Inequality-adjusted HDI
Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index
Link with national income+0.94essentially a measure of national income
Links that hold up28of 158 pairs tested
Unitindex, 0 to 1higher is better
SourceUNDP_HDRCC BY 3.0 IGO
What this measures. The HDI marked down for how unequally each of its three parts is spread within the country. The gap between this and the HDI is what inequality costs, and that is the number worth reading. The level itself is the HDI again, with its parts flagged the same way.
How it has moved
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Every country, every year
One row per country and one column per year, sorted by the most recent value. Hover over any cell to see the figure. The country names link to each country’s page.
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Links that hold up
r is how closely two measures rise and fall together across countries, from −1 (opposite) to +1 (in step), where 0 means no link. These pairs are ranked by the link after adjusting for national income, which means comparing countries with the same GDP per person. Each pair passed three checks. The link held after that adjustment. It was unlikely to be chance (q of 0.05 or less), even allowing for countries in the same region being alike and for the many pairs tested. And the two are not just two measures of the same thing. Very small q values are written in short form: 8.0e-5 means 0.000080.
| Measure | Before adjusting | After adjusting | q | Countries | Tracks income? |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and Gender Inequality IndexWhere Inequality-adjusted HDI is higher, Gender Inequality Index tends to be lower: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Gender Inequality Index by country | -0.94 | -0.64 | 0.003 | 156 | proxy |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and Adult literacyWhere Inequality-adjusted HDI is higher, Adult literacy tends to be higher: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Adult literacy by country | +0.83 | +0.63 | 0.017 | 120 | high |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and Religious attendanceWhere Inequality-adjusted HDI is higher, Religious attendance tends to be lower: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Religious attendance by country | -0.76 | -0.54 | 0.040 | 98 | high |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and Infant mortalityWhere Inequality-adjusted HDI is higher, Infant mortality tends to be lower: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Infant mortality by country | -0.88 | -0.53 | 0.028 | 166 | proxy |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and Slum share of urban populationWhere Inequality-adjusted HDI is higher, Slum share of urban population tends to be lower: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Slum share of urban population by country | -0.81 | -0.50 | 0.026 | 163 | high |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and Informal employmentWhere Inequality-adjusted HDI is higher, Informal employment tends to be lower: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Informal employment by country | -0.90 | -0.50 | 0.046 | 135 | proxy |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and Tertiary enrollmentWhere Inequality-adjusted HDI is higher, Tertiary enrollment tends to be higher: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Tertiary enrollment by country | +0.84 | +0.49 | 0.016 | 155 | high |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and Population 65+Where Inequality-adjusted HDI is higher, Population 65+ tends to be higher: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Population 65+ by country | +0.85 | +0.48 | 0.034 | 167 | high |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and Public social spendingWhere Inequality-adjusted HDI is higher, Public social spending tends to be higher: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Public social spending by country | +0.62 | +0.47 | 0.029 | 42 | moderate |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and Fixed broadbandWhere Inequality-adjusted HDI is higher, Fixed broadband tends to be higher: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Fixed broadband by country | +0.90 | +0.47 | 0.024 | 167 | proxy |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and Tobacco useWhere Inequality-adjusted HDI is higher, Tobacco use tends to be higher: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Tobacco use by country | +0.37 | +0.45 | 0.014 | 154 | independent |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and Market-income GiniWhere Inequality-adjusted HDI is higher, Market-income Gini tends to be lower: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Market-income Gini by country | -0.59 | -0.43 | 0.046 | 45 | moderate |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and Family benefits spendingWhere Inequality-adjusted HDI is higher, Family benefits spending tends to be higher: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Family benefits spending by country | +0.50 | +0.42 | 0.004 | 42 | independent |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and Health spendingWhere Inequality-adjusted HDI is higher, Health spending tends to be higher: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Health spending by country | +0.37 | +0.42 | 0.035 | 166 | independent |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and Food insecurityWhere Inequality-adjusted HDI is higher, Food insecurity tends to be lower: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Food insecurity by country | -0.86 | -0.41 | 0.021 | 142 | proxy |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and Road traffic deathsWhere Inequality-adjusted HDI is higher, Road traffic deaths tends to be lower: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Road traffic deaths by country | -0.76 | -0.41 | 0.010 | 164 | high |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and Adolescent fertilityWhere Inequality-adjusted HDI is higher, Adolescent fertility tends to be lower: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Adolescent fertility by country | -0.82 | -0.39 | 0.043 | 167 | proxy |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and Infrastructure scoreWhere Inequality-adjusted HDI is higher, Infrastructure score tends to be higher: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Infrastructure score by country | +0.92 | +0.39 | 0.014 | 167 | proxy |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and Pupil-teacher ratioWhere Inequality-adjusted HDI is higher, Pupil-teacher ratio tends to be lower: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Pupil-teacher ratio by country | -0.82 | -0.35 | 0.028 | 156 | proxy |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and Skilled birth attendanceWhere Inequality-adjusted HDI is higher, Skilled birth attendance tends to be higher: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Skilled birth attendance by country | +0.73 | +0.34 | 0.022 | 157 | high |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and Hospital bedsWhere Inequality-adjusted HDI is higher, Hospital beds tends to be higher: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Hospital beds by country | +0.61 | +0.33 | 0.027 | 152 | high |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and ResearchersWhere Inequality-adjusted HDI is higher, Researchers tends to be higher: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Researchers by country | +0.76 | +0.33 | 0.012 | 123 | proxy |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and Vulnerable employmentWhere Inequality-adjusted HDI is higher, Vulnerable employment tends to be lower: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Vulnerable employment by country | -0.86 | -0.32 | 0.014 | 160 | proxy |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and Birth registrationWhere Inequality-adjusted HDI is higher, Birth registration tends to be higher: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Birth registration by country | +0.71 | +0.30 | 0.043 | 154 | proxy |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and Out of school, primaryWhere Inequality-adjusted HDI is higher, Out of school, primary tends to be lower: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Out of school, primary by country | -0.60 | -0.27 | 0.010 | 160 | moderate |
Links that don’t count as findings
These go together strongly, but they are built from the same numbers or measure the same thing. So they are bound to match, or their match shows that the measures agree, not something about the world.
| Measure | Before adjusting | After adjusting | q | Countries | Tracks income? |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and HDINot an independent finding: one of these indices is built partly from the other, so their agreement is just arithmetic. HDI by country | +0.98 | +0.83 | 0.001 | 167 | proxy |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and Mean years of schoolingNot an independent finding: one of these indices is built partly from the other, so their agreement is just arithmetic. Mean years of schooling by country | +0.92 | +0.70 | 0.002 | 167 | proxy |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and Education scoreNot an independent finding: one of these indices is built partly from the other, so their agreement is just arithmetic. Education score by country | +0.89 | +0.55 | 0.029 | 166 | proxy |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and Expected schoolingNot an independent finding: one of these indices is built partly from the other, so their agreement is just arithmetic. Expected schooling by country | +0.86 | +0.53 | 0.022 | 167 | proxy |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and Life expectancyNot an independent finding: one of these indices is built partly from the other, so their agreement is just arithmetic. Life expectancy by country | +0.90 | +0.50 | 0.115 | 167 | proxy |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and Gender Development IndexNot an independent finding: one of these indices is built partly from the other, so their agreement is just arithmetic. Gender Development Index by country | +0.67 | +0.26 | 0.228 | 165 | high |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and Health scoreNot an independent finding: one of these indices is built partly from the other, so their agreement is just arithmetic. Health score by country | +0.32 | -0.01 | 0.972 | 166 | moderate |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and GNI per capita (PPP)Not an independent finding: one of these indices is built partly from the other, so their agreement is just arithmetic. GNI per capita (PPP) by country | +0.84 | — | — | 167 | proxy |
How much the other measures account for
The 71 most widely reported measures boil down to a few broad patterns. This table shows how much of the differences between countries on this measure those patterns account for, adding one pattern at a time. The patterns are rebuilt without this measure, and without anything built from the same numbers or measuring the same thing. So it never predicts itself under another name. The figures use the 125 countries reporting all of them, and 64 candidate measures.
