Indicators

163measures. The “loading” column shows how closely each one follows national income (GDP per person). Its size runs from 0 (not at all) to 1 (exactly). A minus sign means the measure falls as income rises. 40 of them score above 0.80 either way. They are, roughly, national income measured another way. Finding that two of them go together proves very little. The 33 below 0.30 are where adjusting for income is a real test. The tier names go from “proxy” (0.80 or more, mostly income) to “high” (0.60 or more), “moderate” (0.30 or more) and “independent” (below 0.30).

economy

Indicator	Unit	Publisher	Licence	Loading	Tier
GDP per capita (PPP)	international $	World Bank	CC BY 4.0	+1.00	proxy
GNI per capita (PPP)	international $	World Bank	CC BY 4.0	+0.99	proxy
GDP per capita (market)	US$	World Bank	CC BY 4.0	+0.97	proxy
HDI	index, 0 to 1	United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Report Office	CC BY 3.0 IGO	+0.96	proxy
Inequality-adjusted HDI · from 2010 only	index, 0 to 1	United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Report Office	CC BY 3.0 IGO	+0.94	proxy
Government spending per capita	current international dollars	OECD	CC BY 4.0 (OECD terms and conditions)	+0.92	proxy
Employment in agriculture	% of employment	International Labour Organization	CC BY 4.0	-0.86	proxy
Aid given	% of GNI	OECD	CC BY 4.0 (OECD terms and conditions)	+0.68	high
Public social spending · from 1980 only	% of GDP	OECD	CC BY 4.0 (OECD terms and conditions)	+0.44	moderate
Government expense	% of GDP	World Bank	CC BY 4.0	+0.44	moderate
Trade openness	% of GDP	World Bank	CC BY 4.0	+0.41	moderate
Corporate tax rate	% of profit	OECD	CC BY 4.0 (OECD terms and conditions)	-0.36	moderate
Tax revenue	% of GDP	World Bank	CC BY 4.0	+0.33	moderate
GDP growth	% per year	World Bank	CC BY 4.0	-0.33	moderate
Government consumption	% of GDP	World Bank	CC BY 4.0	+0.28	independent
Family benefits spending	% of GDP	OECD	CC BY 4.0 (OECD terms and conditions)	+0.28	independent
Inflation	% per year	World Bank	CC BY 4.0	-0.22	independent
Military spending	% of GDP	Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI)	CC BY 4.0	+0.19	independent
Old-age spending	% of GDP	OECD	CC BY 4.0 (OECD terms and conditions)	+0.17	independent
FDI inflows	% of GDP	World Bank	CC BY 4.0	-0.00	independent

inequality

Indicator	Unit	Publisher	Licence	Loading	Tier
Extreme poverty rate	% of population	World Bank	CC BY 4.0	-0.83	proxy
Equality score	typical gaps (standard deviations)	PlaceStats	Derived work; each member keeps its own licence	+0.64	high
Redistribution · from 2011 only	% reduction in the Gini	OECD	CC BY 4.0 (OECD terms and conditions)	+0.50	moderate
Market-income Gini · from 2011 only	index, 0 to 1	OECD	CC BY 4.0 (OECD terms and conditions)	-0.36	moderate
Gini index	index (0-100)	World Bank	CC BY 4.0	-0.34	moderate

demography

Indicator	Unit	Publisher	Licence	Loading	Tier
Median age	years	United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division	CC BY 3.0 IGO	+0.86	proxy
Population 0-14	% of population	World Bank	CC BY 4.0	-0.86	proxy
Birth rate	per 1,000 people	World Bank	CC BY 4.0	-0.85	proxy
Fertility rate	births per woman	World Bank	CC BY 4.0	-0.81	proxy
Population 65+	% of population	World Bank	CC BY 4.0	+0.76	high
Migrant share of population	% of population	UN Population Division, International Migrant Stock	CC BY 4.0	+0.73	high
Urbanization	% of population	World Bank	CC BY 4.0	+0.65	high
Population growth	% per year	World Bank	CC BY 4.0	-0.50	moderate
Age at childbearing	years	United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division	CC BY 3.0 IGO	+0.44	moderate
Population	people	World Bank	CC BY 4.0	—	unknown
Net migration	people	World Bank	CC BY 4.0	—	unknown

