Public order spending
Government expenditure on public order and safety
Link with national income-0.62strongly income-linked
Links that hold up9of 154 pairs tested
Unit% of GDPhigher is neither better nor worse
SourceOECDCC BY 4.0 (OECD terms and conditions)
What this measures. Police, courts, prisons and fire services together, as grouped in the UN's standard list of what governments spend on. Spending on order is not a measure of order. It rises where crime is high and where the government is large, and those are not the same thing. No "better" direction is set.
How it has moved
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Every country, every year
One row per country and one column per year, sorted by the most recent value. Hover over any cell to see the figure. The country names link to each country’s page.
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Links that hold up
r is how closely two measures rise and fall together across countries, from −1 (opposite) to +1 (in step), where 0 means no link. These pairs are ranked by the link after adjusting for national income, which means comparing countries with the same GDP per person. Each pair passed three checks. The link held after that adjustment. It was unlikely to be chance (q of 0.05 or less), even allowing for countries in the same region being alike and for the many pairs tested. And the two are not just two measures of the same thing. Very small q values are written in short form: 8.0e-5 means 0.000080.
| Measure | Before adjusting | After adjusting | q | Countries | Tracks income? |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Public order spending and Premature NCD mortalityWhere Public order spending is higher, Premature NCD mortality tends to be higher: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Premature NCD mortality by country | +0.59 | +0.48 | 0.036 | 37 | high |
| Public order spending and Alcohol consumptionWhere Public order spending is higher, Alcohol consumption tends to be higher: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Alcohol consumption by country | +0.19 | +0.47 | 0.036 | 37 | moderate |
| Public order spending and Corruption Perceptions IndexWhere Public order spending is higher, Corruption Perceptions Index tends to be lower: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Corruption Perceptions Index by country | -0.66 | -0.37 | 0.022 | 37 | high |
| Public order spending and Out of school, primaryWhere Public order spending is higher, Out of school, primary tends to be higher: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Out of school, primary by country | +0.51 | +0.37 | 0.030 | 37 | moderate |
| Public order spending and Adolescent fertilityWhere Public order spending is higher, Adolescent fertility tends to be higher: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Adolescent fertility by country | +0.62 | +0.36 | 0.040 | 37 | proxy |
| Public order spending and Health coverage indexWhere Public order spending is higher, Health coverage index tends to be lower: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Health coverage index by country | -0.51 | -0.32 | 0.039 | 37 | proxy |
| Public order spending and Political corruptionWhere Public order spending is higher, Political corruption tends to be higher: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Political corruption by country | +0.56 | +0.28 | 0.040 | 37 | high |
| Public order spending and Free and fair electionsWhere Public order spending is higher, Free and fair elections tends to be lower: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Free and fair elections by country | -0.46 | -0.27 | 0.047 | 37 | high |
| Public order spending and HDIWhere Public order spending is higher, HDI tends to be lower: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. HDI by country | -0.63 | -0.24 | 0.043 | 37 | proxy |
Every other pair
Everything else this measure was tested against, apart from the links that hold up and the pairs built from the same numbers. Sorted by the link after adjusting. Search by name; every column sorts. A small adjusted figure is a result too. It says the two do not move together once income is set aside.
