Family benefits spending
Public spending on family benefits
Link with national income+0.28largely independent of national income
Links that hold up24of 155 pairs tested
Unit% of GDPhigher is neither better nor worse
SourceOECDCC BY 4.0 (OECD terms and conditions)
What this measures. Child benefits, parental leave and childcare, paid as cash or provided as services. Only about a dozen countries have figures after 2021, while the rest catch up.
How it has moved
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Every country, every year
One row per country and one column per year, sorted by the most recent value. Hover over any cell to see the figure. The country names link to each country’s page.
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Links that hold up
r is how closely two measures rise and fall together across countries, from −1 (opposite) to +1 (in step), where 0 means no link. These pairs are ranked by the link after adjusting for national income, which means comparing countries with the same GDP per person. Each pair passed three checks. The link held after that adjustment. It was unlikely to be chance (q of 0.05 or less), even allowing for countries in the same region being alike and for the many pairs tested. And the two are not just two measures of the same thing. Very small q values are written in short form: 8.0e-5 means 0.000080.
| Measure | Before adjusting | After adjusting | q | Countries | Tracks income? |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Family benefits spending and Government consumptionWhere Family benefits spending is higher, Government consumption tends to be higher: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Government consumption by country | +0.71 | +0.68 | 0.002 | 42 | independent |
| Family benefits spending and Rule of lawWhere Family benefits spending is higher, Rule of law tends to be higher: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Rule of law by country | +0.57 | +0.52 | 0.002 | 42 | high |
| Family benefits spending and Government spending per capitaWhere Family benefits spending is higher, Government spending per capita tends to be higher: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Government spending per capita by country | +0.50 | +0.50 | 0.031 | 41 | proxy |
| Family benefits spending and Control of corruptionWhere Family benefits spending is higher, Control of corruption tends to be higher: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Control of corruption by country | +0.55 | +0.47 | 0.008 | 42 | high |
| Family benefits spending and Women's political empowermentWhere Family benefits spending is higher, Women's political empowerment tends to be higher: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Women's political empowerment by country | +0.54 | +0.47 | 0.012 | 42 | moderate |
| Family benefits spending and Freedom of expressionWhere Family benefits spending is higher, Freedom of expression tends to be higher: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Freedom of expression by country | +0.51 | +0.44 | 0.012 | 42 | moderate |
| Family benefits spending and Voice and accountabilityWhere Family benefits spending is higher, Voice and accountability tends to be higher: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Voice and accountability by country | +0.53 | +0.44 | 0.004 | 42 | moderate |
| Family benefits spending and Divorce rate (UN)Where Family benefits spending is higher, Divorce rate (UN) tends to be higher: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Divorce rate (UN) by country | +0.41 | +0.43 | 0.028 | 39 | independent |
| Family benefits spending and Corruption Perceptions IndexWhere Family benefits spending is higher, Corruption Perceptions Index tends to be higher: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Corruption Perceptions Index by country | +0.52 | +0.43 | 0.041 | 42 | high |
| Family benefits spending and Political civil libertiesWhere Family benefits spending is higher, Political civil liberties tends to be higher: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Political civil liberties by country | +0.51 | +0.43 | 0.043 | 42 | moderate |
| Family benefits spending and Inequality-adjusted HDIWhere Family benefits spending is higher, Inequality-adjusted HDI tends to be higher: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Inequality-adjusted HDI by country | +0.50 | +0.42 | 0.004 | 42 | proxy |
| Family benefits spending and Liberal democracyWhere Family benefits spending is higher, Liberal democracy tends to be higher: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Liberal democracy by country | +0.51 | +0.41 | 0.012 | 42 | moderate |
| Family benefits spending and Political rights (FH)Where Family benefits spending is higher, Political rights (FH) tends to be lower: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Political rights (FH) by country | -0.50 | -0.41 | 0.036 | 42 | moderate |
