Undernourishment
Prevalence of undernourishment (% of population)
Link with national income-0.83essentially a measure of national income
Links that hold up4of 158 pairs tested
Unit% of populationhigher is worse
SourceWDICC BY 4.0
What this measures. Estimated from the food supply and how it is shared out, not by asking anyone. It is the FAO's model of how many people get less food energy than they need. The survey-based food insecurity measure below is treated as measuring the same thing. So their pair reads as two tools agreeing, not as a finding.
How it has moved
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Every country, every year
One row per country and one column per year, sorted by the most recent value. Hover over any cell to see the figure. The country names link to each country’s page.
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Links that hold up
r is how closely two measures rise and fall together across countries, from −1 (opposite) to +1 (in step), where 0 means no link. These pairs are ranked by the link after adjusting for national income, which means comparing countries with the same GDP per person. Each pair passed three checks. The link held after that adjustment. It was unlikely to be chance (q of 0.05 or less), even allowing for countries in the same region being alike and for the many pairs tested. And the two are not just two measures of the same thing. Very small q values are written in short form: 8.0e-5 means 0.000080.
| Measure | Before adjusting | After adjusting | q | Countries | Tracks income? |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Undernourishment and Extreme poverty rateWhere Undernourishment is higher, Extreme poverty rate tends to be higher: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Extreme poverty rate by country | +0.77 | +0.49 | 0.017 | 146 | proxy |
| Undernourishment and Education spendingWhere Undernourishment is higher, Education spending tends to be lower: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Education spending by country | -0.34 | -0.29 | 0.011 | 156 | independent |
| Undernourishment and Internet usersWhere Undernourishment is higher, Internet users tends to be lower: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Internet users by country | -0.73 | -0.28 | 0.046 | 163 | proxy |
| Undernourishment and Life satisfactionWhere Undernourishment is higher, Life satisfaction tends to be lower: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Life satisfaction by country | -0.68 | -0.22 | 0.018 | 148 | proxy |
Links that don’t count as findings
These go together strongly, but they are built from the same numbers or measure the same thing. So they are bound to match, or their match shows that the measures agree, not something about the world.
| Measure | Before adjusting | After adjusting | q | Countries | Tracks income? |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Undernourishment and Food insecurityTwo ways of measuring the same thing, so their agreement tells you about measurement, not about the world. Food insecurity by country | +0.81 | +0.52 | 0.032 | 140 | proxy |
| Undernourishment and Health scoreNot an independent finding: one of these indices is built partly from the other, so their agreement is just arithmetic. Health score by country | -0.25 | -0.06 | 0.656 | 161 | moderate |
How much the other measures account for
The 71 most widely reported measures boil down to a few broad patterns. This table shows how much of the differences between countries on this measure those patterns account for, adding one pattern at a time. The patterns are rebuilt without this measure, and without anything built from the same numbers or measuring the same thing. So it never predicts itself under another name. The figures use the 124 countries reporting all of them, and 71 candidate measures.
This shows how much it moves with the others. It does not explain anything. Measures that move together end up on the same pattern whether or not anything connects them. And the countries here are the best-documented ones. A high figure means this measure is largely predictable from the others, not that they produce it.
| Patterns used | Share of this measure accounted for | Added by this pattern |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 56% | — |
| 2 | 67% | +11% |
| 3 | 68% | +0% |
| 4 | 68% | +0% |
| 5 | 68% | +0% |
| 6 | 68% | +0% |
How it differs by category
This compares the measure across groups of countries, such as those sharing a main religion, instead of against another number. The figure is the share of the differences between countries on this measure that lies between the groups, on a scale from 0 to 1. It is shown before and after adjusting for national income.
The “between groups” figure runs from 0 (the groups are no different) to 1 (the groups explain all the differences between countries). Groups have no up or down, so this says how much the groups differ, never which way. For that, read the group averages. The figure also tends to rise when there are more groups. So to judge whether it could be chance (q), we shuffle the same labels among the same countries many times and see how often a figure this big turns up. Then we allow for the fact that many measures are checked at once, since with enough checks a few big figures turn up by luck alone. Groups with fewer than 12 countries are left out. And countries that share a label share a lot else. Adjusting for income rules out one third factor, but leaves language, region, legal tradition and history untouched.
| Grouped by | Between groups | After income | q | Groups at each end |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Last European coloniser | 0.32 | 0.18 | 0.394 | worst: France 16.8% · best: Spain 7.41% % of population |
| Largest religious group | 0.07 | 0.16 | 0.096 | worst: Muslims 11.8% · best: Christians 10% % of population |
Every other pair
Everything else this measure was tested against, apart from the links that hold up and the pairs built from the same numbers. Sorted by the link after adjusting. Search by name; every column sorts. A small adjusted figure is a result too. It says the two do not move together once income is set aside.