This shows how much it moves with the others. It does not explain anything. Measures that move together end up on the same pattern whether or not anything connects them. And the countries here are the best-documented ones. A high figure means this measure is largely predictable from the others, not that they produce it.
| Patterns used | Share of this measure accounted for | Added by this pattern |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 92% | — |
| 2 | 93% | +1% |
| 3 | 93% | +0% |
| 4 | 94% | +1% |
| 5 | 94% | +0% |
| 6 | 94% | +0% |
How it differs by category
This compares the measure across groups of countries, such as those sharing a main religion, instead of against another number. The figure is the share of the differences between countries on this measure that lies between the groups, on a scale from 0 to 1. It is shown before and after adjusting for national income.
The “between groups” figure runs from 0 (the groups are no different) to 1 (the groups explain all the differences between countries). Groups have no up or down, so this says how much the groups differ, never which way. For that, read the group averages. The figure also tends to rise when there are more groups. So to judge whether it could be chance (q), we shuffle the same labels among the same countries many times and see how often a figure this big turns up. Then we allow for the fact that many measures are checked at once, since with enough checks a few big figures turn up by luck alone. Groups with fewer than 12 countries are left out. And countries that share a label share a lot else. Adjusting for income rules out one third factor, but leaves language, region, legal tradition and history untouched.
| Grouped by | Between groups | After income | q | Groups at each end |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Last European coloniser | 0.51 | 0.39 | 0.006 | best: Never a European colony 0.636 · worst: France 0.385 index, 0 to 1 |
| Largest religious group | 0.30 | 0.22 | 0.022 | best: Christians 0.63 · worst: Muslims 0.497 index, 0 to 1 |
Every other pair
Everything else this measure was tested against, apart from the links that hold up and the pairs built from the same numbers. Sorted by the link after adjusting. Search by name; every column sorts. A small adjusted figure is a result too. It says the two do not move together once income is set aside.
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| Inequality-adjusted HDI and Recycling rateLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.50) could easily be chance. Recycling rate by country | +0.66 | +0.50 | 0.172 | 35 | moderate |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and RedistributionLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.50) could easily be chance. Redistribution by country | +0.75 | +0.50 | 0.073 | 45 | moderate |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and Under-5 mortalityLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.47) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Under-5 mortality by country | -0.85 | -0.47 | 0.058 | 166 | proxy |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and PISA mathsLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.47) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. PISA maths by country | +0.84 | +0.47 | 0.123 | 80 | high |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and PhysiciansLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.46) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Physicians by country | +0.85 | +0.46 | 0.065 | 166 | proxy |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and Median ageLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.46) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Median age by country | +0.90 | +0.46 | 0.107 | 167 | proxy |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and Frequent prayerLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.44) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Frequent prayer by country | -0.75 | -0.44 | 0.064 | 72 | high |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and Secondary enrollmentLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.43) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Secondary enrollment by country | +0.83 | +0.43 | 0.065 | 162 | high |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and PISA scienceLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.42) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. PISA science by country | +0.82 | +0.42 | 0.081 | 80 | high |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and Health coverage indexLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.41) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Health coverage index by country | +0.89 | +0.41 | 0.109 | 166 | proxy |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and Anaemia in womenLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.41) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Anaemia in women by country | -0.75 | -0.41 | 0.189 | 165 | high |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and Gini indexCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Gini index by country | -0.41 | -0.40 | 0.059 | 154 | moderate |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and Birth rateLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.39) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Birth rate by country | -0.89 | -0.39 | 0.130 | 167 | proxy |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and Religion very importantLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.39) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Religion very important by country | -0.76 | -0.39 | 0.077 | 98 | high |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and Basic sanitationLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.37) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Basic sanitation by country | +0.83 | +0.37 | 0.080 | 166 | high |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and Maternal mortalityLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.36) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Maternal mortality by country | -0.75 | -0.36 | 0.076 | 166 | proxy |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and Government consumptionCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Government consumption by country | +0.25 | +0.36 | 0.198 | 156 | independent |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and Equality scoreLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.35) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Equality score by country | +0.71 | +0.35 | 0.082 | 154 | high |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and PISA readingLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.35) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. PISA reading by country | +0.80 | +0.35 | 0.051 | 80 | high |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and Married by 18Linked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.34) could easily be chance. Married by 18 by country | -0.70 | -0.34 | 0.081 | 123 | moderate |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and Child stuntingLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.34) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Child stunting by country | -0.79 | -0.34 | 0.055 | 142 | proxy |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and Education spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Education spending by country | +0.22 | +0.34 | 0.363 | 161 | independent |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and Population 0-14Linked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.34) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Population 0-14 by country | -0.89 | -0.34 | 0.259 | 167 | proxy |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and Government expenseCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Government expense by country | +0.39 | +0.34 | 0.126 | 139 | moderate |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and Labour scoreLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.33) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Labour score by country | +0.75 | +0.33 | 0.163 | 166 | high |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and Women's age at first marriageLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.33) could easily be chance. Women's age at first marriage by country | +0.54 | +0.33 | 0.219 | 40 | moderate |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and Homicide rateCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Homicide rate by country | -0.28 | -0.31 | 0.165 | 143 | moderate |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and Old-age spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Old-age spending by country | +0.32 | +0.31 | 0.152 | 42 | independent |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and Rule of lawLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.31) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Rule of law by country | +0.76 | +0.31 | 0.282 | 167 | high |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and Voice and accountabilityLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.30) could easily be chance. Voice and accountability by country | +0.67 | +0.30 | 0.339 | 167 | moderate |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and Life satisfactionLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.28) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Life satisfaction by country | +0.83 | +0.28 | 0.089 | 146 | proxy |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and Unemployment benefit spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Unemployment benefit spending by country | +0.39 | +0.28 | 0.158 | 39 | moderate |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and Population growthLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.28) could easily be chance. Population growth by country | -0.57 | -0.28 | 0.119 | 167 | moderate |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and Trust in governmentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Trust in government by country | +0.13 | -0.27 | 0.273 | 47 | moderate |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and Hours workedLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.27) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Hours worked by country | -0.68 | -0.27 | 0.088 | 38 | high |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and Fertility rateLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.26) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Fertility rate by country | -0.84 | -0.26 | 0.292 | 167 | proxy |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and Primary completionLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.25) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Primary completion by country | +0.77 | +0.25 | 0.318 | 153 | proxy |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and Confidence in religious institutionsLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.24) could easily be chance. Confidence in religious institutions by country | -0.58 | -0.24 | 0.166 | 98 | moderate |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and Tax revenueCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Tax revenue by country | +0.40 | +0.24 | 0.266 | 139 | moderate |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and HIV prevalenceCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. HIV prevalence by country | -0.28 | -0.23 | 0.232 | 135 | moderate |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and One-person householdsLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.22) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. One-person households by country | +0.72 | +0.22 | 0.113 | 138 | high |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and Wellbeing scoreLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.22) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Wellbeing score by country | +0.74 | +0.22 | 0.094 | 98 | high |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and Civil liberties (FH)Linked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.22) could easily be chance. Civil liberties (FH) by country | -0.57 | -0.22 | 0.450 | 166 | moderate |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and Adult obesityCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Adult obesity by country | +0.32 | +0.22 | 0.487 | 166 | moderate |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and Electricity accessLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.22) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Electricity access by country | +0.75 | +0.22 | 0.224 | 167 | high |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and Political rights (FH)Linked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.21) could easily be chance. Political rights (FH) by country | -0.55 | -0.21 | 0.433 | 166 | moderate |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and Internet usersLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.20) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Internet users by country | +0.86 | +0.20 | 0.075 | 167 | proxy |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and UnemploymentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Unemployment by country | -0.13 | -0.20 | 0.351 | 160 | independent |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and Divorce rate (UN)Could easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Divorce rate (UN) by country | +0.10 | +0.20 | 0.317 | 77 | independent |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and Out-of-pocket health spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Out-of-pocket health spending by country | -0.40 | -0.19 | 0.514 | 166 | moderate |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and Suicide rateCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Suicide rate by country | +0.29 | +0.19 | 0.433 | 161 | independent |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and Political stabilityLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.19) could easily be chance. Political stability by country | +0.61 | +0.19 | 0.494 | 167 | moderate |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and Gender wage gapAlmost no link either way. Gender wage gap by country | +0.04 | +0.19 | 0.224 | 38 | independent |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and Armed conflict presentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Armed conflict present by country | -0.46 | -0.18 | 0.344 | 166 | moderate |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and Religiously unaffiliatedLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.18) could easily be chance. Religiously unaffiliated by country | +0.51 | +0.18 | 0.191 | 162 | moderate |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and Free and fair electionsLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.18) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Free and fair elections by country | +0.68 | +0.18 | 0.368 | 155 | high |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and Military spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Military spending by country | +0.12 | +0.18 | 0.287 | 144 | independent |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and Basic water accessLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.18) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Basic water access by country | +0.78 | +0.18 | 0.274 | 166 | proxy |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and Christian shareCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Christian share by country | +0.11 | +0.18 | 0.385 | 162 | independent |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and Participatory democracyLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.18) could easily be chance. Participatory democracy by country | +0.58 | +0.18 | 0.371 | 155 | moderate |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and Muslim shareCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Muslim share by country | -0.33 | -0.18 | 0.380 | 162 | independent |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and Control of corruptionLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.18) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Control of corruption by country | +0.74 | +0.18 | 0.367 | 167 | high |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and GDP growthCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. GDP growth by country | -0.33 | -0.17 | 0.164 | 167 | moderate |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and Youth not in work or studyLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.17) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Youth not in work or study by country | -0.59 | -0.17 | 0.169 | 160 | high |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and Conflict deathsAlmost no link either way. Conflict deaths by country | -0.07 | +0.17 | 0.064 | 166 | moderate |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and Liberal democracyLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.17) could easily be chance. Liberal democracy by country | +0.61 | +0.17 | 0.428 | 155 | moderate |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and Women in managementCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Women in management by country | +0.31 | +0.17 | 0.350 | 141 | moderate |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and Regime typeLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.17) could easily be chance. Regime type by country | +0.57 | +0.17 | 0.356 | 155 | moderate |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and Women's political empowermentLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.16) could easily be chance. Women's political empowerment by country | +0.56 | +0.16 | 0.266 | 155 | moderate |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and Government effectivenessLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.16) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Government effectiveness by country | +0.83 | +0.16 | 0.203 | 167 | proxy |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and Alcohol consumptionLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.15) could easily be chance. Alcohol consumption by country | +0.57 | +0.15 | 0.360 | 163 | moderate |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and Electoral democracyLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.15) could easily be chance. Electoral democracy by country | +0.57 | +0.15 | 0.483 | 155 | moderate |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and UndernourishmentLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.14) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Undernourishment by country | -0.73 | -0.14 | 0.421 | 150 | proxy |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and Extreme poverty rateLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.14) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Extreme poverty rate by country | -0.74 | -0.14 | 0.462 | 154 | proxy |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and Governance scoreLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.13) could easily be chance. Governance score by country | +0.58 | +0.13 | 0.523 | 157 | moderate |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and Gender scoreCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Gender score by country | +0.41 | +0.12 | 0.513 | 164 | moderate |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and Tuberculosis incidenceLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.11) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Tuberculosis incidence by country | -0.51 | -0.11 | 0.607 | 167 | high |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and Political corruptionLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.11) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Political corruption by country | -0.67 | -0.11 | 0.419 | 155 | high |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and DTP3 immunisationLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.11) could easily be chance. DTP3 immunisation by country | +0.52 | +0.11 | 0.423 | 166 | moderate |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and Public order spendingLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Public order spending by country | -0.54 | -0.09 | 0.619 | 37 | high |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and Premature NCD mortalityLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Premature NCD mortality by country | -0.62 | +0.09 | 0.753 | 161 | high |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and Age at childbearingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Age at childbearing by country | +0.48 | +0.09 | 0.560 | 167 | moderate |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and Corruption Perceptions IndexLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Corruption Perceptions Index by country | +0.71 | +0.09 | 0.536 | 158 | high |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and Mobile subscriptionsCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Mobile subscriptions by country | +0.38 | -0.08 | 0.410 | 167 | moderate |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and Marriage rateAlmost no link either way. Marriage rate by country | -0.09 | -0.08 | 0.800 | 46 | independent |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and Refugees originatingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Refugees originating by country | -0.21 | +0.08 | 0.580 | 166 | moderate |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and Women in a unionCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Women in a union by country | -0.36 | +0.08 | 0.505 | 164 | moderate |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and