Pupil-teacher ratio
Pupil-teacher ratio, primary
Link with national income-0.83essentially a measure of national income
Links that hold up31of 158 pairs tested
Unitpupils per teacherhigher is worse
SourceWDICC BY 4.0
What this measures. The World Bank's copy stops at 2019.
How it has moved
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Every country, every year
One row per country and one column per year, sorted by the most recent value. Hover over any cell to see the figure. The country names link to each country’s page.
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Links that hold up
r is how closely two measures rise and fall together across countries, from −1 (opposite) to +1 (in step), where 0 means no link. These pairs are ranked by the link after adjusting for national income, which means comparing countries with the same GDP per person. Each pair passed three checks. The link held after that adjustment. It was unlikely to be chance (q of 0.05 or less), even allowing for countries in the same region being alike and for the many pairs tested. And the two are not just two measures of the same thing. Very small q values are written in short form: 8.0e-5 means 0.000080.
| Measure | Before adjusting | After adjusting | q | Countries | Tracks income? |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pupil-teacher ratio and Birth rateWhere Pupil-teacher ratio is higher, Birth rate tends to be higher: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Birth rate by country | +0.84 | +0.50 | 0.004 | 180 | proxy |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and Basic water accessWhere Pupil-teacher ratio is higher, Basic water access tends to be lower: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Basic water access by country | -0.80 | -0.49 | 0.001 | 179 | proxy |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and Primary completionWhere Pupil-teacher ratio is higher, Primary completion tends to be lower: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Primary completion by country | -0.78 | -0.45 | 0.034 | 150 | proxy |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and Fertility rateWhere Pupil-teacher ratio is higher, Fertility rate tends to be higher: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Fertility rate by country | +0.81 | +0.45 | 0.001 | 180 | proxy |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and Electricity accessWhere Pupil-teacher ratio is higher, Electricity access tends to be lower: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Electricity access by country | -0.76 | -0.43 | 0.004 | 180 | high |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and Birth registrationWhere Pupil-teacher ratio is higher, Birth registration tends to be lower: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Birth registration by country | -0.72 | -0.43 | 0.010 | 155 | proxy |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and Population 0-14Where Pupil-teacher ratio is higher, Population 0-14 tends to be higher: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Population 0-14 by country | +0.82 | +0.42 | 0.007 | 180 | proxy |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and Basic sanitationWhere Pupil-teacher ratio is higher, Basic sanitation tends to be lower: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Basic sanitation by country | -0.79 | -0.41 | 0.008 | 179 | high |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and Skilled birth attendanceWhere Pupil-teacher ratio is higher, Skilled birth attendance tends to be lower: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Skilled birth attendance by country | -0.72 | -0.41 | 0.027 | 163 | high |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and Extreme poverty rateWhere Pupil-teacher ratio is higher, Extreme poverty rate tends to be higher: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Extreme poverty rate by country | +0.76 | +0.40 | 0.012 | 153 | proxy |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and Adolescent fertilityWhere Pupil-teacher ratio is higher, Adolescent fertility tends to be higher: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Adolescent fertility by country | +0.76 | +0.40 | 0.022 | 180 | proxy |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and HDIWhere Pupil-teacher ratio is higher, HDI tends to be lower: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. HDI by country | -0.83 | -0.39 | 0.003 | 173 | proxy |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and Tobacco useWhere Pupil-teacher ratio is higher, Tobacco use tends to be lower: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Tobacco use by country | -0.38 | -0.38 | 0.037 | 154 | independent |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and Family benefits spendingWhere Pupil-teacher ratio is higher, Family benefits spending tends to be lower: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Family benefits spending by country | -0.48 | -0.36 | 0.027 | 40 | independent |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and Inequality-adjusted HDIWhere Pupil-teacher ratio is higher, Inequality-adjusted HDI tends to be lower: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Inequality-adjusted HDI by country | -0.82 | -0.35 | 0.028 | 156 | proxy |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and Health coverage indexWhere Pupil-teacher ratio is higher, Health coverage index tends to be lower: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Health coverage index by country | -0.78 | -0.32 | 0.003 | 172 | proxy |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and Median ageWhere Pupil-teacher ratio is higher, Median age tends to be