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| Undernourishment and Equality scoreLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.43) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Equality score by country | -0.70 | -0.43 | 0.139 | 146 | high |
| Undernourishment and Primary completionLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.40) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Primary completion by country | -0.73 | -0.40 | 0.143 | 148 | proxy |
| Undernourishment and Marriage rateCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Marriage rate by country | -0.31 | -0.38 | 0.438 | 45 | independent |
| Undernourishment and Divorce rateCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Divorce rate by country | -0.29 | -0.38 | 0.481 | 44 | independent |
| Undernourishment and Infrastructure scoreLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.37) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Infrastructure score by country | -0.76 | -0.37 | 0.094 | 163 | proxy |
| Undernourishment and Electricity accessLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.37) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Electricity access by country | -0.71 | -0.37 | 0.121 | 163 | high |
| Undernourishment and Basic sanitationLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.35) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Basic sanitation by country | -0.73 | -0.35 | 0.134 | 162 | high |
| Undernourishment and Skilled birth attendanceLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.35) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Skilled birth attendance by country | -0.68 | -0.35 | 0.204 | 152 | high |
| Undernourishment and Education scoreLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.33) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Education score by country | -0.74 | -0.33 | 0.203 | 161 | proxy |
| Undernourishment and Birth registrationLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.33) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Birth registration by country | -0.67 | -0.33 | 0.154 | 146 | proxy |
| Undernourishment and Women in a unionAlmost no link either way. Women in a union by country | +0.09 | -0.32 | 0.070 | 162 | moderate |
| Undernourishment and Basic water accessLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.30) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Basic water access by country | -0.70 | -0.30 | 0.171 | 162 | proxy |
| Undernourishment and Secondary enrollmentLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.29) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Secondary enrollment by country | -0.69 | -0.29 | 0.098 | 157 | high |
| Undernourishment and Maternal mortalityLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.29) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Maternal mortality by country | +0.65 | +0.29 | 0.193 | 161 | proxy |
| Undernourishment and Confidence in religious institutionsCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Confidence in religious institutions by country | +0.18 | -0.29 | 0.464 | 99 | moderate |
| Undernourishment and Trust in governmentAlmost no link either way. Trust in government by country | +0.02 | +0.28 | 0.475 | 46 | moderate |
| Undernourishment and Old-age spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Old-age spending by country | -0.33 | -0.27 | 0.274 | 41 | independent |
| Undernourishment and Market-income GiniCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Market-income Gini by country | +0.48 | +0.26 | 0.517 | 44 | moderate |
| Undernourishment and UnemploymentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Unemployment by country | +0.21 | +0.25 | 0.084 | 160 | independent |
| Undernourishment and Infant mortalityLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.25) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Infant mortality by country | +0.70 | +0.25 | 0.111 | 161 | proxy |
| Undernourishment and Birth rateLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.25) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Birth rate by country | +0.71 | +0.25 | 0.097 | 163 | proxy |
| Undernourishment and Recycling rateCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Recycling rate by country | -0.34 | -0.24 | 0.345 | 34 | moderate |
| Undernourishment and Population growthLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.24) could easily be chance. Population growth by country | +0.54 | +0.24 | 0.068 | 163 | moderate |
| Undernourishment and Slum share of urban populationLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.23) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Slum share of urban population by country | +0.66 | +0.23 | 0.242 | 158 | high |
| Undernourishment and Out of school, primaryLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.23) could easily be chance. Out of school, primary by country | +0.51 | +0.23 | 0.180 | 155 | moderate |
| Undernourishment and Under-5 mortalityLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.23) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Under-5 mortality by country | +0.68 | +0.23 | 0.182 | 161 | proxy |
| Undernourishment and Pupil-teacher ratioLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.22) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Pupil-teacher ratio by country | +0.68 | +0.22 | 0.272 | 151 | proxy |