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| Public order spending and ResearchersLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.51) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Researchers by country | -0.72 | -0.51 | 0.119 | 36 | proxy |
| Public order spending and Government effectivenessLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.50) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Government effectiveness by country | -0.74 | -0.50 | 0.055 | 37 | proxy |
| Public order spending and Age at childbearingLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.48) could easily be chance. Age at childbearing by country | -0.70 | -0.48 | 0.097 | 37 | moderate |
| Public order spending and Life expectancyLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.47) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Life expectancy by country | -0.64 | -0.47 | 0.053 | 37 | proxy |
| Public order spending and Skilled birth attendanceCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Skilled birth attendance by country | -0.30 | -0.42 | 0.076 | 30 | high |
| Public order spending and Mobile subscriptionsCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Mobile subscriptions by country | -0.12 | -0.41 | 0.483 | 37 | moderate |
| Public order spending and Basic sanitationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Basic sanitation by country | -0.35 | -0.40 | 0.067 | 37 | high |
| Public order spending and Agricultural landCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Agricultural land by country | +0.21 | +0.39 | 0.166 | 37 | independent |
| Public order spending and Rule of lawLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.36) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Rule of law by country | -0.66 | -0.36 | 0.085 | 37 | high |
| Public order spending and PISA readingLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.35) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. PISA reading by country | -0.58 | -0.35 | 0.103 | 37 | high |
| Public order spending and Informal employmentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Informal employment by country | +0.20 | -0.35 | 0.530 | 33 | proxy |
| Public order spending and Protected landCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Protected land by country | +0.38 | +0.34 | 0.219 | 37 | independent |
| Public order spending and Gender Inequality IndexLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.33) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Gender Inequality Index by country | +0.63 | +0.33 | 0.106 | 37 | proxy |
| Public order spending and Environment scoreCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Environment score by country | +0.48 | +0.33 | 0.206 | 37 | moderate |
| Public order spending and Retirement age, menCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Retirement age, men by country | -0.21 | -0.32 | 0.484 | 35 | independent |
| Public order spending and Control of corruptionLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.32) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Control of corruption by country | -0.63 | -0.32 | 0.135 | 37 | high |
| Public order spending and Health scoreCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Health score by country | -0.48 | -0.31 | 0.418 | 37 | moderate |
| Public order spending and HIV prevalenceCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. HIV prevalence by country | +0.21 | -0.31 | 0.372 | 28 | moderate |
| Public order spending and Slum share of urban populationAlmost no link either way. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Slum share of urban population by country | -0.01 | -0.31 | 0.382 | 36 | high |
| Public order spending and Single-parent householdsCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Single-parent households by country | +0.45 | +0.31 | 0.093 | 30 | independent |
| Public order spending and Regulatory qualityLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.31) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Regulatory quality by country | -0.64 | -0.31 | 0.103 | 37 | proxy |
| Public order spending and Electricity accessCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Electricity access by country | -0.15 | +0.30 | 0.522 | 37 | high |
| Public order spending and PISA scienceLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.29) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. PISA science by country | -0.51 | -0.29 | 0.237 | 37 | high |
| Public order spending and Liberal democracyCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Liberal democracy by country | -0.49 | -0.29 | 0.104 | 37 | moderate |
| Public order spending and Religion very importantCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Religion very important by country | +0.45 | +0.29 | 0.273 | 35 | high |
| Public order spending and InflationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Inflation by country | +0.44 | +0.29 | 0.360 | 37 | independent |
| Public order spending and Adult obesityCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Adult obesity by country | +0.38 | +0.28 | 0.561 | 37 | moderate |
| Public order spending and Under-5 mortalityLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.28) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Under-5 mortality by country | +0.54 | +0.28 | 0.210 | 37 | proxy |
