HDI
Human Development Index
Link with national income+0.96essentially a measure of national income
Links that hold up35of 158 pairs tested
Unitindex, 0 to 1higher is better
SourceUNDP_HDRCC BY 3.0 IGO
What this measures. The geometric mean (a kind of average that multiplies the parts together) of three parts: income per person (GNI per capita), life expectancy, and schooling (expected years and average years). All four inputs are on this site, and each is flagged. So a link between the HDI and any of them is shown for what it is: the index matching a part of itself. For the same reason it is kept out of this site's own topic scores. Those already contain its parts, and adding it would count each twice. It is the most-cited development index there is. It is here mostly so its parts can be read separately.
How it has moved
Loading…
Every country, every year
One row per country and one column per year, sorted by the most recent value. Hover over any cell to see the figure. The country names link to each country’s page.
Loading…
Links that hold up
r is how closely two measures rise and fall together across countries, from −1 (opposite) to +1 (in step), where 0 means no link. These pairs are ranked by the link after adjusting for national income, which means comparing countries with the same GDP per person. Each pair passed three checks. The link held after that adjustment. It was unlikely to be chance (q of 0.05 or less), even allowing for countries in the same region being alike and for the many pairs tested. And the two are not just two measures of the same thing. Very small q values are written in short form: 8.0e-5 means 0.000080.
| Measure | Before adjusting | After adjusting | q | Countries | Tracks income? |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HDI and Adult literacyWhere HDI is higher, Adult literacy tends to be higher: a strong link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Adult literacy by country | +0.84 | +0.71 | 0.039 | 131 | high |
| HDI and Infant mortalityWhere HDI is higher, Infant mortality tends to be lower: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Infant mortality by country | -0.87 | -0.58 | 0.009 | 186 | proxy |
| HDI and Gender Inequality IndexWhere HDI is higher, Gender Inequality Index tends to be lower: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Gender Inequality Index by country | -0.92 | -0.57 | 0.020 | 169 | proxy |
| HDI and Health coverage indexWhere HDI is higher, Health coverage index tends to be higher: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Health coverage index by country | +0.91 | +0.57 | 0.036 | 186 | proxy |
| HDI and Secondary enrollmentWhere HDI is higher, Secondary enrollment tends to be higher: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Secondary enrollment by country | +0.83 | +0.54 | 0.002 | 179 | high |
| HDI and Infrastructure scoreWhere HDI is higher, Infrastructure score tends to be higher: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Infrastructure score by country | +0.93 | +0.51 | 0.006 | 187 | proxy |
| HDI and Slum share of urban populationWhere HDI is higher, Slum share of urban population tends to be lower: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Slum share of urban population by country | -0.80 | -0.49 | 0.028 | 178 | high |
| HDI and Birth rateWhere HDI is higher, Birth rate tends to be lower: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Birth rate by country | -0.90 | -0.48 | 0.044 | 187 | proxy |
| HDI and Health spendingWhere HDI is higher, Health spending tends to be higher: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Health spending by country | +0.30 | +0.47 | 0.031 | 186 | independent |
| HDI and Median ageWhere HDI is higher, Median age tends to be higher: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Median age by country | +0.88 | +0.45 | 0.043 | 187 | proxy |
| HDI and PISA mathsWhere HDI is higher, PISA maths tends to be higher: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. PISA maths by country | +0.81 | +0.44 | 0.034 | 85 | high |
| HDI and Informal employmentWhere HDI is higher, Informal employment tends to be lower: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Informal employment by country | -0.89 | -0.41 | 0.034 | 140 | proxy |
| HDI and Adolescent fertilityWhere HDI is higher, Adolescent fertility tends to be lower: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Adolescent fertility by country | -0.80 | -0.41 | 0.038 | 187 | proxy |
| HDI and Basic sanitationWhere HDI is higher, Basic sanitation tends to be higher: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Basic sanitation by country | +0.83 | +0.40 | 0.020 | 186 | high |
| HDI and Fixed broadbandWhere HDI is higher, Fixed broadband tends to be higher: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Fixed broadband by country | +0.85 | +0.40 | 0.028 | 187 | proxy |
| HDI and Out of school, primaryWhere HDI is higher, Out of school, primary tends to be lower: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Out of school, primary by country | -0.58 | -0.39 | 0.032 | 178 | moderate |
| HDI and Pupil-teacher ratioWhere HDI is higher, Pupil-teacher ratio tends to be lower: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Pupil-teacher ratio by country | -0.83 | -0.39 | 0.003 | 173 | proxy |