| Undernourishment and Single-parent householdsCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Single-parent households by country | +0.12 | +0.22 | 0.271 | 130 | independent |
| Undernourishment and Adolescent fertilityLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.22) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Adolescent fertility by country | +0.66 | +0.22 | 0.282 | 163 | proxy |
| Undernourishment and DTP3 immunisationLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.22) could easily be chance. DTP3 immunisation by country | -0.51 | -0.22 | 0.114 | 161 | moderate |
| Undernourishment and Gini indexCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Gini index by country | +0.35 | +0.22 | 0.377 | 146 | moderate |
| Undernourishment and Refugees originatingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Refugees originating by country | +0.33 | +0.22 | 0.146 | 162 | moderate |
| Undernourishment and Health coverage indexLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.21) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Health coverage index by country | -0.71 | -0.21 | 0.166 | 161 | proxy |
| Undernourishment and Public social spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Public social spending by country | -0.41 | -0.21 | 0.187 | 41 | moderate |
| Undernourishment and Out-of-pocket health spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Out-of-pocket health spending by country | +0.15 | -0.20 | 0.417 | 161 | moderate |
| Undernourishment and Government spending per capitaCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Government spending per capita by country | -0.37 | +0.20 | 0.446 | 42 | proxy |
| Undernourishment and Fertility rateLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.20) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Fertility rate by country | +0.68 | +0.20 | 0.143 | 163 | proxy |
| Undernourishment and One-person householdsCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. One-person households by country | -0.43 | +0.20 | 0.131 | 130 | high |
| Undernourishment and Migrant share of populationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Migrant share of population by country | -0.30 | +0.20 | 0.344 | 163 | high |
| Undernourishment and Christian shareAlmost no link either way. Christian share by country | +0.08 | +0.19 | 0.426 | 162 | independent |
| Undernourishment and Age at childbearingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Age at childbearing by country | -0.20 | +0.19 | 0.181 | 163 | moderate |
| Undernourishment and Pre-trial detainee shareCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Pre-trial detainee share by country | +0.32 | +0.19 | 0.212 | 148 | independent |
| Undernourishment and Labour scoreLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.18) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Labour score by country | -0.61 | -0.18 | 0.074 | 162 | high |
| Undernourishment and HIV prevalenceCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. HIV prevalence by country | +0.26 | +0.18 | 0.053 | 135 | moderate |
| Undernourishment and Child stuntingLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.17) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Child stunting by country | +0.63 | +0.17 | 0.188 | 138 | proxy |
| Undernourishment and UrbanizationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Urbanization by country | -0.40 | +0.17 | 0.193 | 163 | high |
| Undernourishment and Freedom of expressionCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Freedom of expression by country | -0.10 | +0.16 | 0.300 | 157 | moderate |
| Undernourishment and Tobacco useCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Tobacco use by country | -0.29 | -0.16 | 0.145 | 145 | independent |
| Undernourishment and Life expectancyLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.16) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Life expectancy by country | -0.68 | -0.16 | 0.136 | 163 | proxy |
| Undernourishment and Population 0-14Linked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.16) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Population 0-14 by country | +0.68 | +0.16 | 0.178 | 163 | proxy |
| Undernourishment and Women ministersAlmost no link either way. Women ministers by country | -0.08 | +0.16 | 0.205 | 161 | independent |
| Undernourishment and Median ageLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.15) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Median age by country | -0.68 | -0.15 | 0.116 | 163 | proxy |
| Undernourishment and Gender Inequality IndexLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.15) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Gender Inequality Index by country | +0.69 | +0.15 | 0.132 | 154 | proxy |
| Undernourishment and Muslim shareCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Muslim share by country | +0.11 | -0.15 | 0.585 | 162 | independent |
| Undernourishment and GDP growthAlmost no link either way. GDP growth by country | +0.04 | -0.15 | 0.196 | 163 | moderate |
| Undernourishment and Political civil libertiesCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Political civil liberties by country | -0.14 | +0.15 | 0.344 | 157 | moderate |
| Undernourishment and Government expenseCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Government expense by country | -0.38 | -0.15 | 0.295 | 132 | moderate |
