Self-reported happiness
Share saying they are very happy or rather happy
Link with national income+0.34partly income-linked
Links that hold up1of 158 pairs tested
Unit% of respondentshigher is better
SourceIVSFree for non-commercial use with attribution
What this measures. A different question from the World Happiness Report's "ladder" question, and it ranks countries differently. The ladder asks people to rate their life from 0 to 10, where 10 is the best possible life. Answers to that lean heavily on material conditions, such as money and housing. This question asks directly whether people feel happy. Comparing the two is one of the more revealing pairs on the site. The survey runs in waves, not every year.
How it has moved
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Every country, every year
One row per country and one column per year, sorted by the most recent value. Hover over any cell to see the figure. The country names link to each country’s page.
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Links that hold up
r is how closely two measures rise and fall together across countries, from −1 (opposite) to +1 (in step), where 0 means no link. These pairs are ranked by the link after adjusting for national income, which means comparing countries with the same GDP per person. Each pair passed three checks. The link held after that adjustment. It was unlikely to be chance (q of 0.05 or less), even allowing for countries in the same region being alike and for the many pairs tested. And the two are not just two measures of the same thing. Very small q values are written in short form: 8.0e-5 means 0.000080.
| Measure | Before adjusting | After adjusting | q | Countries | Tracks income? |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Self-reported happiness and Women's political empowermentWhere Self-reported happiness is higher, Women's political empowerment tends to be lower: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Women's political empowerment by country | -0.00 | -0.20 | 0.032 | 103 | moderate |
Links that don’t count as findings
These go together strongly, but they are built from the same numbers or measure the same thing. So they are bound to match, or their match shows that the measures agree, not something about the world.
| Measure | Before adjusting | After adjusting | q | Countries | Tracks income? |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Self-reported happiness and Wellbeing scoreNot an independent finding: one of these indices is built partly from the other, so their agreement is just arithmetic. Wellbeing score by country | +0.64 | +0.62 | 0.009 | 107 | high |
| Self-reported happiness and Life satisfactionTwo ways of measuring the same thing, so their agreement tells you about measurement, not about the world. Life satisfaction by country | +0.46 | +0.37 | 0.021 | 105 | proxy |
How much the other measures account for
The 71 most widely reported measures boil down to a few broad patterns. This table shows how much of the differences between countries on this measure those patterns account for, adding one pattern at a time. The patterns are rebuilt without this measure, and without anything built from the same numbers or measuring the same thing. So it never predicts itself under another name. The figures use the 88 countries reporting all of them, and 71 candidate measures.
This shows how much it moves with the others. It does not explain anything. Measures that move together end up on the same pattern whether or not anything connects them. And the countries here are the best-documented ones. A high figure means this measure is largely predictable from the others, not that they produce it.
| Patterns used | Share of this measure accounted for | Added by this pattern |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 9% | — |
| 2 | 10% | +1% |
| 3 | 19% | +9% |
| 4 | 19% | +0% |
| 5 | 23% | +4% |
| 6 | 26% | +3% |
How it differs by category
This compares the measure across groups of countries, such as those sharing a main religion, instead of against another number. The figure is the share of the differences between countries on this measure that lies between the groups, on a scale from 0 to 1. It is shown before and after adjusting for national income.
The “between groups” figure runs from 0 (the groups are no different) to 1 (the groups explain all the differences between countries). Groups have no up or down, so this says how much the groups differ, never which way. For that, read the group averages. The figure also tends to rise when there are more groups. So to judge whether it could be chance (q), we shuffle the same labels among the same countries many times and see how often a figure this big turns up. Then we allow for the fact that many measures are checked at once, since with enough checks a few big figures turn up by luck alone. Groups with fewer than 12 countries are left out. And countries that share a label share a lot else. Adjusting for income rules out one third factor, but leaves language, region, legal tradition and history untouched.
| Grouped by | Between groups | After income | q | Groups at each end |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Last European coloniser | 0.17 | 0.20 | 0.401 | best: Spain 86.1% · worst: United Kingdom 82.6% % of respondents |
| Largest religious group | 0.00 | 0.13 | 0.301 | best: Muslims 84.1% · worst: Christians 84% % of respondents |
Every other pair
Everything else this measure was tested against, apart from the links that hold up and the pairs built from the same numbers. Sorted by the link after adjusting. Search by name; every column sorts. A small adjusted figure is a result too. It says the two do not move together once income is set aside.