| HDI and Religious attendanceWhere HDI is higher, Religious attendance tends to be lower: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Religious attendance by country | -0.71 | -0.39 | 0.024 | 102 | high |
| HDI and PhysiciansWhere HDI is higher, Physicians tends to be higher: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Physicians by country | +0.82 | +0.38 | 0.027 | 186 | proxy |
| HDI and Religion very importantWhere HDI is higher, Religion very important tends to be lower: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Religion very important by country | -0.69 | -0.38 | 0.003 | 104 | high |
| HDI and Tobacco useWhere HDI is higher, Tobacco use tends to be higher: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Tobacco use by country | +0.29 | +0.37 | 0.006 | 164 | independent |
| HDI and Electricity accessWhere HDI is higher, Electricity access tends to be higher: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Electricity access by country | +0.78 | +0.37 | 0.014 | 187 | high |
| HDI and Primary completionWhere HDI is higher, Primary completion tends to be higher: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Primary completion by country | +0.79 | +0.37 | 0.046 | 161 | proxy |
| HDI and Birth registrationWhere HDI is higher, Birth registration tends to be higher: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Birth registration by country | +0.72 | +0.33 | 0.026 | 165 | proxy |
| HDI and Road traffic deathsWhere HDI is higher, Road traffic deaths tends to be lower: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Road traffic deaths by country | -0.70 | -0.33 | 0.036 | 183 | high |
Links that don’t count as findings
These go together strongly, but they are built from the same numbers or measure the same thing. So they are bound to match, or their match shows that the measures agree, not something about the world.
| Measure | Before adjusting | After adjusting | q | Countries | Tracks income? |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HDI and Inequality-adjusted HDINot an independent finding: one of these indices is built partly from the other, so their agreement is just arithmetic. Inequality-adjusted HDI by country | +0.98 | +0.83 | 0.001 | 167 | proxy |
| HDI and Mean years of schoolingNot an independent finding: one of these indices is built partly from the other, so their agreement is just arithmetic. Mean years of schooling by country | +0.91 | +0.76 | 0.000 | 187 | proxy |
| HDI and Education scoreNot an independent finding: one of these indices is built partly from the other, so their agreement is just arithmetic. Education score by country | +0.90 | +0.72 | 8.0e-5 | 185 | proxy |
| HDI and Expected schoolingNot an independent finding: one of these indices is built partly from the other, so their agreement is just arithmetic. Expected schooling by country | +0.88 | +0.72 | 0.002 | 187 | proxy |
| HDI and Life expectancyNot an independent finding: one of these indices is built partly from the other, so their agreement is just arithmetic. Life expectancy by country | +0.91 | +0.58 | 0.010 | 187 | proxy |
| HDI and Gender Development IndexNot an independent finding: one of these indices is built partly from the other, so their agreement is just arithmetic. Gender Development Index by country | +0.69 | +0.33 | 0.062 | 180 | high |
| HDI and Health scoreNot an independent finding: one of these indices is built partly from the other, so their agreement is just arithmetic. Health score by country | +0.29 | +0.00 | 0.983 | 186 | moderate |
| HDI and GNI per capita (PPP)Not an independent finding: one of these indices is built partly from the other, so their agreement is just arithmetic. GNI per capita (PPP) by country | +0.82 | — | — | 187 | proxy |
How much the other measures account for
The 71 most widely reported measures boil down to a few broad patterns. This table shows how much of the differences between countries on this measure those patterns account for, adding one pattern at a time. The patterns are rebuilt without this measure, and without anything built from the same numbers or measuring the same thing. So it never predicts itself under another name. The figures use the 133 countries reporting all of them, and 64 candidate measures.
This shows how much it moves with the others. It does not explain anything. Measures that move together end up on the same pattern whether or not anything connects them. And the countries here are the best-documented ones. A high figure means this measure is largely predictable from the others, not that they produce it.
| Patterns used | Share of this measure accounted for | Added by this pattern |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 93% | — |
| 2 | 94% | +1% |
| 3 | 94% | +0% |
| 4 | 95% | +1% |
| 5 | 95% | +0% |
| 6 | 95% | +0% |
This measure sits on the pattern all the measures share, which is national income under another name.
How it differs by category
This compares the measure across groups of countries, such as those sharing a main religion, instead of against another number. The figure is the share of the differences between countries on this measure that lies between the groups, on a scale from 0 to 1. It is shown before and after adjusting for national income.