| Undernourishment and Inequality-adjusted HDILinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.14) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Inequality-adjusted HDI by country | -0.73 | -0.14 | 0.421 | 150 | proxy |
| Undernourishment and Interpersonal trustCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Interpersonal trust by country | -0.31 | +0.14 | 0.369 | 99 | high |
| Undernourishment and ResearchersCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Researchers by country | -0.47 | +0.14 | 0.563 | 121 | proxy |
| Undernourishment and Homicide rateCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Homicide rate by country | +0.21 | +0.13 | 0.193 | 142 | moderate |
| Undernourishment and Civil society participationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Civil society participation by country | -0.10 | +0.13 | 0.437 | 157 | independent |
| Undernourishment and Compulsory schoolingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Compulsory schooling by country | -0.39 | -0.13 | 0.082 | 155 | moderate |
| Undernourishment and Gender Development IndexLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.12) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Gender Development Index by country | -0.54 | -0.12 | 0.577 | 158 | high |
| Undernourishment and Female labor participationAlmost no link either way. Female labor participation by country | +0.04 | +0.12 | 0.460 | 160 | independent |
| Undernourishment and Freedom of associationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Freedom of association by country | -0.16 | +0.12 | 0.507 | 157 | moderate |
| Undernourishment and Adult obesityCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Adult obesity by country | -0.35 | -0.11 | 0.468 | 161 | moderate |
| Undernourishment and Armed conflict presentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Armed conflict present by country | +0.37 | +0.11 | 0.386 | 161 | moderate |
| Undernourishment and Religiously unaffiliatedCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Religiously unaffiliated by country | -0.28 | +0.11 | 0.143 | 162 | moderate |
| Undernourishment and Road traffic deathsLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.11) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Road traffic deaths by country | +0.54 | +0.11 | 0.577 | 161 | high |
| Undernourishment and Government consumptionCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Government consumption by country | -0.22 | -0.11 | 0.265 | 152 | independent |
| Undernourishment and Marriage rate (UN)Almost no link either way. Marriage rate (UN) by country | +0.07 | -0.11 | 0.584 | 86 | independent |
| Undernourishment and Religious attendanceLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.11) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Religious attendance by country | +0.51 | +0.11 | 0.722 | 98 | high |
| Undernourishment and Political stabilityCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Political stability by country | -0.49 | -0.10 | 0.598 | 163 | moderate |
| Undernourishment and Religion very importantCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Religion very important by country | +0.40 | -0.10 | 0.720 | 99 | high |
| Undernourishment and Self-reported happinessCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Self-reported happiness by country | -0.26 | -0.10 | 0.657 | 99 | moderate |
| Undernourishment and HDILinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.10) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. HDI by country | -0.72 | -0.10 | 0.543 | 162 | proxy |
| Undernourishment and Gender wage gapAlmost no link either way. Gender wage gap by country | -0.04 | -0.10 | 0.440 | 37 | independent |
| Undernourishment and Women's political empowermentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Women's political empowerment by country | -0.43 | -0.09 | 0.475 | 157 | moderate |
| Undernourishment and Aid givenCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Aid given by country | -0.21 | +0.09 | 0.707 | 45 | high |
| Undernourishment and Government effectivenessLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Government effectiveness by country | -0.64 | -0.09 | 0.648 | 163 | proxy |
| Undernourishment and Frequent prayerLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Frequent prayer by country | +0.51 | +0.09 | 0.186 | 72 | high |
| Undernourishment and Premature NCD mortalityCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Premature NCD mortality by country | +0.43 | -0.09 | 0.735 | 160 | high |
| Undernourishment and Tertiary enrollmentLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Tertiary enrollment by country | -0.61 | -0.09 | 0.596 | 151 | high |
| Undernourishment and Political corruptionCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Political corruption by country | +0.45 | -0.09 | 0.648 | 157 | high |
| Undernourishment and Active labour market spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Active labour market spending by country | -0.19 | +0.09 | 0.681 | 41 | moderate |
| Undernourishment and Anaemia in womenLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Anaemia in women by country | +0.54 | +0.08 | 0.554 | 160 | high |
| Undernourishment and Military spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Military spending by country | -0.12 | -0.08 | 0.262 | 146 | independent |