| Family benefits spending and Governance scoreWhere Family benefits spending is higher, Governance score tends to be higher: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Governance score by country | +0.49 | +0.39 | 0.004 | 42 | moderate |
| Family benefits spending and Political stabilityWhere Family benefits spending is higher, Political stability tends to be higher: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Political stability by country | +0.49 | +0.39 | 0.030 | 42 | moderate |
| Family benefits spending and Regulatory qualityWhere Family benefits spending is higher, Regulatory quality tends to be higher: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Regulatory quality by country | +0.49 | +0.39 | 0.045 | 42 | proxy |
| Family benefits spending and Electoral democracyWhere Family benefits spending is higher, Electoral democracy tends to be higher: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Electoral democracy by country | +0.47 | +0.36 | 0.004 | 42 | moderate |
| Family benefits spending and Pupil-teacher ratioWhere Family benefits spending is higher, Pupil-teacher ratio tends to be lower: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Pupil-teacher ratio by country | -0.48 | -0.36 | 0.027 | 40 | proxy |
| Family benefits spending and Interpersonal trustWhere Family benefits spending is higher, Interpersonal trust tends to be higher: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Interpersonal trust by country | +0.46 | +0.35 | 0.028 | 40 | high |
| Family benefits spending and Civil liberties (FH)Where Family benefits spending is higher, Civil liberties (FH) tends to be lower: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Civil liberties (FH) by country | -0.45 | -0.35 | 0.037 | 42 | moderate |
| Family benefits spending and Government effectivenessWhere Family benefits spending is higher, Government effectiveness tends to be higher: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Government effectiveness by country | +0.45 | +0.31 | 0.048 | 42 | proxy |
| Family benefits spending and Participatory democracyWhere Family benefits spending is higher, Participatory democracy tends to be higher: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Participatory democracy by country | +0.42 | +0.30 | 0.005 | 42 | moderate |
| Family benefits spending and Youth not in work or studyWhere Family benefits spending is higher, Youth not in work or study tends to be lower: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Youth not in work or study by country | -0.43 | -0.29 | 0.048 | 41 | high |
| Family benefits spending and Free and fair electionsWhere Family benefits spending is higher, Free and fair elections tends to be higher: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Free and fair elections by country | +0.35 | +0.23 | 0.046 | 42 | high |
Links that don’t count as findings
These go together strongly, but they are built from the same numbers or measure the same thing. So they are bound to match, or their match shows that the measures agree, not something about the world.
| Measure | Before adjusting | After adjusting | q | Countries | Tracks income? |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Family benefits spending and Public social spendingNot an independent finding: one of these indices is built partly from the other, so their agreement is just arithmetic. Public social spending by country | +0.53 | +0.44 | 0.053 | 42 | moderate |
How much the other measures account for
The 71 most widely reported measures boil down to a few broad patterns. This table shows how much of the differences between countries on this measure those patterns account for, adding one pattern at a time. The patterns are rebuilt without this measure, and without anything built from the same numbers or measuring the same thing. So it never predicts itself under another name. The figures use the 41 countries reporting all of them, and 71 candidate measures.
This shows how much it moves with the others. It does not explain anything. Measures that move together end up on the same pattern whether or not anything connects them. And the countries here are the best-documented ones. A high figure means this measure is largely predictable from the others, not that they produce it.
| Patterns used | Share of this measure accounted for | Added by this pattern |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 23% | — |
| 2 | 24% | +1% |
| 3 | 31% | +6% |
| 4 | 32% | +1% |
| 5 | 33% | +1% |
| 6 | 33% | +0% |
Every other pair
Everything else this measure was tested against, apart from the links that hold up and the pairs built from the same numbers. Sorted by the link after adjusting. Search by name; every column sorts. A small adjusted figure is a result too. It says the two do not move together once income is set aside.