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| Self-reported happiness and Trust in governmentComparing only countries with similar income it is still +0.56, but that could easily be chance once we allow for countries in the same region being alike. Trust in government by country | +0.61 | +0.56 | 0.072 | 45 | moderate |
| Self-reported happiness and Retirement age, menCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Retirement age, men by country | +0.23 | +0.40 | 0.159 | 47 | independent |
| Self-reported happiness and Divorce rate (UN)Could easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Divorce rate (UN) by country | -0.36 | -0.37 | 0.062 | 72 | independent |
| Self-reported happiness and HIV prevalenceCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. HIV prevalence by country | -0.42 | -0.36 | 0.484 | 81 | moderate |
| Self-reported happiness and Retirement age, womenCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Retirement age, women by country | +0.30 | +0.36 | 0.199 | 47 | independent |
| Self-reported happiness and Premature NCD mortalityCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Premature NCD mortality by country | -0.45 | -0.33 | 0.088 | 103 | high |
| Self-reported happiness and Corporate tax rateCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Corporate tax rate by country | +0.11 | +0.29 | 0.119 | 61 | moderate |
| Self-reported happiness and Protected landCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Protected land by country | -0.15 | -0.28 | 0.136 | 105 | independent |
| Self-reported happiness and Life expectancyCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Life expectancy by country | +0.42 | +0.28 | 0.089 | 107 | proxy |
| Self-reported happiness and Government expenseAlmost no link either way. Government expense by country | -0.07 | -0.27 | 0.122 | 90 | moderate |
| Self-reported happiness and Public order spendingLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.26) could easily be chance. Public order spending by country | -0.52 | -0.26 | 0.223 | 35 | high |
| Self-reported happiness and Births outside marriageCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Births outside marriage by country | +0.20 | +0.26 | 0.228 | 40 | independent |
| Self-reported happiness and Interpersonal trustCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Interpersonal trust by country | +0.38 | +0.25 | 0.184 | 107 | high |
| Self-reported happiness and RedistributionCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Redistribution by country | +0.11 | -0.25 | 0.261 | 43 | moderate |
| Self-reported happiness and Women's age at first marriageCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Women's age at first marriage by country | +0.43 | +0.23 | 0.227 | 39 | moderate |
| Self-reported happiness and Adolescent fertilityCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Adolescent fertility by country | -0.39 | -0.22 | 0.444 | 107 | proxy |
| Self-reported happiness and Marriage rateCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Marriage rate by country | -0.23 | -0.22 | 0.363 | 44 | independent |
| Self-reported happiness and Health scoreCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Health score by country | +0.29 | +0.22 | 0.121 | 103 | moderate |
| Self-reported happiness and Government spending per capitaCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Government spending per capita by country | +0.36 | +0.21 | 0.128 | 41 | proxy |
| Self-reported happiness and Migrant share of populationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Migrant share of population by country | +0.35 | +0.21 | 0.389 | 106 | high |
| Self-reported happiness and Christian shareCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Christian share by country | -0.14 | -0.21 | 0.347 | 106 | independent |
| Self-reported happiness and Old-age spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Old-age spending by country | -0.11 | -0.20 | 0.246 | 40 | independent |
| Self-reported happiness and Hospital bedsAlmost no link either way. Hospital beds by country | -0.05 | -0.20 | 0.172 | 101 | high |
| Self-reported happiness and Divorce rateCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Divorce rate by country | -0.21 | -0.20 | 0.427 | 43 | independent |
| Self-reported happiness and Extreme poverty rateCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Extreme poverty rate by country | -0.35 | -0.20 | 0.642 | 97 | proxy |