The “between groups” figure runs from 0 (the groups are no different) to 1 (the groups explain all the differences between countries). Groups have no up or down, so this says how much the groups differ, never which way. For that, read the group averages. The figure also tends to rise when there are more groups. So to judge whether it could be chance (q), we shuffle the same labels among the same countries many times and see how often a figure this big turns up. Then we allow for the fact that many measures are checked at once, since with enough checks a few big figures turn up by luck alone. Groups with fewer than 12 countries are left out. And countries that share a label share a lot else. Adjusting for income rules out one third factor, but leaves language, region, legal tradition and history untouched.
| Grouped by | Between groups | After income | q | Groups at each end |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Last European coloniser | 0.49 | 0.35 | 0.008 | best: Never a European colony 0.759 · worst: France 0.573 index, 0 to 1 |
| Largest religious group | 0.25 | 0.30 | 0.003 | best: Christians 0.759 · worst: Muslims 0.676 index, 0 to 1 |
Every other pair
Everything else this measure was tested against, apart from the links that hold up and the pairs built from the same numbers. Sorted by the link after adjusting. Search by name; every column sorts. A small adjusted figure is a result too. It says the two do not move together once income is set aside.
115 of 115
| HDI and Under-5 mortalityLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.56) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Under-5 mortality by country | -0.85 | -0.56 | 0.060 | 186 | proxy |
| HDI and Tertiary enrollmentLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.52) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Tertiary enrollment by country | +0.81 | +0.52 | 0.069 | 171 | high |
| HDI and Maternal mortalityLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.47) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Maternal mortality by country | -0.77 | -0.47 | 0.110 | 186 | proxy |
| HDI and Anaemia in womenLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.47) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Anaemia in women by country | -0.73 | -0.47 | 0.055 | 185 | high |
| HDI and Recycling rateLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.47) could easily be chance. Recycling rate by country | +0.65 | +0.47 | 0.079 | 35 | moderate |
| HDI and Married by 18Linked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.47) could easily be chance. Married by 18 by country | -0.70 | -0.47 | 0.054 | 134 | moderate |
| HDI and PISA scienceLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.46) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. PISA science by country | +0.82 | +0.46 | 0.057 | 85 | high |
| HDI and Population 65+Linked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.44) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Population 65+ by country | +0.79 | +0.44 | 0.051 | 187 | high |
| HDI and Skilled birth attendanceLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.43) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Skilled birth attendance by country | +0.75 | +0.43 | 0.083 | 174 | high |
| HDI and PISA readingLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.43) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. PISA reading by country | +0.81 | +0.43 | 0.125 | 85 | high |
| HDI and Fertility rateLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.42) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Fertility rate by country | -0.86 | -0.42 | 0.112 | 187 | proxy |
| HDI and Population 0-14Linked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.41) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Population 0-14 by country | -0.90 | -0.41 | 0.076 | 187 | proxy |
| HDI and Public social spendingLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.39) could easily be chance. Public social spending by country | +0.58 | +0.39 | 0.055 | 42 | moderate |
| HDI and Voice and accountabilityLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.37) could easily be chance. Voice and accountability by country | +0.62 | +0.37 | 0.171 | 187 | moderate |
| HDI and Women's age at first marriageLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.36) could easily be chance. Women's age at first marriage by country | +0.56 | +0.36 | 0.343 | 40 | moderate |
| HDI and Free and fair electionsLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.35) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Free and fair elections by country | +0.63 | +0.35 | 0.056 | 167 | high |
| HDI and Child stuntingLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.35) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Child stunting by country | -0.80 | -0.35 | 0.071 | 155 | proxy |
| HDI and Education spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Education spending by country | +0.16 | +0.35 | 0.228 | 179 | independent |
| HDI and Confidence in religious institutionsLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.34) could easily be chance. Confidence in religious institutions by country | -0.56 | -0.34 | 0.143 | 104 | moderate |
| HDI and Rule of lawLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.34) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Rule of law by country | +0.74 | +0.34 | 0.170 | 187 | high |
| HDI and Marriage rateCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Marriage rate by country | -0.23 | -0.33 | 0.142 | 46 | independent |
| HDI and Political rights (FH)Linked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.32) could easily be chance. Political rights (FH) by country | -0.51 | -0.32 | 0.090 | 186 | moderate |