| Undernourishment and Participatory democracyCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Participatory democracy by country | -0.35 | +0.08 | 0.641 | 157 | moderate |
| Undernourishment and Population 65+Linked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Population 65+ by country | -0.59 | -0.08 | 0.144 | 163 | high |
| Undernourishment and Tax revenueCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Tax revenue by country | -0.34 | -0.08 | 0.486 | 133 | moderate |
| Undernourishment and Rule of lawLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Rule of law by country | -0.56 | -0.08 | 0.695 | 163 | high |
| Undernourishment and Public order spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Public order spending by country | +0.26 | -0.08 | 0.737 | 36 | high |
| Undernourishment and Mobile subscriptionsCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Mobile subscriptions by country | -0.35 | -0.08 | 0.440 | 163 | moderate |
| Undernourishment and Expected schoolingLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Expected schooling by country | -0.63 | -0.07 | 0.511 | 162 | proxy |
| Undernourishment and Women's age at first marriageCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Women's age at first marriage by country | -0.18 | -0.07 | 0.472 | 39 | moderate |
| Undernourishment and Trade opennessCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Trade openness by country | -0.26 | +0.07 | 0.563 | 152 | moderate |
| Undernourishment and Tuberculosis incidenceCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Tuberculosis incidence by country | +0.41 | +0.07 | 0.862 | 163 | high |
| Undernourishment and Women in parliamentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Women in parliament by country | -0.26 | -0.07 | 0.641 | 161 | independent |
| Undernourishment and Primary enrollmentAlmost no link either way. Primary enrollment by country | +0.09 | +0.07 | 0.830 | 160 | independent |
| Undernourishment and Liberal democracyCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Liberal democracy by country | -0.38 | +0.06 | 0.724 | 157 | moderate |
| Undernourishment and Unemployment benefit spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Unemployment benefit spending by country | -0.10 | -0.06 | 0.450 | 38 | moderate |
| Undernourishment and Divorce rate (UN)Almost no link either way. Divorce rate (UN) by country | -0.07 | -0.06 | 0.696 | 78 | independent |
| Undernourishment and Retirement age, womenAlmost no link either way. Retirement age, women by country | +0.04 | -0.06 | 0.820 | 48 | independent |
| Undernourishment and PhysiciansLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Physicians by country | -0.61 | -0.06 | 0.625 | 161 | proxy |
| Undernourishment and Governance scoreCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Governance score by country | -0.37 | +0.06 | 0.779 | 158 | moderate |
| Undernourishment and Forest areaAlmost no link either way. Forest area by country | -0.01 | +0.06 | 0.735 | 161 | independent |
| Undernourishment and Electoral democracyCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Electoral democracy by country | -0.36 | +0.06 | 0.755 | 157 | moderate |
| Undernourishment and Environment scoreCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Environment score by country | +0.30 | +0.06 | 0.597 | 162 | moderate |
| Undernourishment and Political rights (FH)Could easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Political rights (FH) by country | +0.40 | +0.05 | 0.817 | 162 | moderate |
| Undernourishment and CO2 per capitaCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. CO2 per capita by country | -0.44 | +0.05 | 0.678 | 161 | proxy |
| Undernourishment and Births outside marriageAlmost no link either way. Births outside marriage by country | +0.07 | +0.05 | 0.221 | 41 | independent |
| Undernourishment and Conflict deathsAlmost no link either way. Conflict deaths by country | +0.06 | -0.05 | 0.742 | 161 | moderate |
| Undernourishment and Married by 18Could easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Married by 18 by country | +0.42 | -0.04 | 0.874 | 121 | moderate |
| Undernourishment and Family benefits spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Family benefits spending by country | -0.22 | -0.04 | 0.427 | 41 | independent |
| Undernourishment and Hours workedCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Hours worked by country | +0.37 | -0.04 | 0.735 | 37 | high |
| Undernourishment and Control of corruptionLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Control of corruption by country | -0.54 | -0.04 | 0.874 | 163 | high |
| Undernourishment and Retirement age, menCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Retirement age, men by country | +0.20 | -0.04 | 0.920 | 48 | independent |
| Undernourishment and Youth not in work or studyCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Youth not in work or study by country | +0.43 | +0.04 | 0.796 | 152 | high |
| Undernourishment and Regulatory qualityLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Regulatory quality by country | -0.58 | -0.03 | 0.862 | 163 | proxy |
| Undernourishment and Civil liberties (FH)Could easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Civil liberties (FH) by country | +0.41 | +0.03 | 0.878 | 162 | moderate |
| Undernourishment and Children with one parentAlmost no link either way. Children with one parent by country | -0.00 | +0.03 | 0.818 | 37 | independent |