| Public order spending and Male labor participationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Male labor participation by country | -0.24 | -0.28 | 0.214 | 37 | independent |
| Public order spending and Women in managementCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Women in management by country | +0.36 | +0.27 | 0.630 | 36 | moderate |
| Public order spending and Interpersonal trustLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.27) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Interpersonal trust by country | -0.57 | -0.27 | 0.064 | 35 | high |
| Public order spending and Primary enrollmentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Primary enrollment by country | -0.13 | -0.26 | 0.238 | 37 | independent |
| Public order spending and Retirement age, womenCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Retirement age, women by country | -0.23 | -0.26 | 0.606 | 35 | independent |
| Public order spending and Female labor participationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Female labor participation by country | -0.49 | -0.26 | 0.122 | 37 | independent |
| Public order spending and Self-reported happinessLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.26) could easily be chance. Self-reported happiness by country | -0.52 | -0.26 | 0.223 | 35 | moderate |
| Public order spending and UrbanizationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Urbanization by country | -0.38 | -0.26 | 0.273 | 37 | high |
| Public order spending and Infant mortalityLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.26) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Infant mortality by country | +0.52 | +0.26 | 0.262 | 37 | proxy |
| Public order spending and Regime typeCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Regime type by country | -0.44 | -0.25 | 0.139 | 37 | moderate |
| Public order spending and Women's age at first marriageCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Women's age at first marriage by country | -0.42 | -0.25 | 0.441 | 35 | moderate |
| Public order spending and Christian shareCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Christian share by country | +0.30 | +0.24 | 0.608 | 37 | independent |
| Public order spending and Wellbeing scoreLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.24) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Wellbeing score by country | -0.55 | -0.24 | 0.415 | 35 | high |
| Public order spending and Tax revenueCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Tax revenue by country | -0.31 | -0.23 | 0.372 | 36 | moderate |
| Public order spending and Electoral democracyCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Electoral democracy by country | -0.45 | -0.23 | 0.085 | 37 | moderate |
| Public order spending and Secondary enrollmentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Secondary enrollment by country | -0.37 | -0.22 | 0.606 | 37 | high |
| Public order spending and Birth registrationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Birth registration by country | -0.20 | +0.22 | 0.444 | 36 | proxy |
| Public order spending and Unemployment benefit spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Unemployment benefit spending by country | -0.34 | -0.22 | 0.124 | 36 | moderate |
| Public order spending and Tobacco useCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Tobacco use by country | +0.28 | +0.22 | 0.117 | 37 | independent |
| Public order spending and Forest areaAlmost no link either way. Forest area by country | +0.04 | -0.21 | 0.523 | 37 | independent |
| Public order spending and Voice and accountabilityLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.21) could easily be chance. Voice and accountability by country | -0.56 | -0.21 | 0.492 | 37 | moderate |
| Public order spending and Marriage rateAlmost no link either way. Marriage rate by country | +0.09 | +0.21 | 0.472 | 37 | independent |
| Public order spending and Trust in governmentLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.21) could easily be chance. Trust in government by country | -0.54 | -0.21 | 0.468 | 37 | moderate |
| Public order spending and PISA mathsLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.21) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. PISA maths by country | -0.51 | -0.21 | 0.545 | 37 | high |
| Public order spending and Anaemia in womenCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Anaemia in women by country | +0.42 | +0.20 | 0.228 | 37 | high |
| Public order spending and Suicide rateCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Suicide rate by country | -0.26 | -0.20 | 0.532 | 37 | independent |
| Public order spending and Gender wage gapAlmost no link either way. Gender wage gap by country | -0.08 | -0.20 | 0.713 | 34 | independent |
| Public order spending and Tertiary enrollmentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Tertiary enrollment by country | -0.12 | -0.20 | 0.301 | 37 | high |
| Public order spending and Migrant share of populationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Migrant share of population by country | -0.32 | +0.19 | 0.577 | 37 | high |