health

Indicator	Unit	Publisher	Licence	Loading	Tier
Health coverage index	index, 0 to 100	World Health Organization	CC BY-NC-SA 4.0	+0.88	proxy
Life expectancy	years	World Bank	CC BY 4.0	+0.87	proxy
Under-5 mortality	per 1,000 live births	World Bank	CC BY 4.0	-0.86	proxy
Infant mortality	per 1,000 live births	World Bank	CC BY 4.0	-0.86	proxy
Maternal mortality	per 100,000 live births	WHO and the UN Maternal Mortality Estimation Inter-Agency Group	CC BY 4.0	-0.85	proxy
Basic water access	% of population	World Bank	CC BY 4.0	+0.85	proxy
Physicians	per 1,000 people	World Health Organization	CC BY 4.0	+0.85	proxy
Food insecurity	% of population	Food and Agriculture Organization, Food Insecurity Experience Scale	CC BY 4.0	-0.83	proxy
Undernourishment	% of population	Food and Agriculture Organization	CC BY 4.0	-0.83	proxy
Adolescent fertility	births per 1,000 women aged 15-19	UN Population Division, World Population Prospects	CC BY 4.0	-0.81	proxy
Child stunting	% of children under 5	UNICEF, WHO and World Bank Joint Child Malnutrition Estimates	CC BY 4.0	-0.80	proxy
Basic sanitation	% of population	World Bank	CC BY 4.0	+0.79	high
Road traffic deaths	per 100,000 population	World Health Organization	CC BY 4.0	-0.71	high
Premature NCD mortality	% probability, ages 30-70	World Health Organization	CC BY 4.0	-0.70	high
Skilled birth attendance	% of births	UNICEF and WHO	CC BY 4.0	+0.69	high
Tuberculosis incidence	per 100,000 people	World Health Organization	CC BY 4.0	-0.67	high
Anaemia in women	% of women aged 15-49	World Health Organization	CC BY 4.0	-0.67	high
Hospital beds	per 1,000 people	World Bank	CC BY 4.0	+0.63	high
DTP3 immunisation	% of children aged 12-23 months	WHO and UNICEF	CC BY 4.0	+0.53	moderate
Alcohol consumption	litres per adult per year	World Health Organization Global Health Observatory	CC BY 4.0	+0.51	moderate
HIV prevalence	% of adults aged 15-49	UNAIDS	CC BY 4.0	-0.40	moderate
Out-of-pocket health spending	% of health spending	World Health Organization Global Health Expenditure Database	CC BY 4.0	-0.34	moderate
Adult obesity	% of adults	World Health Organization	CC BY-NC-SA 4.0	+0.34	moderate
Health score	typical gaps (standard deviations)	PlaceStats	Derived work; each member keeps its own licence	+0.32	moderate
Health spending	% of GDP	World Health Organization Global Health Expenditure Database	CC BY 4.0	+0.29	independent
Tobacco use	% of adults	World Health Organization	CC BY 4.0	+0.24	independent
Suicide rate	per 100,000	World Health Organization Global Health Observatory	CC BY 4.0	+0.23	independent

education

Indicator	Unit	Publisher	Licence	Loading	Tier
Researchers	per million people	UNESCO Institute for Statistics	CC BY 4.0	+0.85	proxy
Pupil-teacher ratio	pupils per teacher	UNESCO Institute for Statistics	CC BY 4.0	-0.83	proxy
Primary completion	% of children	UNESCO Institute for Statistics	CC BY 3.0 IGO	+0.83	proxy
Mean years of schooling	years	United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Report Office	CC BY 3.0 IGO	+0.82	proxy
Expected schooling	years	United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Report Office	CC BY 3.0 IGO	+0.81	proxy
Education score	typical gaps (standard deviations)	PlaceStats	Derived work; each member keeps its own licence	+0.81	proxy
PISA maths	PISA points	OECD	CC BY 4.0 (OECD terms and conditions)	+0.79	high
PISA science	PISA points	OECD	CC BY 4.0 (OECD terms and conditions)	+0.78	high
PISA reading	PISA points	OECD	CC BY 4.0 (OECD terms and conditions)	+0.77	high
Tertiary enrollment	% gross	UNESCO Institute for Statistics	CC BY 4.0	+0.75	high
Adult literacy	% of adults	UNESCO Institute for Statistics	CC BY 4.0	+0.73	high
Secondary enrollment	% gross	UNESCO Institute for Statistics	CC BY 4.0	+0.71	high
Out of school, primary	% of primary-age children	UNESCO Institute for Statistics	CC BY 4.0	-0.45	moderate
Compulsory schooling	years	UNESCO Institute for Statistics	CC BY 4.0	+0.40	moderate
Education spending	% of GDP	UNESCO Institute for Statistics	CC BY 4.0	+0.12	independent
Primary enrollment	% gross	UNESCO Institute for Statistics	CC BY 4.0	-0.03	independent