| Self-reported happiness and Mean years of schoolingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Mean years of schooling by country | +0.14 | -0.19 | 0.404 | 104 | proxy |
| Self-reported happiness and GDP growthAlmost no link either way. GDP growth by country | +0.09 | +0.19 | 0.210 | 107 | moderate |
| Self-reported happiness and Pre-trial detainee shareAlmost no link either way. Pre-trial detainee share by country | +0.08 | +0.19 | 0.207 | 99 | independent |
| Self-reported happiness and Environment scoreCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Environment score by country | -0.22 | -0.19 | 0.232 | 105 | moderate |
| Self-reported happiness and Male labor participationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Male labor participation by country | +0.11 | +0.19 | 0.230 | 105 | independent |
| Self-reported happiness and InflationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Inflation by country | -0.22 | -0.19 | 0.401 | 105 | independent |
| Self-reported happiness and Alcohol consumptionAlmost no link either way. Alcohol consumption by country | +0.02 | -0.19 | 0.319 | 102 | moderate |
| Self-reported happiness and One-person householdsAlmost no link either way. One-person households by country | +0.08 | -0.18 | 0.175 | 89 | high |
| Self-reported happiness and Basic sanitationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Basic sanitation by country | +0.36 | +0.18 | 0.401 | 105 | high |
| Self-reported happiness and Population 65+Could easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Population 65+ by country | +0.13 | -0.18 | 0.464 | 107 | high |
| Self-reported happiness and Women in parliamentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Women in parliament by country | +0.22 | +0.17 | 0.189 | 102 | independent |
| Self-reported happiness and Equality scoreCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Equality score by country | +0.32 | +0.17 | 0.707 | 97 | high |
| Self-reported happiness and Control of corruptionCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Control of corruption by country | +0.36 | +0.17 | 0.236 | 107 | high |
| Self-reported happiness and Child stuntingAlmost no link either way. Child stunting by country | -0.08 | +0.17 | 0.579 | 83 | proxy |
| Self-reported happiness and Infant mortalityCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Infant mortality by country | -0.36 | -0.17 | 0.655 | 104 | proxy |
| Self-reported happiness and Informal employmentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Informal employment by country | -0.19 | +0.17 | 0.414 | 79 | proxy |
| Self-reported happiness and Food insecurityCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Food insecurity by country | -0.35 | -0.16 | 0.313 | 91 | proxy |
| Self-reported happiness and Aid givenLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.16) could easily be chance. Aid given by country | +0.53 | +0.16 | 0.258 | 44 | high |
| Self-reported happiness and Tertiary enrollmentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Tertiary enrollment by country | +0.13 | -0.16 | 0.481 | 102 | high |
| Self-reported happiness and Suicide rateAlmost no link either way. Suicide rate by country | -0.01 | -0.16 | 0.261 | 103 | independent |
| Self-reported happiness and Labour scoreCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Labour score by country | +0.34 | +0.15 | 0.259 | 105 | high |
| Self-reported happiness and Tobacco useAlmost no link either way. Tobacco use by country | -0.07 | -0.15 | 0.528 | 100 | independent |
| Self-reported happiness and Corruption Perceptions IndexCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Corruption Perceptions Index by country | +0.32 | +0.14 | 0.297 | 104 | high |
| Self-reported happiness and Armed conflict presentAlmost no link either way. Armed conflict present by country | -0.06 | +0.14 | 0.547 | 104 | moderate |
| Self-reported happiness and UnemploymentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Unemployment by country | -0.21 | -0.14 | 0.423 | 105 | independent |
| Self-reported happiness and Regulatory qualityCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Regulatory quality by country | +0.34 | +0.14 | 0.092 | 107 | proxy |
| Self-reported happiness and Under-5 mortalityCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Under-5 mortality by country | -0.33 | -0.14 | 0.636 | 104 | proxy |