| Public order spending and Political rights (FH)Could easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Political rights (FH) by country | +0.37 | +0.19 | 0.257 | 37 | moderate |
| Public order spending and Expected schoolingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Expected schooling by country | -0.35 | -0.18 | 0.689 | 37 | proxy |
| Public order spending and Gender Development IndexCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Gender Development Index by country | +0.14 | +0.18 | 0.574 | 37 | high |
| Public order spending and Freedom of expressionCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Freedom of expression by country | -0.36 | -0.18 | 0.281 | 37 | moderate |
| Public order spending and DTP3 immunisationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. DTP3 immunisation by country | -0.21 | -0.17 | 0.352 | 37 | moderate |
| Public order spending and Divorce rate (UN)Almost no link either way. Divorce rate (UN) by country | +0.05 | -0.17 | 0.513 | 34 | independent |
| Public order spending and Governance scoreCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Governance score by country | -0.43 | -0.16 | 0.314 | 37 | moderate |
| Public order spending and Extreme poverty rateCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Extreme poverty rate by country | +0.23 | -0.16 | 0.414 | 37 | proxy |
| Public order spending and Religious attendanceCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Religious attendance by country | +0.27 | +0.16 | 0.360 | 35 | high |
| Public order spending and Armed conflict presentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Armed conflict present by country | +0.19 | -0.15 | 0.493 | 37 | moderate |
| Public order spending and Active labour market spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Active labour market spending by country | -0.37 | -0.15 | 0.281 | 37 | moderate |
| Public order spending and Women in a unionAlmost no link either way. Women in a union by country | -0.03 | +0.15 | 0.209 | 37 | moderate |
| Public order spending and Corporate tax rateCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Corporate tax rate by country | -0.18 | -0.15 | 0.239 | 35 | moderate |
| Public order spending and Education scoreCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Education score by country | -0.34 | -0.15 | 0.183 | 37 | proxy |
| Public order spending and Education spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Education spending by country | -0.16 | -0.15 | 0.553 | 37 | independent |
| Public order spending and UnemploymentAlmost no link either way. Unemployment by country | +0.07 | -0.14 | 0.712 | 37 | independent |
| Public order spending and Recycling rateCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Recycling rate by country | -0.35 | -0.14 | 0.315 | 32 | moderate |
| Public order spending and Population growthCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Population growth by country | -0.37 | -0.14 | 0.735 | 37 | moderate |
| Public order spending and Vulnerable employmentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Vulnerable employment by country | +0.32 | -0.14 | 0.512 | 37 | proxy |
| Public order spending and Youth not in work or studyCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Youth not in work or study by country | +0.45 | +0.14 | 0.562 | 36 | high |
| Public order spending and Government expenseCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Government expense by country | +0.20 | +0.14 | 0.625 | 37 | moderate |
| Public order spending and Participatory democracyCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Participatory democracy by country | -0.39 | -0.14 | 0.474 | 37 | moderate |
| Public order spending and Road traffic deathsLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.13) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Road traffic deaths by country | +0.52 | +0.13 | 0.639 | 37 | high |
| Public order spending and Labour scoreCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Labour score by country | -0.27 | +0.13 | 0.671 | 37 | high |
| Public order spending and Births outside marriageCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Births outside marriage by country | +0.12 | +0.12 | 0.787 | 36 | independent |
| Public order spending and Equality scoreCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Equality score by country | -0.25 | +0.12 | 0.612 | 37 | high |
| Public order spending and Basic water accessCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Basic water access by country | -0.18 | -0.12 | 0.440 | 37 | proxy |
| Public order spending and Aid givenLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.12) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Aid given by country | -0.52 | -0.12 | 0.584 | 34 | high |
| Public order spending and CO2 per capitaCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. CO2 per capita by country | -0.24 | +0.11 | 0.564 | 37 | proxy |
| Public order spending and Gini indexCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Gini index by country | +0.25 | -0.11 | 0.637 | 37 | moderate |
| Public order spending and Political civil libertiesCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Political civil liberties by country | -0.33 | -0.11 | 0.429 | 37 | moderate |