| Undernourishment and PISA scienceCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. PISA science by country | -0.34 | +0.03 | 0.831 | 81 | high |
| Undernourishment and Alcohol consumptionCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Alcohol consumption by country | -0.40 | +0.03 | 0.673 | 161 | moderate |
| Undernourishment and Fixed broadbandLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Fixed broadband by country | -0.62 | -0.02 | 0.705 | 163 | proxy |
| Undernourishment and Agricultural landCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Agricultural land by country | +0.12 | -0.02 | 0.734 | 162 | independent |
| Undernourishment and Vulnerable employmentLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Vulnerable employment by country | +0.64 | +0.02 | 0.873 | 160 | proxy |
| Undernourishment and Corruption Perceptions IndexLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Corruption Perceptions Index by country | -0.51 | +0.02 | 0.926 | 159 | high |
| Undernourishment and Regime typeCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Regime type by country | -0.39 | +0.02 | 0.898 | 157 | moderate |
| Undernourishment and Employment in agricultureLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Employment in agriculture by country | +0.63 | +0.02 | 0.815 | 160 | proxy |
| Undernourishment and InflationAlmost no link either way. Inflation by country | +0.06 | -0.02 | 0.853 | 161 | independent |
| Undernourishment and Protected landCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Protected land by country | -0.18 | -0.02 | 0.730 | 162 | independent |
| Undernourishment and Free and fair electionsCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Free and fair elections by country | -0.46 | -0.01 | 0.939 | 157 | high |
| Undernourishment and Voice and accountabilityCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Voice and accountability by country | -0.45 | -0.01 | 0.952 | 163 | moderate |
| Undernourishment and PISA readingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. PISA reading by country | -0.36 | -0.01 | 0.732 | 81 | high |
| Undernourishment and Informal employmentLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Informal employment by country | +0.65 | +0.01 | 0.909 | 125 | proxy |
| Undernourishment and PISA mathsCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. PISA maths by country | -0.35 | +0.01 | 0.959 | 81 | high |
| Undernourishment and Gender scoreCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Gender score by country | -0.29 | +0.01 | 0.935 | 159 | moderate |
| Undernourishment and Health spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Health spending by country | -0.29 | -0.01 | 0.907 | 161 | independent |
| Undernourishment and Male labor participationAlmost no link either way. Male labor participation by country | +0.02 | -0.01 | 0.921 | 160 | independent |
| Undernourishment and Suicide rateCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Suicide rate by country | -0.21 | +0.01 | 0.959 | 160 | independent |
| Undernourishment and Hospital bedsCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Hospital beds by country | -0.40 | -0.01 | 0.977 | 150 | high |
| Undernourishment and Adult literacyLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Adult literacy by country | -0.55 | -0.01 | 0.989 | 116 | high |
| Undernourishment and Mean years of schoolingLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Mean years of schooling by country | -0.62 | +0.01 | 0.988 | 162 | proxy |
| Undernourishment and RedistributionCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Redistribution by country | -0.41 | -0.00 | 0.991 | 44 | moderate |
| Undernourishment and Wellbeing scoreCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Wellbeing score by country | -0.49 | +0.00 | 0.988 | 99 | high |
| Undernourishment and Corporate tax rateCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Corporate tax rate by country | +0.27 | +0.00 | 0.987 | 75 | moderate |
| Undernourishment and FDI inflowsAlmost no link either way. FDI inflows by country | -0.01 | +0.00 | 0.985 | 163 | independent |
| Undernourishment and Women in managementCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Women in management by country | -0.21 | -0.00 | 0.994 | 131 | moderate |
| Undernourishment and GDP per capita (PPP)One side of this pair is national income itself, the thing the other figures adjust for. Adjusting income for income leaves nothing, so there is no adjusted figure. The unadjusted link shows how closely the other measure follows income. GDP per capita (PPP) by country | -0.51 | — | — | 163 | proxy |
| Undernourishment and GNI per capita (PPP)One side of this pair is national income itself, the thing the other figures adjust for. Adjusting income for income leaves nothing, so there is no adjusted figure. The unadjusted link shows how closely the other measure follows income. GNI per capita (PPP) by country | -0.52 | — | — | 163 | proxy |
| Undernourishment and GDP per capita (market)One side of this pair is national income itself, the thing the other figures adjust for. Adjusting income for income leaves nothing, so there is no adjusted figure. The unadjusted link shows how closely the other measure follows income. GDP per capita (market) by country | -0.41 | — | — | 163 | proxy |
Source
Food and Agriculture Organization
CC BY 4.0 · licence terms · updated quarterly
World Bank, World Development Indicators