labor

Indicator	Unit	Publisher	Licence	Loading	Tier
Informal employment	% of employment	International Labour Organization	CC BY 3.0 IGO	-0.88	proxy
Vulnerable employment	% of employment	International Labour Organization	CC BY 4.0	-0.87	proxy
Labour score	typical gaps (standard deviations)	PlaceStats	Derived work; each member keeps its own licence	+0.79	high
Hours worked	hours per year	OECD	CC BY 4.0 (OECD terms and conditions)	-0.73	high
Youth not in work or study	% of 15 to 24 year olds	International Labour Organization	CC BY 4.0	-0.63	high
Active labour market spending	% of GDP	OECD	CC BY 4.0 (OECD terms and conditions)	+0.54	moderate
Unemployment benefit spending	% of GDP	OECD	CC BY 4.0 (OECD terms and conditions)	+0.38	moderate
Retirement age, men	years	OECD	CC BY 4.0 (OECD terms and conditions)	-0.19	independent
Female labor participation	% of women 15+	International Labour Organization	CC BY 4.0	+0.07	independent
Male labor participation	% of men 15+	International Labour Organization	CC BY 4.0	-0.06	independent
Retirement age, women	years	OECD	CC BY 4.0 (OECD terms and conditions)	-0.04	independent
Unemployment	% of labor force	International Labour Organization	CC BY 4.0	-0.00	independent

gender

Indicator	Unit	Publisher	Licence	Loading	Tier
Gender Inequality Index	index, 0 to 1	United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Report Office	CC BY 3.0 IGO	-0.89	proxy
Gender Development Index	ratio of women's HDI to men's	United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Report Office	CC BY 3.0 IGO	+0.65	high
Married by 18	% of women aged 20-24	UNICEF	CC BY 4.0	-0.60	moderate
Women's political empowerment	index (0-1)	V-Dem Institute, University of Gothenburg	CC BY 4.0	+0.54	moderate
Gender score	typical gaps (standard deviations)	PlaceStats	Derived work; each member keeps its own licence	+0.37	moderate
Women in management	% of managers	International Labour Organization	CC BY 4.0	+0.30	moderate
Women in parliament	% of seats	Inter-Parliamentary Union	CC BY 4.0	+0.28	independent
Women ministers	% of ministers	Inter-Parliamentary Union and UN Women	CC BY 4.0	+0.20	independent
Gender wage gap	% of men's median earnings	OECD	CC BY 4.0 (OECD terms and conditions)	-0.07	independent