| Public order spending and Religiously unaffiliatedCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Religiously unaffiliated by country | -0.23 | -0.11 | 0.700 | 37 | moderate |
| Public order spending and Trade opennessCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Trade openness by country | -0.25 | +0.10 | 0.554 | 37 | moderate |
| Public order spending and Mean years of schoolingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Mean years of schooling by country | -0.26 | +0.10 | 0.472 | 37 | proxy |
| Public order spending and Women in parliamentAlmost no link either way. Women in parliament by country | -0.08 | +0.10 | 0.852 | 37 | independent |
| Public order spending and Government spending per capitaCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Government spending per capita by country | -0.49 | +0.10 | 0.612 | 37 | proxy |
| Public order spending and Inequality-adjusted HDILinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Inequality-adjusted HDI by country | -0.54 | -0.09 | 0.619 | 37 | proxy |
| Public order spending and FDI inflowsCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. FDI inflows by country | +0.19 | -0.09 | 0.553 | 37 | independent |
| Public order spending and Employment in agricultureCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Employment in agriculture by country | +0.48 | +0.09 | 0.354 | 37 | proxy |
| Public order spending and Primary completionCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Primary completion by country | -0.23 | +0.09 | 0.807 | 37 | proxy |
| Public order spending and Divorce rateAlmost no link either way. Divorce rate by country | +0.02 | -0.09 | 0.688 | 37 | independent |
| Public order spending and Homicide rateCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Homicide rate by country | +0.30 | -0.09 | 0.718 | 37 | moderate |
| Public order spending and Muslim shareAlmost no link either way. Muslim share by country | -0.08 | +0.08 | 0.736 | 37 | independent |
| Public order spending and Marriage rate (UN)Almost no link either way. Marriage rate (UN) by country | +0.01 | +0.08 | 0.751 | 36 | independent |
| Public order spending and Refugees originatingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Refugees originating by country | +0.22 | +0.08 | 0.263 | 37 | moderate |
| Public order spending and Fertility rateAlmost no link either way. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Fertility rate by country | +0.07 | +0.08 | 0.822 | 37 | proxy |
| Public order spending and UndernourishmentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Undernourishment by country | +0.26 | -0.08 | 0.737 | 36 | proxy |
| Public order spending and Children with one parentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Children with one parent by country | -0.17 | -0.08 | 0.884 | 33 | independent |
| Public order spending and GDP growthCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. GDP growth by country | -0.15 | -0.08 | 0.426 | 37 | moderate |
| Public order spending and Life satisfactionCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Life satisfaction by country | -0.39 | -0.07 | 0.857 | 37 | proxy |
| Public order spending and Pupil-teacher ratioCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Pupil-teacher ratio by country | +0.26 | -0.07 | 0.830 | 36 | proxy |
| Public order spending and Infrastructure scoreCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Infrastructure score by country | -0.46 | -0.07 | 0.680 | 37 | proxy |
| Public order spending and Public social spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Public social spending by country | -0.23 | -0.07 | 0.701 | 37 | moderate |
| Public order spending and Health spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Health spending by country | -0.21 | -0.07 | 0.819 | 37 | independent |
| Public order spending and Political stabilityCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Political stability by country | -0.29 | -0.06 | 0.850 | 37 | moderate |
| Public order spending and RedistributionCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Redistribution by country | -0.14 | +0.06 | 0.814 | 36 | moderate |
| Public order spending and Market-income GiniCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Market-income Gini by country | +0.11 | -0.06 | 0.725 | 36 | moderate |
| Public order spending and Hospital bedsAlmost no link either way. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Hospital beds by country | -0.02 | -0.06 | 0.937 | 37 | high |
| Public order spending and Family benefits spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Family benefits spending by country | -0.15 | -0.06 | 0.712 | 37 | independent |
| Public order spending and Women ministersCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Women ministers by country | -0.13 | -0.06 | 0.889 | 37 | independent |
| Public order spending and One-person householdsCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. One-person households by country | -0.34 | -0.05 | 0.849 | 30 | high |
| Public order spending and Population 65+Almost no link either way. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Population 65+ by country | -0.09 | -0.05 | 0.885 | 37 | high |