| Self-reported happiness and Market-income GiniCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Market-income Gini by country | -0.31 | -0.14 | 0.542 | 43 | moderate |
| Self-reported happiness and Median ageCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Median age by country | +0.20 | -0.13 | 0.707 | 107 | proxy |
| Self-reported happiness and Government effectivenessCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Government effectiveness by country | +0.35 | +0.13 | 0.301 | 107 | proxy |
| Self-reported happiness and PhysiciansCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Physicians by country | +0.17 | -0.13 | 0.604 | 103 | proxy |
| Self-reported happiness and Gender Inequality IndexCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Gender Inequality Index by country | -0.33 | -0.13 | 0.398 | 100 | proxy |
| Self-reported happiness and Government consumptionAlmost no link either way. Government consumption by country | +0.02 | -0.13 | 0.189 | 102 | independent |
| Self-reported happiness and Adult obesityAlmost no link either way. Adult obesity by country | -0.05 | -0.13 | 0.443 | 104 | moderate |
| Self-reported happiness and Marriage rate (UN)Could easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Marriage rate (UN) by country | -0.24 | -0.13 | 0.718 | 76 | independent |
| Self-reported happiness and Population growthAlmost no link either way. Population growth by country | -0.02 | +0.12 | 0.711 | 107 | moderate |
| Self-reported happiness and Freedom of associationAlmost no link either way. Freedom of association by country | +0.02 | -0.12 | 0.331 | 103 | moderate |
| Self-reported happiness and Employment in agricultureCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Employment in agriculture by country | -0.33 | -0.12 | 0.535 | 105 | proxy |
| Self-reported happiness and Road traffic deathsCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Road traffic deaths by country | -0.32 | -0.11 | 0.410 | 103 | high |
| Self-reported happiness and Skilled birth attendanceAlmost no link either way. Skilled birth attendance by country | +0.09 | -0.11 | 0.521 | 97 | high |
| Self-reported happiness and Frequent prayerCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Frequent prayer by country | -0.22 | -0.11 | 0.391 | 78 | high |
| Self-reported happiness and Vulnerable employmentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Vulnerable employment by country | -0.33 | -0.11 | 0.450 | 105 | proxy |
| Self-reported happiness and Religiously unaffiliatedCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Religiously unaffiliated by country | +0.25 | +0.11 | 0.363 | 106 | moderate |
| Self-reported happiness and Muslim shareAlmost no link either way. Muslim share by country | -0.03 | +0.11 | 0.606 | 106 | independent |
| Self-reported happiness and Internet usersCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Internet users by country | +0.33 | +0.11 | 0.523 | 107 | proxy |
| Self-reported happiness and Confidence in religious institutionsAlmost no link either way. Confidence in religious institutions by country | -0.07 | +0.11 | 0.528 | 107 | moderate |
| Self-reported happiness and Adult literacyAlmost no link either way. Adult literacy by country | +0.09 | -0.11 | 0.539 | 68 | high |
| Self-reported happiness and Political corruptionCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Political corruption by country | -0.29 | -0.11 | 0.140 | 103 | high |
| Self-reported happiness and Unemployment benefit spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Unemployment benefit spending by country | +0.23 | +0.11 | 0.389 | 37 | moderate |
| Self-reported happiness and Rule of lawCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Rule of law by country | +0.32 | +0.10 | 0.407 | 107 | high |
| Self-reported happiness and UndernourishmentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Undernourishment by country | -0.26 | -0.10 | 0.657 | 99 | proxy |
| Self-reported happiness and Women ministersCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Women ministers by country | +0.18 | +0.10 | 0.509 | 102 | independent |
| Self-reported happiness and Married by 18Could easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Married by 18 by country | -0.23 | -0.10 | 0.658 | 70 | moderate |
| Self-reported happiness and Political rights (FH)Could easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Political rights (FH) by country | -0.12 | +0.10 | 0.350 | 105 | moderate |
