | 103 | moderate |
| Slum share of urban population and Religiously unaffiliatedCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Religiously unaffiliated by country | -0.32 | -0.00 | 0.999 | 174 | moderate |
| Slum share of urban population and GDP per capita (PPP)One side of this pair is national income itself, the thing the other figures adjust for. Adjusting income for income leaves nothing, so there is no adjusted figure. The unadjusted link shows how closely the other measure follows income. GDP per capita (PPP) by country | -0.59 | — | — | 184 | proxy |
| Slum share of urban population and GNI per capita (PPP)One side of this pair is national income itself, the thing the other figures adjust for. Adjusting income for income leaves nothing, so there is no adjusted figure. The unadjusted link shows how closely the other measure follows income. GNI per capita (PPP) by country | -0.60 | — | — | 183 | proxy |
| Slum share of urban population and GDP per capita (market)One side of this pair is national income itself, the thing the other figures adjust for. Adjusting income for income leaves nothing, so there is no adjusted figure. The unadjusted link shows how closely the other measure follows income. GDP per capita (market) by country | -0.51 | — | — | 184 | proxy |