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| Family benefits spending and Child stuntingComparing only countries with similar income it is still -0.58, but that could easily be chance once we allow for countries in the same region being alike. Child stunting by country | -0.53 | -0.58 | 0.109 | 25 | proxy |
| Family benefits spending and One-person householdsComparing only countries with similar income it is still +0.57, but that could easily be chance once we allow for countries in the same region being alike. One-person households by country | +0.63 | +0.57 | 0.104 | 34 | high |
| Family benefits spending and Under-5 mortalityComparing only countries with similar income it is still -0.49, but that could easily be chance once we allow for countries in the same region being alike. Under-5 mortality by country | -0.57 | -0.49 | 0.098 | 42 | proxy |
| Family benefits spending and Infant mortalityComparing only countries with similar income it is still -0.49, but that could easily be chance once we allow for countries in the same region being alike. Infant mortality by country | -0.57 | -0.49 | 0.107 | 42 | proxy |
| Family benefits spending and RedistributionComparing only countries with similar income it is still +0.47, but that could easily be chance once we allow for countries in the same region being alike. Redistribution by country | +0.53 | +0.47 | 0.157 | 40 | moderate |
| Family benefits spending and Mean years of schoolingComparing only countries with similar income it is still +0.47, but that could easily be chance once we allow for countries in the same region being alike. Mean years of schooling by country | +0.56 | +0.47 | 0.265 | 42 | proxy |
| Family benefits spending and Religion very importantComparing only countries with similar income it is still -0.45, but that could easily be chance once we allow for countries in the same region being alike. Religion very important by country | -0.53 | -0.45 | 0.101 | 40 | high |
| Family benefits spending and Tax revenueCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Tax revenue by country | +0.49 | +0.44 | 0.191 | 41 | moderate |
| Family benefits spending and Education spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Education spending by country | +0.45 | +0.43 | 0.206 | 42 | independent |
| Family benefits spending and Religious attendanceCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Religious attendance by country | -0.49 | -0.41 | 0.081 | 40 | high |
| Family benefits spending and Gini indexComparing only countries with similar income it is still -0.41, but that could easily be chance once we allow for countries in the same region being alike. Gini index by country | -0.51 | -0.41 | 0.092 | 41 | moderate |
| Family benefits spending and Government expenseCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Government expense by country | +0.38 | +0.39 | 0.188 | 42 | moderate |
| Family benefits spending and Equality scoreCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Equality score by country | +0.50 | +0.39 | 0.102 | 41 | high |
| Family benefits spending and Gender Development IndexCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Gender Development Index by country | +0.43 | +0.39 | 0.278 | 42 | high |
| Family benefits spending and Alcohol consumptionCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Alcohol consumption by country | +0.47 | +0.39 | 0.060 | 42 | moderate |
| Family benefits spending and Regime typeCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Regime type by country | +0.48 | +0.39 | 0.068 | 42 | moderate |
| Family benefits spending and Gender Inequality IndexCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Gender Inequality Index by country | -0.48 | -0.37 | 0.161 | 42 | proxy |
| Family benefits spending and Political corruptionCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Political corruption by country | -0.48 | -0.37 | 0.088 | 42 | high |
| Family benefits spending and Informal employmentLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.35) could easily be chance. Informal employment by country | -0.53 | -0.35 | 0.307 | 36 | proxy |
| Family benefits spending and Gender scoreCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Gender score by country | +0.37 | +0.34 | 0.247 | 42 | moderate |
| Family benefits spending and Wellbeing scoreCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Wellbeing score by country | +0.45 | +0.34 | 0.217 | 40 | high |
| Family benefits spending and GDP growthCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. GDP growth by country | -0.28 | -0.33 | 0.173 | 42 | moderate |
| Family benefits spending and Aid givenCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Aid given by country | +0.32 | +0.33 | 0.385 | 37 | high |