Women ministersCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Women ministers by country | +0.26 | +0.08 | 0.565 | 165 | independent |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and Male labor participationAlmost no link either way. Male labor participation by country | -0.07 | -0.07 | 0.721 | 160 | independent |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and Government spending per capitaLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Government spending per capita by country | +0.72 | -0.07 | 0.735 | 43 | proxy |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and Employment in agricultureLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Employment in agriculture by country | -0.80 | -0.07 | 0.575 | 160 | proxy |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and Active labour market spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Active labour market spending by country | +0.43 | +0.07 | 0.584 | 42 | moderate |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and Women in parliamentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Women in parliament by country | +0.29 | +0.06 | 0.804 | 165 | independent |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and InflationAlmost no link either way. Inflation by country | -0.08 | +0.06 | 0.647 | 164 | independent |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and Freedom of associationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Freedom of association by country | +0.37 | +0.06 | 0.760 | 155 | moderate |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and Divorce rateCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Divorce rate by country | -0.13 | -0.06 | 0.722 | 45 | independent |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and Compulsory schoolingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Compulsory schooling by country | +0.41 | +0.06 | 0.816 | 157 | moderate |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and Self-reported happinessCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Self-reported happiness by country | +0.32 | +0.05 | 0.710 | 98 | moderate |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and Children with one parentAlmost no link either way. Children with one parent by country | +0.04 | -0.05 | 0.887 | 38 | independent |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and Environment scoreCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Environment score by country | -0.32 | -0.05 | 0.431 | 167 | moderate |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and Political civil libertiesCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Political civil liberties by country | +0.35 | +0.05 | 0.821 | 155 | moderate |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and Agricultural landCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Agricultural land by country | -0.27 | -0.05 | 0.740 | 167 | independent |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and Corporate tax rateCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Corporate tax rate by country | -0.29 | +0.04 | 0.785 | 78 | moderate |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and Protected landCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Protected land by country | +0.22 | -0.04 | 0.642 | 167 | independent |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and Freedom of expressionCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Freedom of expression by country | +0.30 | +0.04 | 0.868 | 155 | moderate |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and Aid givenLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Aid given by country | +0.53 | +0.04 | 0.846 | 44 | high |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and Primary enrollmentAlmost no link either way. Primary enrollment by country | -0.01 | +0.03 | 0.592 | 165 | independent |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and Trade opennessCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Trade openness by country | +0.39 | -0.03 | 0.852 | 156 | moderate |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and Retirement age, menCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Retirement age, men by country | -0.30 | -0.02 | 0.956 | 48 | independent |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and Female labor participationAlmost no link either way. Female labor participation by country | +0.07 | +0.02 | 0.717 | 160 | independent |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and Retirement age, womenAlmost no link either way. Retirement age, women by country | -0.08 | +0.02 | 0.961 | 48 | independent |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and Migrant share of populationLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Migrant share of population by country | +0.56 | +0.01 | 0.961 | 167 | high |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and CO2 per capitaCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. CO2 per capita by country | +0.36 | -0.01 | 0.954 | 163 | proxy |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and Births outside marriageAlmost no link either way. Births outside marriage by country | -0.08 | -0.01 | 0.986 | 42 | independent |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and Forest areaAlmost no link either way. Forest area by country | +0.10 | +0.01 | 0.933 | 166 | independent |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and UrbanizationLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Urbanization by country | +0.64 | -0.01 | 0.965 | 167 | high |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and Marriage rate (UN)Could easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Marriage rate (UN) by country | -0.23 | -0.01 | 0.984 | 84 | independent |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and FDI inflowsAlmost no link either way. FDI inflows by country | +0.02 | +0.00 | 0.969 | 167 | independent |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and Civil society participationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Civil society participation by country | +0.26 | +0.00 | 0.984 | 155 | independent |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and Single-parent householdsAlmost no link either way. Single-parent households by country | -0.03 | -0.00 | 0.985 | 138 | independent |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and GDP per capita (PPP)One side of this pair is national income itself, the thing the other figures adjust for. Adjusting income for income leaves nothing, so there is no adjusted figure. The unadjusted link shows how closely the other measure follows income. GDP per capita (PPP) by country | +0.81 | — | — | 167 | proxy |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI and GDP per capita (market)One side of this pair is national income itself, the thing the other figures adjust for. Adjusting income for income leaves nothing, so there is no adjusted figure. The unadjusted link shows how closely the other measure follows income. GDP per capita (market) by country | +0.72 | — | — | 167 | proxy |
Source
United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Report Office · via Our World in Data
CC BY 3.0 IGO · licence terms · updated annual
United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Report 2025