lower: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Median age by country | -0.78 | -0.32 | 0.019 | 180 | proxy |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and Equality scoreWhere Pupil-teacher ratio is higher, Equality score tends to be lower: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Equality score by country | -0.66 | -0.31 | 0.012 | 153 | high |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and Mean years of schoolingWhere Pupil-teacher ratio is higher, Mean years of schooling tends to be lower: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Mean years of schooling by country | -0.75 | -0.31 | 0.003 | 173 | proxy |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and Married by 18Where Pupil-teacher ratio is higher, Married by 18 tends to be higher: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Married by 18 by country | +0.61 | +0.30 | 0.024 | 127 | moderate |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and Life expectancyWhere Pupil-teacher ratio is higher, Life expectancy tends to be lower: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Life expectancy by country | -0.77 | -0.30 | 0.016 | 180 | proxy |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and Education spendingWhere Pupil-teacher ratio is higher, Education spending tends to be lower: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Education spending by country | -0.17 | -0.29 | 0.026 | 177 | independent |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and Gender Development IndexWhere Pupil-teacher ratio is higher, Gender Development Index tends to be lower: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Gender Development Index by country | -0.63 | -0.28 | 0.035 | 167 | high |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and Food insecurityWhere Pupil-teacher ratio is higher, Food insecurity tends to be higher: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Food insecurity by country | +0.75 | +0.26 | 0.035 | 146 | proxy |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and Public social spendingWhere Pupil-teacher ratio is higher, Public social spending tends to be lower: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Public social spending by country | -0.45 | -0.24 | 0.018 | 40 | moderate |
Links that don’t count as findings
These go together strongly, but they are built from the same numbers or measure the same thing. So they are bound to match, or their match shows that the measures agree, not something about the world.
| Measure | Before adjusting | After adjusting | q | Countries | Tracks income? |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pupil-teacher ratio and Education scoreNot an independent finding: one of these indices is built partly from the other, so their agreement is just arithmetic. Education score by country | -0.77 | -0.37 | 0.006 | 179 | proxy |
How much the other measures account for
The 71 most widely reported measures boil down to a few broad patterns. This table shows how much of the differences between countries on this measure those patterns account for, adding one pattern at a time. The patterns are rebuilt without this measure, and without anything built from the same numbers or measuring the same thing. So it never predicts itself under another name. The figures use the 130 countries reporting all of them, and 71 candidate measures.
This shows how much it moves with the others. It does not explain anything. Measures that move together end up on the same pattern whether or not anything connects them. And the countries here are the best-documented ones. A high figure means this measure is largely predictable from the others, not that they produce it.
| Patterns used | Share of this measure accounted for | Added by this pattern |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 72% | — |
| 2 | 75% | +3% |
| 3 | 78% | +3% |
| 4 | 78% | +0% |
| 5 | 79% | +1% |
| 6 | 80% | +1% |
How it differs by category
This compares the measure across groups of countries, such as those sharing a main religion, instead of against another number. The figure is the share of the differences between countries on this measure that lies between the groups, on a scale from 0 to 1. It is shown before and after adjusting for national income.
The “between groups” figure runs from 0 (the groups are no different) to 1 (the groups explain all the differences between countries). Groups have no up or down, so this says how much the groups differ, never which way. For that, read the group averages. The figure also tends to rise when there are more groups. So to judge whether it could be chance (q), we shuffle the same labels among the same countries many times and see how often a figure this big turns up. Then we allow for the fact that many measures are checked at once, since with enough checks a few big figures turn up by luck alone. Groups with fewer than 12 countries are left out. And countries that share a label share a lot else. Adjusting for income rules out one third factor, but leaves language, region, legal tradition and history untouched.
| Grouped by | Between groups | After income | q | Groups at each end |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Last European coloniser | 0.43 | 0.22 | 0.182 | worst: France 36.6 · best: Never a European colony 21.8 pupils per teacher |
| Largest religious group | 0.09 | 0.03 | 0.797 | worst: Muslims 26.1 · best: Christians 23.4 pupils per teacher |
Every other pair
Everything else this measure was tested against, apart from the links that hold up and the pairs built from the same numbers. Sorted by the link after adjusting. Search by name; every column sorts. A small adjusted figure is a result too. It says the two do not move together once income is set aside.