| Self-reported happiness and Compulsory schoolingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Compulsory schooling by country | +0.18 | +0.10 | 0.466 | 106 | moderate |
| Self-reported happiness and PISA mathsCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. PISA maths by country | +0.21 | -0.09 | 0.573 | 76 | high |
| Self-reported happiness and Birth registrationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Birth registration by country | +0.27 | +0.09 | 0.822 | 95 | proxy |
| Self-reported happiness and Electricity accessCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Electricity access by country | +0.28 | +0.09 | 0.712 | 106 | high |
| Self-reported happiness and Conflict deathsCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Conflict deaths by country | -0.15 | -0.09 | 0.373 | 104 | moderate |
| Self-reported happiness and Gini indexCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Gini index by country | -0.19 | -0.09 | 0.795 | 97 | moderate |
| Self-reported happiness and Civil society participationAlmost no link either way. Civil society participation by country | +0.02 | -0.09 | 0.626 | 103 | independent |
| Self-reported happiness and Primary enrollmentAlmost no link either way. Primary enrollment by country | +0.03 | +0.09 | 0.413 | 104 | independent |
| Self-reported happiness and Homicide rateAlmost no link either way. Homicide rate by country | -0.03 | +0.09 | 0.787 | 103 | moderate |
| Self-reported happiness and Forest areaAlmost no link either way. Forest area by country | +0.00 | -0.09 | 0.718 | 104 | independent |
| Self-reported happiness and Education scoreCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Education score by country | +0.23 | -0.08 | 0.564 | 104 | proxy |
| Self-reported happiness and CO2 per capitaCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. CO2 per capita by country | +0.23 | +0.08 | 0.603 | 102 | proxy |
| Self-reported happiness and Tax revenueAlmost no link either way. Tax revenue by country | +0.09 | -0.08 | 0.475 | 90 | moderate |
| Self-reported happiness and Governance scoreCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Governance score by country | +0.13 | -0.08 | 0.381 | 104 | moderate |
| Self-reported happiness and Political civil libertiesAlmost no link either way. Political civil liberties by country | +0.06 | -0.08 | 0.540 | 103 | moderate |
| Self-reported happiness and Maternal mortalityCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Maternal mortality by country | -0.24 | -0.07 | 0.718 | 104 | proxy |
| Self-reported happiness and Hours workedCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Hours worked by country | -0.46 | -0.07 | 0.661 | 37 | high |
| Self-reported happiness and Political stabilityCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Political stability by country | +0.30 | +0.07 | 0.667 | 107 | moderate |
| Self-reported happiness and Civil liberties (FH)Could easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Civil liberties (FH) by country | -0.15 | +0.07 | 0.570 | 105 | moderate |
| Self-reported happiness and Regime typeCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Regime type by country | +0.12 | -0.07 | 0.627 | 103 | moderate |
| Self-reported happiness and ResearchersCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Researchers by country | +0.31 | +0.07 | 0.787 | 95 | proxy |
| Self-reported happiness and Primary completionCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Primary completion by country | +0.18 | -0.07 | 0.715 | 97 | proxy |
| Self-reported happiness and Mobile subscriptionsAlmost no link either way. Mobile subscriptions by country | +0.09 | -0.06 | 0.436 | 107 | moderate |
| Self-reported happiness and Basic water accessCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Basic water access by country | +0.28 | +0.06 | 0.659 | 105 | proxy |
| Self-reported happiness and Health coverage indexCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Health coverage index by country | +0.31 | +0.06 | 0.817 | 103 | proxy |
| Self-reported happiness and Refugees originatingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Refugees originating by country | -0.12 | -0.06 | 0.720 | 105 | moderate |
| Self-reported happiness and Expected schoolingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Expected schooling by country | +0.22 | -0.06 | 0.691 | 104 | proxy |
| Self-reported happiness and Secondary enrollmentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Secondary enrollment by country | +0.29 | +0.06 | 0.761 | 103 | high |