| Public order spending and Food insecurityCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Food insecurity by country | +0.40 | -0.05 | 0.898 | 37 | proxy |
| Public order spending and Internet usersCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Internet users by country | -0.49 | -0.05 | 0.801 | 37 | proxy |
| Public order spending and Tuberculosis incidenceCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Tuberculosis incidence by country | +0.32 | +0.05 | 0.893 | 37 | high |
| Public order spending and Confidence in religious institutionsAlmost no link either way. Confidence in religious institutions by country | +0.03 | -0.04 | 0.900 | 35 | moderate |
| Public order spending and Population 0-14Almost no link either way. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Population 0-14 by country | +0.06 | +0.04 | 0.915 | 37 | proxy |
| Public order spending and Military spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Military spending by country | +0.17 | -0.04 | 0.897 | 35 | independent |
| Public order spending and Conflict deathsCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Conflict deaths by country | +0.29 | -0.04 | 0.871 | 37 | moderate |
| Public order spending and Out-of-pocket health spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Out-of-pocket health spending by country | +0.29 | -0.04 | 0.786 | 37 | moderate |
| Public order spending and Hours workedCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Hours worked by country | +0.29 | -0.04 | 0.837 | 32 | high |
| Public order spending and Women's political empowermentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Women's political empowerment by country | -0.19 | +0.03 | 0.906 | 37 | moderate |
| Public order spending and Gender scoreCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Gender score by country | -0.11 | -0.03 | 0.960 | 37 | moderate |
| Public order spending and Government consumptionAlmost no link either way. Government consumption by country | -0.03 | +0.02 | 0.904 | 37 | independent |
| Public order spending and Civil society participationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Civil society participation by country | -0.32 | +0.02 | 0.945 | 37 | independent |
| Public order spending and PhysiciansCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Physicians by country | -0.13 | -0.02 | 0.967 | 37 | proxy |
| Public order spending and Civil liberties (FH)Could easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Civil liberties (FH) by country | +0.29 | +0.02 | 0.920 | 37 | moderate |
| Public order spending and Compulsory schoolingAlmost no link either way. Compulsory schooling by country | +0.05 | +0.01 | 0.968 | 37 | moderate |
| Public order spending and Maternal mortalityCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Maternal mortality by country | +0.34 | -0.01 | 0.960 | 37 | proxy |
| Public order spending and Fixed broadbandCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Fixed broadband by country | -0.35 | -0.01 | 0.962 | 37 | proxy |
| Public order spending and Median ageAlmost no link either way. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Median age by country | -0.04 | +0.01 | 0.978 | 37 | proxy |
| Public order spending and Pre-trial detainee shareCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Pre-trial detainee share by country | -0.22 | -0.01 | 0.956 | 36 | independent |
| Public order spending and Birth rateAlmost no link either way. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Birth rate by country | -0.03 | -0.01 | 0.982 | 37 | proxy |
| Public order spending and Old-age spendingAlmost no link either way. Old-age spending by country | +0.01 | +0.01 | 0.984 | 37 | independent |
| Public order spending and Freedom of associationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Freedom of association by country | -0.20 | -0.00 | 0.977 | 37 | moderate |
| Public order spending and GDP per capita (PPP)One side of this pair is national income itself, the thing the other figures adjust for. Adjusting income for income leaves nothing, so there is no adjusted figure. The unadjusted link shows how closely the other measure follows income. GDP per capita (PPP) by country | -0.62 | — | — | 37 | proxy |
| Public order spending and GNI per capita (PPP)One side of this pair is national income itself, the thing the other figures adjust for. Adjusting income for income leaves nothing, so there is no adjusted figure. The unadjusted link shows how closely the other measure follows income. GNI per capita (PPP) by country | -0.64 | — | — | 37 | proxy |
| Public order spending and GDP per capita (market)One side of this pair is national income itself, the thing the other figures adjust for. Adjusting income for income leaves nothing, so there is no adjusted figure. The unadjusted link shows how closely the other measure follows income. GDP per capita (market) by country | -0.62 | — | — | 37 | proxy |
Source
OECD · via Our World in Data
CC BY 4.0 (OECD terms and conditions) · licence terms · updated annual, except the snapshots noted per indicator
OECD databases as named on each indicator: PISA, Social Expenditure Database (SOCX), Income Distribution Database, Development Assistance Committee statistics, Family Database, Government at a Glance, Corporate Tax Statistics, employment and environment statistics