| HDI and Trust in governmentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Trust in government by country | +0.13 | -0.32 | 0.170 | 47 | moderate |
| HDI and Government expenseCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Government expense by country | +0.36 | +0.31 | 0.101 | 150 | moderate |
| HDI and Government consumptionCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Government consumption by country | +0.21 | +0.31 | 0.273 | 168 | independent |
| HDI and Liberal democracyLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.29) could easily be chance. Liberal democracy by country | +0.57 | +0.29 | 0.096 | 167 | moderate |
| HDI and Civil liberties (FH)Linked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.29) could easily be chance. Civil liberties (FH) by country | -0.52 | -0.29 | 0.188 | 186 | moderate |
| HDI and Food insecurityLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.29) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Food insecurity by country | -0.84 | -0.29 | 0.089 | 155 | proxy |
| HDI and Participatory democracyLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.29) could easily be chance. Participatory democracy by country | +0.53 | +0.29 | 0.104 | 167 | moderate |
| HDI and GDP growthCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. GDP growth by country | -0.26 | -0.29 | 0.118 | 187 | moderate |
| HDI and Hours workedLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.28) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Hours worked by country | -0.70 | -0.28 | 0.178 | 38 | high |
| HDI and ResearchersLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.28) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Researchers by country | +0.72 | +0.28 | 0.115 | 129 | proxy |
| HDI and Electoral democracyLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.28) could easily be chance. Electoral democracy by country | +0.52 | +0.28 | 0.108 | 167 | moderate |
| HDI and Family benefits spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Family benefits spending by country | +0.42 | +0.27 | 0.055 | 42 | independent |
| HDI and Muslim shareCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Muslim share by country | -0.29 | -0.27 | 0.243 | 178 | independent |
| HDI and RedistributionLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.26) could easily be chance. Redistribution by country | +0.67 | +0.26 | 0.188 | 45 | moderate |
| HDI and Regime typeLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.25) could easily be chance. Regime type by country | +0.52 | +0.25 | 0.066 | 167 | moderate |
| HDI and Christian shareAlmost no link either way. Christian share by country | +0.09 | +0.25 | 0.176 | 178 | independent |
| HDI and Governance scoreLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.25) could easily be chance. Governance score by country | +0.54 | +0.25 | 0.135 | 170 | moderate |
| HDI and Regulatory qualityLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.24) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Regulatory quality by country | +0.80 | +0.24 | 0.111 | 187 | proxy |
| HDI and Unemployment benefit spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Unemployment benefit spending by country | +0.37 | +0.24 | 0.196 | 39 | moderate |
| HDI and Control of corruptionLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.23) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Control of corruption by country | +0.73 | +0.23 | 0.207 | 187 | high |
| HDI and Gender wage gapAlmost no link either way. Gender wage gap by country | +0.05 | +0.23 | 0.139 | 38 | independent |
| HDI and Political stabilityLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.22) could easily be chance. Political stability by country | +0.60 | +0.22 | 0.322 | 187 | moderate |
| HDI and Adult obesityCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Adult obesity by country | +0.33 | +0.22 | 0.340 | 185 | moderate |
| HDI and Religiously unaffiliatedCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Religiously unaffiliated by country | +0.48 | +0.22 | 0.062 | 178 | moderate |
| HDI and Government effectivenessLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.22) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Government effectiveness by country | +0.83 | +0.22 | 0.130 | 187 | proxy |
| HDI and Out-of-pocket health spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Out-of-pocket health spending by country | -0.39 | -0.21 | 0.379 | 186 | moderate |
| HDI and Corporate tax rateCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Corporate tax rate by country | -0.27 | +0.21 | 0.089 | 81 | moderate |
| HDI and Women's political empowermentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Women's political empowerment by country | +0.48 | +0.20 | 0.312 | 167 | moderate |
| HDI and Primary enrollmentAlmost no link either way. Primary enrollment by country | +0.04 | +0.20 | 0.181 | 184 | independent |
| HDI and Old-age spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Old-age spending by country | +0.26 | +0.20 | 0.516 | 42 | independent |
| HDI and Youth not in work or studyLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.19) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Youth not in work or study by country | -0.57 | -0.19 | 0.266 | 169 | high |
| HDI and Life satisfactionLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.18) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Life satisfaction by country | +0.80 | +0.18 | 0.141 | 158 | proxy |
| HDI and Freedom of associationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Freedom of association by country | +0.31 | +0.17 | 0.288 | 167 | moderate |
| HDI and Retirement age, womenAlmost no link either way. Retirement age, women by country | -0.04 | +0.17 | 0.263 | 49 | independent |