| Family benefits spending and Armed conflict presentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Armed conflict present by country | -0.42 | -0.32 | 0.090 | 42 | moderate |
| Family benefits spending and Life satisfactionCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Life satisfaction by country | +0.42 | +0.31 | 0.398 | 42 | proxy |
| Family benefits spending and Muslim shareCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Muslim share by country | -0.30 | -0.30 | 0.289 | 42 | independent |
| Family benefits spending and Population growthCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Population growth by country | -0.19 | -0.30 | 0.059 | 42 | moderate |
| Family benefits spending and Female labor participationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Female labor participation by country | +0.38 | +0.30 | 0.134 | 42 | independent |
| Family benefits spending and Birth registrationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Birth registration by country | +0.43 | +0.29 | 0.064 | 41 | proxy |
| Family benefits spending and Freedom of associationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Freedom of association by country | +0.39 | +0.29 | 0.137 | 42 | moderate |
| Family benefits spending and Suicide rateCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Suicide rate by country | +0.37 | +0.29 | 0.334 | 42 | independent |
| Family benefits spending and Slum share of urban populationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Slum share of urban population by country | -0.42 | -0.29 | 0.128 | 41 | high |
| Family benefits spending and Vulnerable employmentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Vulnerable employment by country | -0.43 | -0.29 | 0.253 | 42 | proxy |
| Family benefits spending and Environment scoreCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Environment score by country | +0.17 | +0.28 | 0.382 | 42 | moderate |
| Family benefits spending and HDICould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. HDI by country | +0.42 | +0.27 | 0.055 | 42 | proxy |
| Family benefits spending and Protected landCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Protected land by country | +0.23 | +0.27 | 0.217 | 42 | independent |
| Family benefits spending and ResearchersCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Researchers by country | +0.38 | +0.26 | 0.115 | 40 | proxy |
| Family benefits spending and Road traffic deathsCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Road traffic deaths by country | -0.42 | -0.26 | 0.543 | 42 | high |
| Family benefits spending and InflationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Inflation by country | -0.30 | -0.25 | 0.319 | 42 | independent |
| Family benefits spending and Population 65+Could easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Population 65+ by country | +0.34 | +0.25 | 0.176 | 42 | high |
| Family benefits spending and Conflict deathsCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Conflict deaths by country | -0.36 | -0.25 | 0.584 | 42 | moderate |
| Family benefits spending and Retirement age, menCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Retirement age, men by country | -0.29 | -0.24 | 0.333 | 39 | independent |
| Family benefits spending and Adult obesityCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Adult obesity by country | -0.33 | -0.24 | 0.524 | 42 | moderate |
| Family benefits spending and Old-age spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Old-age spending by country | +0.28 | +0.24 | 0.114 | 42 | independent |
| Family benefits spending and Maternal mortalityCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Maternal mortality by country | -0.40 | -0.24 | 0.315 | 42 | proxy |
| Family benefits spending and Agricultural landCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Agricultural land by country | -0.18 | -0.24 | 0.269 | 42 | independent |
| Family benefits spending and Women's age at first marriageCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Women's age at first marriage by country | +0.32 | +0.24 | 0.318 | 39 | moderate |
| Family benefits spending and Homicide rateCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Homicide rate by country | -0.38 | -0.23 | 0.458 | 42 | moderate |
| Family benefits spending and Women ministersCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Women ministers by country | +0.28 | +0.23 | 0.351 | 42 | independent |
| Family benefits spending and Civil society participationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Civil society participation by country | +0.37 | +0.23 | 0.366 | 42 | independent |