| Self-reported happiness and PISA scienceCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. PISA science by country | +0.23 | -0.06 | 0.724 | 76 | high |
| Self-reported happiness and Inequality-adjusted HDICould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Inequality-adjusted HDI by country | +0.32 | +0.05 | 0.710 | 98 | proxy |
| Self-reported happiness and Fixed broadbandCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Fixed broadband by country | +0.24 | -0.05 | 0.697 | 106 | proxy |
| Self-reported happiness and Women in a unionAlmost no link either way. Women in a union by country | -0.09 | +0.05 | 0.765 | 106 | moderate |
| Self-reported happiness and Freedom of expressionAlmost no link either way. Freedom of expression by country | +0.07 | -0.05 | 0.722 | 103 | moderate |
| Self-reported happiness and Military spendingAlmost no link either way. Military spending by country | -0.06 | -0.05 | 0.765 | 100 | independent |
| Self-reported happiness and Fertility rateCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Fertility rate by country | -0.29 | -0.05 | 0.886 | 107 | proxy |
| Self-reported happiness and Public social spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Public social spending by country | +0.17 | -0.05 | 0.800 | 40 | moderate |
| Self-reported happiness and Free and fair electionsCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Free and fair elections by country | +0.15 | -0.05 | 0.531 | 103 | high |
| Self-reported happiness and Gender Development IndexCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Gender Development Index by country | +0.16 | -0.04 | 0.898 | 103 | high |
| Self-reported happiness and Agricultural landCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Agricultural land by country | -0.13 | -0.04 | 0.742 | 105 | independent |
| Self-reported happiness and DTP3 immunisationAlmost no link either way. DTP3 immunisation by country | +0.09 | -0.04 | 0.792 | 103 | moderate |
| Self-reported happiness and Anaemia in womenCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Anaemia in women by country | -0.25 | -0.04 | 0.801 | 102 | high |
| Self-reported happiness and Age at childbearingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Age at childbearing by country | +0.23 | +0.04 | 0.868 | 107 | moderate |
| Self-reported happiness and Electoral democracyCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Electoral democracy by country | +0.15 | -0.04 | 0.751 | 103 | moderate |
| Self-reported happiness and Trade opennessCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Trade openness by country | +0.13 | -0.04 | 0.786 | 102 | moderate |
| Self-reported happiness and Tuberculosis incidenceCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Tuberculosis incidence by country | -0.14 | +0.03 | 0.915 | 106 | high |
| Self-reported happiness and Single-parent householdsAlmost no link either way. Single-parent households by country | -0.04 | -0.03 | 0.821 | 89 | independent |
| Self-reported happiness and FDI inflowsAlmost no link either way. FDI inflows by country | -0.02 | -0.03 | 0.627 | 106 | independent |
| Self-reported happiness and Out-of-pocket health spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Out-of-pocket health spending by country | -0.15 | +0.03 | 0.908 | 103 | moderate |
| Self-reported happiness and Youth not in work or studyCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Youth not in work or study by country | -0.21 | -0.03 | 0.926 | 100 | high |
| Self-reported happiness and Religion very importantCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Religion very important by country | -0.19 | +0.03 | 0.812 | 107 | high |
| Self-reported happiness and Recycling rateCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Recycling rate by country | +0.21 | -0.03 | 0.867 | 33 | moderate |
| Self-reported happiness and Out of school, primaryCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Out of school, primary by country | -0.15 | +0.03 | 0.906 | 102 | moderate |
| Self-reported happiness and HDICould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. HDI by country | +0.30 | -0.02 | 0.890 | 104 | proxy |
| Self-reported happiness and Children with one parentAlmost no link either way. Children with one parent by country | +0.08 | +0.02 | 0.937 | 38 | independent |