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| Pupil-teacher ratio and Adult literacyLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.41) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Adult literacy by country | -0.73 | -0.41 | 0.069 | 126 | high |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and Secondary enrollmentLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.40) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Secondary enrollment by country | -0.75 | -0.40 | 0.066 | 175 | high |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and Maternal mortalityLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.37) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Maternal mortality by country | +0.71 | +0.37 | 0.165 | 173 | proxy |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and Population growthLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.35) could easily be chance. Population growth by country | +0.56 | +0.35 | 0.193 | 180 | moderate |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and Employment in agricultureLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.33) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Employment in agriculture by country | +0.78 | +0.33 | 0.078 | 164 | proxy |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and Under-5 mortalityLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.32) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Under-5 mortality by country | +0.74 | +0.32 | 0.151 | 173 | proxy |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and Internet usersLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.32) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Internet users by country | -0.79 | -0.32 | 0.185 | 178 | proxy |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and Infrastructure scoreLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.31) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Infrastructure score by country | -0.80 | -0.31 | 0.053 | 179 | proxy |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and Child stuntingLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.31) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Child stunting by country | +0.72 | +0.31 | 0.101 | 144 | proxy |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and Slum share of urban populationLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.30) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Slum share of urban population by country | +0.71 | +0.30 | 0.119 | 169 | high |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and Infant mortalityLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.30) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Infant mortality by country | +0.74 | +0.30 | 0.175 | 173 | proxy |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and Armed conflict presentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Armed conflict present by country | +0.45 | +0.29 | 0.085 | 172 | moderate |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and Old-age spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Old-age spending by country | -0.35 | -0.29 | 0.059 | 40 | independent |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and Vulnerable employmentLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.27) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Vulnerable employment by country | +0.78 | +0.27 | 0.142 | 164 | proxy |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and Government spending per capitaLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.25) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Government spending per capita by country | -0.62 | -0.25 | 0.208 | 41 | proxy |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and Government consumptionCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Government consumption by country | -0.20 | -0.25 | 0.057 | 160 | independent |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and Civil liberties (FH)Could easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Civil liberties (FH) by country | +0.48 | +0.24 | 0.294 | 173 | moderate |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and Road traffic deathsLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.24) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Road traffic deaths by country | +0.63 | +0.24 | 0.081 | 169 | high |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and Religious attendanceLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.24) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Religious attendance by country | +0.64 | +0.24 | 0.213 | 96 | high |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and Tax revenueCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Tax revenue by country | -0.37 | -0.24 | 0.098 | 142 | moderate |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and Political stabilityLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.23) could easily be chance. Political stability by country | -0.57 | -0.23 | 0.145 | 178 | moderate |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and Political rights (FH)Could easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Political rights (FH) by country | +0.46 | +0.23 | 0.267 | 173 | moderate |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and Children with one parentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Children with one parent by country | +0.15 | +0.23 | 0.412 | 36 | independent |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and UndernourishmentLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.22) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Undernourishment by country | +0.68 | +0.22 | 0.272 | 151 | proxy |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and Informal employmentLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.22) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Informal employment by country | +0.77 | +0.22 | 0.145 | 133 | proxy |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and Expected schoolingLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.22) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Expected schooling by country | -0.70 | -0.22 | 0.055 | 173 | proxy |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and GDP growthCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. GDP growth by country | +0.30 | +0.22 | 0.111 | 180 | moderate |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and Free and fair electionsLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.22) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Free and fair elections by country | -0.55 | -0.22 | 0.218 | 155 | high |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and Gender wage gapCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Gender wage gap by country | +0.23 | +0.21 | 0.202 | 36 | independent |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and Anaemia in womenLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.20) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Anaemia in women by country | +0.60 | +0.20 | 0.172 | 171 | high |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and Voice and accountabilityLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.18) could easily be chance. Voice and accountability by country | -0.53 | -0.18 | 0.232 | 178 | moderate |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and Refugees originatingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Refugees originating by country | +0.30 | +0.18 | 0.526 | 177 | moderate |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and Liberal democracyCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Liberal democracy by country | -0.49 | -0.18 | 0.438 | 155 | moderate |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and Electoral democracyCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Electoral democracy by country | -0.45 | -0.18 | 0.352 | 155 | moderate |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and Male labor participationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Male labor participation by country | +0.13 | +0.17 | 0.128 | 164 | independent |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and Freedom of associationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Freedom of association by country | -0.30 | -0.17 | 0.285 | 155 | moderate |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and Government expenseCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Government expense by country | -0.33 | -0.17 | 0.372 | 142 | moderate |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and Participatory democracyCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Participatory democracy by country | -0.45 | -0.17 | 0.438 | 155 | moderate |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and Political civil libertiesCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Political civil liberties by country | -0.30 | -0.17 | 0.344 | 155 | moderate |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and Governance scoreCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Governance score by country | -0.47 | -0.17 | 0.196 | 158 | moderate |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and Female labor participationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Female labor participation by country | +0.11 | +0.17 | 0.176 | 164 | independent |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and RedistributionLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.17) could easily be chance. Redistribution by country | -0.57 | -0.17 | 0.121 | 43 | moderate |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and DTP3 immunisationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. DTP3 immunisation by country | -0.48 | -0.17 | 0.413 | 172 | moderate |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and Women in parliamentAlmost no link either way. Women in parliament by country | -0.07 | +0.16 | 0.328 | 171 | independent |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and Life satisfactionLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.16) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Life satisfaction by country | -0.71 | -0.16 | 0.261 | 147 | proxy |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and Tertiary enrollmentLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.16) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Tertiary enrollment by country | -0.64 | -0.16 | 0.336 | 167 | high |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and Women's age at first marriageCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Women's age at first marriage by country | -0.37 | -0.16 | 0.445 | 38 | moderate |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and Rule of lawLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.15) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Rule of law by country | -0.62 | -0.15 | 0.420 | 178 | high |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and Health spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Health spending by country | -0.19 | -0.15 | 0.141 | 172 | independent |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and Freedom of expressionCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Freedom of expression by country | -0.26 | -0.15 | 0.421 | 155 | moderate |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and Marriage rate (UN)Could easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Marriage rate (UN) by country | +0.27 | +0.14 | 0.367 | 95 | independent |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and HIV prevalenceCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. HIV prevalence by country | +0.27 | +0.13 | 0.379 | 138 | moderate |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and Civil society participationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Civil society participation by country | -0.21 | -0.13 | 0.501 | 155 | independent |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and Age at childbearingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Age at childbearing by country | -0.31 | +0.12 | 0.253 | 180 | moderate |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and Women's political empowermentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Women's political empowerment by country | -0.39 | -0.12 | 0.131 | 155 | moderate |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and Environment scoreCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Environment score by country | +0.38 | +0.12 | 0.217 | 178 | moderate |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and Interpersonal trustCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Interpersonal trust by country | -0.40 | +0.12 | 0.472 | 98 | high |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and Gini indexCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Gini index by country | +0.30 | +0.11 | 0.371 | 153 | moderate |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and Marriage rateAlmost no link either way. Marriage rate by country | -0.04 | -0.11 | 0.687 | 43 | independent |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and Retirement age, menCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Retirement age, men by country | +0.30 | +0.11 | 0.617 | 46 | independent |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and ResearchersLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.11) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Researchers