| Family benefits spending and Active labour market spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Active labour market spending by country | +0.35 | +0.23 | 0.423 | 42 | moderate |
| Family benefits spending and Employment in agricultureCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Employment in agriculture by country | -0.39 | -0.22 | 0.186 | 42 | proxy |
| Family benefits spending and Births outside marriageCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Births outside marriage by country | +0.18 | +0.22 | 0.466 | 40 | independent |
| Family benefits spending and Corporate tax rateCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Corporate tax rate by country | -0.22 | -0.21 | 0.196 | 40 | moderate |
| Family benefits spending and Military spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Military spending by country | +0.15 | +0.20 | 0.467 | 40 | independent |
| Family benefits spending and Compulsory schoolingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Compulsory schooling by country | -0.27 | -0.20 | 0.215 | 42 | moderate |
| Family benefits spending and Recycling rateCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Recycling rate by country | +0.31 | +0.20 | 0.283 | 35 | moderate |
| Family benefits spending and Trade opennessCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Trade openness by country | +0.33 | +0.20 | 0.493 | 42 | moderate |
| Family benefits spending and Christian shareCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Christian share by country | +0.11 | +0.20 | 0.254 | 42 | independent |
| Family benefits spending and Retirement age, womenCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Retirement age, women by country | -0.20 | -0.19 | 0.476 | 39 | independent |
| Family benefits spending and Adolescent fertilityCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Adolescent fertility by country | -0.37 | -0.19 | 0.365 | 42 | proxy |
| Family benefits spending and Birth rateCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Birth rate by country | -0.26 | -0.18 | 0.358 | 42 | proxy |
| Family benefits spending and PhysiciansCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Physicians by country | +0.28 | +0.18 | 0.313 | 42 | proxy |
| Family benefits spending and Mobile subscriptionsCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Mobile subscriptions by country | +0.11 | +0.18 | 0.348 | 42 | moderate |
| Family benefits spending and Market-income GiniCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Market-income Gini by country | -0.21 | -0.18 | 0.360 | 40 | moderate |
| Family benefits spending and Premature NCD mortalityAlmost no link either way. Premature NCD mortality by country | +0.02 | +0.17 | 0.310 | 42 | high |
| Family benefits spending and Women in a unionCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Women in a union by country | +0.20 | +0.17 | 0.145 | 42 | moderate |
| Family benefits spending and Population 0-14Could easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Population 0-14 by country | -0.26 | -0.17 | 0.410 | 42 | proxy |
| Family benefits spending and Median ageCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Median age by country | +0.27 | +0.17 | 0.464 | 42 | proxy |
| Family benefits spending and Anaemia in womenAlmost no link either way. Anaemia in women by country | +0.02 | +0.16 | 0.505 | 42 | high |
| Family benefits spending and CO2 per capitaAlmost no link either way. CO2 per capita by country | +0.04 | -0.16 | 0.789 | 42 | proxy |
| Family benefits spending and Hospital bedsCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Hospital beds by country | +0.18 | +0.15 | 0.428 | 42 | high |
| Family benefits spending and Divorce rateCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Divorce rate by country | +0.12 | +0.15 | 0.730 | 41 | independent |
| Family benefits spending and PISA mathsCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. PISA maths by country | +0.34 | +0.15 | 0.456 | 42 | high |
| Family benefits spending and Forest areaAlmost no link either way. Forest area by country | +0.02 | +0.15 | 0.344 | 42 | independent |
| Family benefits spending and Hours workedCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Hours worked by country | -0.28 | -0.15 | 0.500 | 36 | high |
| Family benefits spending and FDI inflowsCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. FDI inflows by country | -0.25 | -0.15 | 0.102 | 42 | independent |
| Family benefits spending and Women in managementAlmost no link either way. Women in management by country | +0.07 | +0.14 | 0.707 | 39 | moderate |
| Family benefits spending and Women in parliamentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Women in parliament by country | +0.15 | +0.14 | 0.576 | 42 | independent |