| Self-reported happiness and Pupil-teacher ratioCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Pupil-teacher ratio by country | -0.25 | +0.02 | 0.852 | 98 | proxy |
| Self-reported happiness and Birth rateCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Birth rate by country | -0.27 | +0.02 | 0.965 | 107 | proxy |
| Self-reported happiness and Participatory democracyCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Participatory democracy by country | +0.16 | -0.02 | 0.873 | 103 | moderate |
| Self-reported happiness and Gender scoreCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Gender score by country | +0.13 | +0.02 | 0.825 | 102 | moderate |
| Self-reported happiness and Health spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Health spending by country | +0.18 | +0.02 | 0.930 | 103 | independent |
| Self-reported happiness and Infrastructure scoreCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Infrastructure score by country | +0.30 | +0.01 | 0.962 | 106 | proxy |
| Self-reported happiness and Female labor participationAlmost no link either way. Female labor participation by country | +0.09 | -0.01 | 0.971 | 105 | independent |
| Self-reported happiness and Population 0-14Could easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Population 0-14 by country | -0.29 | -0.01 | 0.982 | 107 | proxy |
| Self-reported happiness and PISA readingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. PISA reading by country | +0.26 | -0.01 | 0.960 | 76 | high |
| Self-reported happiness and Liberal democracyCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Liberal democracy by country | +0.18 | -0.01 | 0.950 | 103 | moderate |
| Self-reported happiness and Family benefits spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Family benefits spending by country | +0.14 | -0.01 | 0.960 | 40 | independent |
| Self-reported happiness and UrbanizationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Urbanization by country | +0.22 | -0.01 | 0.968 | 107 | high |
| Self-reported happiness and Women in managementAlmost no link either way. Women in management by country | +0.08 | +0.01 | 0.978 | 88 | moderate |
| Self-reported happiness and Religious attendanceCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Religious attendance by country | -0.21 | -0.01 | 0.965 | 105 | high |
| Self-reported happiness and Education spendingAlmost no link either way. Education spending by country | +0.08 | +0.01 | 0.985 | 101 | independent |
| Self-reported happiness and Active labour market spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Active labour market spending by country | +0.21 | -0.00 | 0.972 | 40 | moderate |
| Self-reported happiness and Gender wage gapAlmost no link either way. Gender wage gap by country | -0.07 | +0.00 | 0.987 | 36 | independent |
| Self-reported happiness and Voice and accountabilityCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Voice and accountability by country | +0.23 | +0.00 | 0.975 | 107 | moderate |
| Self-reported happiness and Slum share of urban populationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Slum share of urban population by country | -0.25 | -0.00 | 0.998 | 103 | high |
| Self-reported happiness and GDP per capita (PPP)One side of this pair is national income itself, the thing the other figures adjust for. Adjusting income for income leaves nothing, so there is no adjusted figure. The unadjusted link shows how closely the other measure follows income. GDP per capita (PPP) by country | +0.37 | — | — | 107 | proxy |
| Self-reported happiness and GNI per capita (PPP)One side of this pair is national income itself, the thing the other figures adjust for. Adjusting income for income leaves nothing, so there is no adjusted figure. The unadjusted link shows how closely the other measure follows income. GNI per capita (PPP) by country | +0.38 | — | — | 107 | proxy |
| Self-reported happiness and GDP per capita (market)One side of this pair is national income itself, the thing the other figures adjust for. Adjusting income for income leaves nothing, so there is no adjusted figure. The unadjusted link shows how closely the other measure follows income. GDP per capita (market) by country | +0.42 | — | — | 107 | proxy |
Source
World Values Survey Association and European Values Study · via Our World in Data
Free for non-commercial use with attribution · licence terms · updated irregular (survey waves, roughly every 5 years)
Haerpfer, C. et al., World Values Survey; EVS, European Values Study