by country | -0.54 | +0.11 | 0.400 | 124 | proxy |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and Government effectivenessLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.11) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Government effectiveness by country | -0.63 | +0.11 | 0.219 | 178 | proxy |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and PISA mathsLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.11) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. PISA maths by country | -0.56 | -0.11 | 0.721 | 81 | high |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and PISA scienceLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.10) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. PISA science by country | -0.55 | -0.10 | 0.640 | 81 | high |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and Protected landAlmost no link either way. Protected land by country | -0.07 | +0.10 | 0.264 | 178 | independent |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and Hours workedLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.10) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Hours worked by country | +0.52 | +0.10 | 0.447 | 36 | high |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and Out of school, primaryCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Out of school, primary by country | +0.42 | +0.10 | 0.424 | 175 | moderate |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and Tuberculosis incidenceCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Tuberculosis incidence by country | +0.47 | +0.09 | 0.604 | 180 | high |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and Fixed broadbandLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Fixed broadband by country | -0.69 | -0.09 | 0.396 | 178 | proxy |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and Births outside marriageCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Births outside marriage by country | +0.12 | +0.09 | 0.694 | 40 | independent |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and Regime typeCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Regime type by country | -0.40 | -0.09 | 0.524 | 155 | moderate |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and Mobile subscriptionsCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Mobile subscriptions by country | -0.30 | +0.09 | 0.118 | 179 | moderate |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and Migrant share of populationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Migrant share of population by country | -0.42 | +0.09 | 0.065 | 180 | high |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and Labour scoreLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Labour score by country | -0.60 | -0.09 | 0.036 | 170 | high |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and Market-income GiniCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Market-income Gini by country | +0.39 | +0.08 | 0.817 | 43 | moderate |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and Alcohol consumptionCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Alcohol consumption by country | -0.33 | +0.08 | 0.502 | 170 | moderate |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and Aid givenCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Aid given by country | -0.24 | -0.07 | 0.852 | 45 | high |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and Primary enrollmentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Primary enrollment by country | +0.10 | +0.07 | 0.226 | 179 | independent |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and Religiously unaffiliatedCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Religiously unaffiliated by country | -0.32 | +0.07 | 0.414 | 169 | moderate |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and Public order spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Public order spending by country | +0.26 | -0.07 | 0.830 | 36 | high |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and CO2 per capitaCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. CO2 per capita by country | -0.43 | +0.07 | 0.252 | 175 | proxy |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and Women in managementCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Women in management by country | -0.24 | -0.07 | 0.604 | 139 | moderate |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and Gender scoreCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Gender score by country | -0.18 | +0.07 | 0.486 | 165 | moderate |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and Forest areaAlmost no link either way. Forest area by country | -0.05 | -0.07 | 0.611 | 178 | independent |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and Hospital bedsCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Hospital beds by country | -0.46 | -0.07 | 0.668 | 157 | high |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and Unemployment benefit spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Unemployment benefit spending by country | -0.16 | -0.07 | 0.603 | 37 | moderate |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and PISA readingLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. PISA reading by country | -0.53 | -0.06 | 0.700 | 81 | high |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and Single-parent householdsAlmost no link either way. Single-parent households by country | -0.04 | -0.06 | 0.675 | 140 | independent |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and Active labour market spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Active labour market spending by country | -0.32 | -0.06 | 0.545 | 40 | moderate |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and Women ministersAlmost no link either way. Women ministers by country | -0.09 | +0.06 | 0.401 | 171 | independent |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and Women in a unionCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Women in a union by country | +0.35 | +0.05 | 0.748 | 175 | moderate |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and Frequent prayerCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Frequent prayer by country | +0.46 | -0.05 | 0.722 | 71 | high |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and UnemploymentAlmost no link either way. Unemployment by country | +0.00 | -0.05 | 0.779 | 164 | independent |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and Health scoreCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Health score by country | -0.19 | +0.05 | 0.658 | 172 | moderate |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and Religion very importantLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Religion