| Family benefits spending and Children with one parentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Children with one parent by country | +0.15 | +0.13 | 0.780 | 36 | independent |
| Family benefits spending and Fertility rateCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Fertility rate by country | -0.19 | -0.13 | 0.397 | 42 | proxy |
| Family benefits spending and Internet usersCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Internet users by country | +0.34 | +0.12 | 0.286 | 42 | proxy |
| Family benefits spending and UnemploymentAlmost no link either way. Unemployment by country | +0.05 | +0.11 | 0.640 | 42 | independent |
| Family benefits spending and Unemployment benefit spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Unemployment benefit spending by country | +0.16 | +0.11 | 0.660 | 39 | moderate |
| Family benefits spending and Marriage rateCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Marriage rate by country | +0.12 | +0.11 | 0.671 | 41 | independent |
| Family benefits spending and Out-of-pocket health spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Out-of-pocket health spending by country | -0.27 | -0.11 | 0.630 | 42 | moderate |
| Family benefits spending and Tertiary enrollmentAlmost no link either way. Tertiary enrollment by country | -0.09 | -0.10 | 0.543 | 42 | high |
| Family benefits spending and Gender wage gapCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Gender wage gap by country | -0.12 | -0.10 | 0.735 | 38 | independent |
| Family benefits spending and Tobacco useAlmost no link either way. Tobacco use by country | +0.08 | +0.10 | 0.677 | 42 | independent |
| Family benefits spending and Refugees originatingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Refugees originating by country | -0.17 | -0.10 | 0.597 | 42 | moderate |
| Family benefits spending and Food insecurityCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Food insecurity by country | -0.30 | -0.09 | 0.595 | 41 | proxy |
| Family benefits spending and Education scoreAlmost no link either way. Education score by country | +0.06 | -0.09 | 0.667 | 42 | proxy |
| Family benefits spending and Pre-trial detainee shareAlmost no link either way. Pre-trial detainee share by country | -0.02 | -0.08 | 0.628 | 41 | independent |
| Family benefits spending and Infrastructure scoreCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Infrastructure score by country | +0.31 | +0.08 | 0.221 | 42 | proxy |
| Family benefits spending and Labour scoreCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Labour score by country | +0.28 | +0.08 | 0.564 | 42 | high |
| Family benefits spending and Primary completionCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Primary completion by country | +0.12 | -0.07 | 0.648 | 41 | proxy |
| Family benefits spending and Migrant share of populationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Migrant share of population by country | +0.28 | +0.07 | 0.626 | 42 | high |
| Family benefits spending and Life expectancyCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Life expectancy by country | +0.15 | -0.07 | 0.826 | 42 | proxy |
| Family benefits spending and Health scoreCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Health score by country | +0.23 | +0.06 | 0.671 | 42 | moderate |
| Family benefits spending and Health spendingAlmost no link either way. Health spending by country | +0.08 | -0.06 | 0.903 | 42 | independent |
| Family benefits spending and Public order spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Public order spending by country | -0.15 | -0.06 | 0.712 | 37 | high |
| Family benefits spending and Confidence in religious institutionsCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Confidence in religious institutions by country | -0.14 | -0.06 | 0.730 | 40 | moderate |
| Family benefits spending and Electricity accessCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Electricity access by country | +0.24 | +0.06 | 0.255 | 42 | high |
| Family benefits spending and Basic sanitationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Basic sanitation by country | +0.18 | +0.05 | 0.484 | 42 | high |
| Family benefits spending and DTP3 immunisationAlmost no link either way. DTP3 immunisation by country | +0.07 | -0.05 | 0.772 | 42 | moderate |
| Family benefits spending and Out of school, primaryAlmost no link either way. Out of school, primary by country | -0.03 | +0.05 | 0.817 | 42 | moderate |
| Family benefits spending and Trust in governmentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Trust in government by country | +0.24 | +0.05 | 0.882 | 42 | moderate |
| Family benefits spending and UrbanizationAlmost no link either way. Urbanization by country | +0.01 | -0.05 | 0.616 | 42 | high |