governance

Indicator	Unit	Publisher	Licence	Loading	Tier
Birth registration	% of children under 5	UNICEF	CC BY 4.0	+0.87	proxy
Government effectiveness	index (approx. -2.5 to 2.5)	World Bank	CC BY 4.0	+0.85	proxy
Regulatory quality	index (approx. -2.5 to 2.5)	World Bank	CC BY 4.0	+0.83	proxy
Control of corruption	index (approx. -2.5 to 2.5)	World Bank	CC BY 4.0	+0.73	high
Rule of law	index (approx. -2.5 to 2.5)	World Bank	CC BY 4.0	+0.72	high
Corruption Perceptions Index · from 2012 only	index (0-100, higher = cleaner)	Transparency International	CC BY-ND 4.0	+0.72	high
Political corruption	index (0-1)	V-Dem Institute, University of Gothenburg	CC BY 4.0	-0.68	high
Free and fair elections	index (0-1)	V-Dem Institute, University of Gothenburg	CC BY 4.0	+0.61	high
Voice and accountability	index (approx. -2.5 to 2.5)	World Bank	CC BY 4.0	+0.58	moderate
Political stability	index (approx. -2.5 to 2.5)	World Bank	CC BY 4.0	+0.56	moderate
Governance score	typical gaps (standard deviations)	PlaceStats	Derived work; each member keeps its own licence	+0.53	moderate
Liberal democracy	index (0-1)	V-Dem Institute, University of Gothenburg	CC BY 4.0	+0.52	moderate
Regime type	regime category (0-3)	V-Dem Institute, University of Gothenburg	CC BY 4.0	+0.49	moderate
Electoral democracy	index (0-1)	V-Dem Institute, University of Gothenburg	CC BY 4.0	+0.49	moderate
Refugees originating	per 100,000 people	United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees	CC BY 4.0	-0.49	moderate
Civil liberties (FH)	rating (1-7, 1 = most free)	Freedom House	Free to use with attribution	-0.49	moderate
Political rights (FH)	rating (1-7, 1 = most free)	Freedom House	Free to use with attribution	-0.48	moderate
Participatory democracy	index (0-1)	V-Dem Institute, University of Gothenburg	CC BY 4.0	+0.47	moderate
Freedom of association	index (0-1)	V-Dem Institute, University of Gothenburg	CC BY 4.0	+0.42	moderate
Political civil liberties	index (0-1)	V-Dem Institute, University of Gothenburg	CC BY 4.0	+0.40	moderate
Trust in government	% of respondents	Gallup World Poll, compiled in OECD How's Life?	CC BY 4.0 (OECD terms and conditions)	+0.36	moderate
Freedom of expression	index (0-1)	V-Dem Institute, University of Gothenburg	CC BY 4.0	+0.36	moderate
Civil society participation	index (0-1)	V-Dem Institute, University of Gothenburg	CC BY 4.0	+0.29	independent
Pre-trial detainee share	% of prisoners	United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime	CC BY 3.0 IGO	-0.27	independent
Last European coloniser · from 2022 only	category	Bastian Becker	CC0	—	unknown

wellbeing

Indicator	Unit	Publisher	Licence	Loading	Tier
Life satisfaction	score (0-10)	Gallup / World Happiness Report	CC BY 4.0	+0.81	proxy
Wellbeing score	typical gaps (standard deviations)	PlaceStats	Derived work; each member keeps its own licence	+0.80	high
Interpersonal trust	% of respondents	World Values Survey Association and European Values Study	Free for non-commercial use with attribution	+0.66	high
Self-reported happiness	% of respondents	World Values Survey Association and European Values Study	Free for non-commercial use with attribution	+0.34	moderate

crime

Indicator	Unit	Publisher	Licence	Loading	Tier
Public order spending	% of GDP	OECD	CC BY 4.0 (OECD terms and conditions)	-0.62	high
Conflict deaths	per 100,000 people	Uppsala Conflict Data Program, Uppsala University	CC BY 4.0	-0.42	moderate
Armed conflict present	1 if any conflict, else 0	Uppsala Conflict Data Program, Uppsala University	CC BY 4.0	-0.39	moderate
Homicide rate	per 100,000 population	United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime	CC BY 3.0 IGO	-0.38	moderate

infrastructure

Indicator	Unit	Publisher	Licence	Loading	Tier
Infrastructure score	typical gaps (standard deviations)	PlaceStats	Derived work; each member keeps its own licence	+0.90	proxy
Fixed broadband	per 100 people	International Telecommunication Union	CC BY 4.0	+0.88	proxy
Internet users	% of population	International Telecommunication Union	CC BY 4.0	+0.85	proxy
Electricity access	% of population	World Bank	CC BY 4.0	+0.79	high
Slum share of urban population	% of urban population	UN-Habitat	CC BY 4.0	-0.78	high
Mobile subscriptions	per 100 people	International Telecommunication Union	CC BY 4.0	+0.58	moderate

environment

Indicator	Unit	Publisher	Licence	Loading	Tier
CO2 per capita	t CO2e per capita	Climate Watch / World Resources Institute	CC BY 4.0	+0.82	proxy
Recycling rate	% of municipal waste	OECD	CC BY 4.0 (OECD terms and conditions)	+0.59	moderate
Environment score	typical gaps (standard deviations)	PlaceStats	Derived work; each member keeps its own licence	-0.33	moderate
Agricultural land	% of land area	Food and Agriculture Organization	CC BY 4.0	-0.29	independent
Protected land	% of land area	UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre and IUCN	CC BY 4.0	+0.20	independent
Forest area	% of land area	Food and Agriculture Organization	CC BY 4.0	+0.03	independent