very important by country | +0.51 | -0.05 | 0.804 | 98 | high |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and Pre-trial detainee shareCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Pre-trial detainee share by country | +0.23 | -0.05 | 0.725 | 161 | independent |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and Wellbeing scoreLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Wellbeing score by country | -0.56 | +0.05 | 0.718 | 98 | high |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and Corruption Perceptions IndexLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Corruption Perceptions Index by country | -0.54 | +0.05 | 0.763 | 162 | high |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and Divorce rateAlmost no link either way. Divorce rate by country | +0.03 | -0.05 | 0.901 | 43 | independent |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and InflationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Inflation by country | +0.16 | +0.04 | 0.306 | 176 | independent |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and Compulsory schoolingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Compulsory schooling by country | -0.33 | -0.04 | 0.723 | 170 | moderate |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and Agricultural landCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Agricultural land by country | +0.23 | +0.04 | 0.625 | 178 | independent |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and Youth not in work or studyCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Youth not in work or study by country | +0.40 | -0.04 | 0.780 | 162 | high |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and Confidence in religious institutionsCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Confidence in religious institutions by country | +0.48 | +0.04 | 0.893 | 98 | moderate |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and Suicide rateCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Suicide rate by country | -0.12 | +0.03 | 0.777 | 167 | independent |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and Premature NCD mortalityLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Premature NCD mortality by country | +0.51 | -0.03 | 0.899 | 167 | high |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and Muslim shareCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Muslim share by country | +0.14 | -0.03 | 0.817 | 169 | independent |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and Control of corruptionLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Control of corruption by country | -0.58 | -0.03 | 0.870 | 178 | high |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and One-person householdsLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. One-person households by country | -0.55 | -0.03 | 0.686 | 140 | high |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and Regulatory qualityLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Regulatory quality by country | -0.63 | +0.03 | 0.672 | 178 | proxy |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and Self-reported happinessCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Self-reported happiness by country | -0.25 | +0.02 | 0.852 | 98 | moderate |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and FDI inflowsAlmost no link either way. FDI inflows by country | -0.03 | +0.02 | 0.565 | 179 | independent |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and Out-of-pocket health spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Out-of-pocket health spending by country | +0.26 | -0.02 | 0.957 | 172 | moderate |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and Retirement age, womenCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Retirement age, women by country | +0.10 | +0.01 | 0.949 | 46 | independent |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and Christian shareAlmost no link either way. Christian share by country | +0.01 | -0.01 | 0.938 | 169 | independent |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and Homicide rateAlmost no link either way. Homicide rate by country | +0.04 | -0.01 | 0.909 | 157 | moderate |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and Political corruptionLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Political corruption by country | +0.53 | +0.01 | 0.941 | 155 | high |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and Trust in governmentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Trust in government by country | -0.17 | +0.01 | 0.984 | 44 | moderate |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and Recycling rateCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Recycling rate by country | -0.22 | +0.01 | 0.981 | 33 | moderate |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and Divorce rate (UN)Almost no link either way. Divorce rate (UN) by country | -0.02 | -0.01 | 0.960 | 87 | independent |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and Corporate tax rateCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Corporate tax rate by country | +0.30 | +0.00 | 0.984 | 82 | moderate |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and UrbanizationLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Urbanization by country | -0.54 | -0.00 | 0.991 | 180 | high |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and Trade opennessCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Trade openness by country | -0.36 | -0.00 | 0.990 | 162 | moderate |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and GDP per capita (PPP)One side of this pair is national income itself, the thing the other figures adjust for. Adjusting income for income leaves nothing, so there is no adjusted figure. The unadjusted link shows how closely the other measure follows income. GDP per capita (PPP) by country | -0.60 | — | — | 180 | proxy |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and GNI per capita (PPP)One side of this pair is national income itself, the thing the other figures adjust for. Adjusting income for income leaves nothing, so there is no adjusted figure. The unadjusted link shows how closely the other measure follows income. GNI per capita (PPP) by country | -0.61 | — | — | 180 | proxy |
| Pupil-teacher ratio and GDP per capita (market)One side of this pair is national income itself, the thing the other figures adjust for. Adjusting income for income leaves nothing, so there is no adjusted figure. The unadjusted link shows how closely the other measure follows income. GDP per capita (market) by country | -0.52 | — | — | 180 | proxy |
Source
UNESCO Institute for Statistics
CC BY 4.0 · licence terms · updated quarterly
World Bank, World Development Indicators