| Family benefits spending and Fixed broadbandCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Fixed broadband by country | +0.26 | +0.05 | 0.448 | 42 | proxy |
| Family benefits spending and Male labor participationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Male labor participation by country | -0.13 | -0.05 | 0.751 | 42 | independent |
| Family benefits spending and Skilled birth attendanceAlmost no link either way. Skilled birth attendance by country | +0.01 | -0.05 | 0.644 | 35 | high |
| Family benefits spending and PISA readingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. PISA reading by country | +0.18 | -0.05 | 0.761 | 42 | high |
| Family benefits spending and PISA scienceCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. PISA science by country | +0.24 | +0.05 | 0.744 | 42 | high |
| Family benefits spending and Tuberculosis incidenceCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Tuberculosis incidence by country | -0.23 | -0.04 | 0.462 | 42 | high |
| Family benefits spending and UndernourishmentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Undernourishment by country | -0.22 | -0.04 | 0.427 | 41 | proxy |
| Family benefits spending and HIV prevalenceCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. HIV prevalence by country | -0.27 | -0.04 | 0.576 | 32 | moderate |
| Family benefits spending and Marriage rate (UN)Almost no link either way. Marriage rate (UN) by country | +0.09 | +0.04 | 0.892 | 41 | independent |
| Family benefits spending and Religiously unaffiliatedCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Religiously unaffiliated by country | +0.14 | +0.04 | 0.494 | 42 | moderate |
| Family benefits spending and Age at childbearingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Age at childbearing by country | +0.22 | -0.04 | 0.917 | 42 | moderate |
| Family benefits spending and Secondary enrollmentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Secondary enrollment by country | +0.13 | +0.03 | 0.878 | 42 | high |
| Family benefits spending and Basic water accessAlmost no link either way. Basic water access by country | +0.06 | -0.03 | 0.680 | 42 | proxy |
| Family benefits spending and Health coverage indexCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Health coverage index by country | +0.18 | -0.02 | 0.938 | 42 | proxy |
| Family benefits spending and Extreme poverty rateCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Extreme poverty rate by country | -0.22 | -0.01 | 0.959 | 41 | proxy |
| Family benefits spending and Self-reported happinessCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Self-reported happiness by country | +0.14 | -0.01 | 0.960 | 40 | moderate |
| Family benefits spending and Primary enrollmentAlmost no link either way. Primary enrollment by country | -0.10 | -0.01 | 0.968 | 42 | independent |
| Family benefits spending and Expected schoolingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Expected schooling by country | +0.12 | -0.01 | 0.985 | 42 | proxy |
| Family benefits spending and Single-parent householdsCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Single-parent households by country | -0.14 | -0.00 | 0.967 | 34 | independent |
| Family benefits spending and GDP per capita (PPP)One side of this pair is national income itself, the thing the other figures adjust for. Adjusting income for income leaves nothing, so there is no adjusted figure. The unadjusted link shows how closely the other measure follows income. GDP per capita (PPP) by country | +0.25 | — | — | 42 | proxy |
| Family benefits spending and GNI per capita (PPP)One side of this pair is national income itself, the thing the other figures adjust for. Adjusting income for income leaves nothing, so there is no adjusted figure. The unadjusted link shows how closely the other measure follows income. GNI per capita (PPP) by country | +0.32 | — | — | 42 | proxy |
| Family benefits spending and GDP per capita (market)One side of this pair is national income itself, the thing the other figures adjust for. Adjusting income for income leaves nothing, so there is no adjusted figure. The unadjusted link shows how closely the other measure follows income. GDP per capita (market) by country | +0.20 | — | — | 42 | proxy |
Source
OECD · via Our World in Data
CC BY 4.0 (OECD terms and conditions) · licence terms · updated annual, except the snapshots noted per indicator
OECD databases as named on each indicator: PISA, Social Expenditure Database (SOCX), Income Distribution Database, Development Assistance Committee statistics, Family Database, Government at a Glance, Corporate Tax Statistics, employment and environment statistics