| HDI and Political corruptionLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.17) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Political corruption by country | -0.67 | -0.17 | 0.256 | 167 | high |
| HDI and Women ministersCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Women ministers by country | +0.24 | +0.17 | 0.253 | 185 | independent |
| HDI and Women in a unionCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Women in a union by country | -0.41 | -0.16 | 0.358 | 181 | moderate |
| HDI and Armed conflict presentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Armed conflict present by country | -0.42 | -0.16 | 0.347 | 186 | moderate |
| HDI and Extreme poverty rateLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.16) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Extreme poverty rate by country | -0.75 | -0.16 | 0.393 | 162 | proxy |
| HDI and Aid givenLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.16) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Aid given by country | +0.57 | +0.16 | 0.396 | 47 | high |
| HDI and Corruption Perceptions IndexLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.16) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Corruption Perceptions Index by country | +0.70 | +0.16 | 0.212 | 173 | high |
| HDI and Gender scoreCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Gender score by country | +0.37 | +0.15 | 0.379 | 179 | moderate |
| HDI and Equality scoreLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.15) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Equality score by country | +0.66 | +0.15 | 0.471 | 162 | high |
| HDI and Political civil libertiesCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Political civil liberties by country | +0.30 | +0.15 | 0.395 | 167 | moderate |
| HDI and Freedom of expressionCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Freedom of expression by country | +0.27 | +0.15 | 0.424 | 167 | moderate |
| HDI and Alcohol consumptionLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.15) could easily be chance. Alcohol consumption by country | +0.51 | +0.15 | 0.255 | 182 | moderate |
| HDI and Compulsory schoolingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Compulsory schooling by country | +0.40 | +0.15 | 0.432 | 177 | moderate |
| HDI and Labour scoreLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.14) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Labour score by country | +0.71 | +0.14 | 0.101 | 182 | high |
| HDI and Women in managementCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Women in management by country | +0.31 | +0.14 | 0.385 | 148 | moderate |
| HDI and Market-income GiniCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Market-income Gini by country | -0.48 | -0.14 | 0.291 | 45 | moderate |
| HDI and DTP3 immunisationLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.13) could easily be chance. DTP3 immunisation by country | +0.53 | +0.13 | 0.214 | 186 | moderate |
| HDI and Trade opennessCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Trade openness by country | +0.37 | -0.13 | 0.428 | 170 | moderate |
| HDI and Conflict deathsAlmost no link either way. Conflict deaths by country | -0.10 | +0.13 | 0.224 | 186 | moderate |
| HDI and Government spending per capitaLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.12) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Government spending per capita by country | +0.73 | -0.12 | 0.671 | 43 | proxy |
| HDI and Interpersonal trustLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.12) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Interpersonal trust by country | +0.57 | +0.12 | 0.398 | 104 | high |
| HDI and Homicide rateCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Homicide rate by country | -0.14 | -0.12 | 0.320 | 161 | moderate |
| HDI and Civil society participationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Civil society participation by country | +0.22 | +0.11 | 0.474 | 167 | independent |
| HDI and Single-parent householdsAlmost no link either way. Single-parent households by country | -0.02 | +0.11 | 0.401 | 143 | independent |
| HDI and Pre-trial detainee shareCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Pre-trial detainee share by country | -0.30 | -0.10 | 0.413 | 164 | independent |
| HDI and UndernourishmentLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.10) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Undernourishment by country | -0.72 | -0.10 | 0.543 | 162 | proxy |
| HDI and Wellbeing scoreLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Wellbeing score by country | +0.72 | +0.10 | 0.751 | 104 | high |
| HDI and InflationAlmost no link either way. Inflation by country | -0.09 | +0.09 | 0.437 | 183 | independent |
| HDI and Suicide rateCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Suicide rate by country | +0.22 | +0.09 | 0.717 | 178 | independent |
| HDI and Migrant share of populationLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Migrant share of population by country | +0.53 | -0.09 | 0.531 | 187 | high |
| HDI and Gini indexCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Gini index by country | -0.30 | -0.09 | 0.604 | 162 | moderate |
| HDI and CO2 per capitaCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. CO2 per capita by country | +0.39 | -0.09 | 0.583 | 182 | proxy |
| HDI and Male labor participationAlmost no link either way. Male labor participation by country | -0.02 | -0.09 | 0.435 | 174 | independent |
| HDI and UrbanizationLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Urbanization by country | +0.63 | +0.09 | 0.673 | 187 | high |
| HDI and Tuberculosis incidenceLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Tuberculosis incidence by country | -0.51 | -0.08 | 0.680 | 187 | high |
| HDI and Divorce rate (UN)Almost no link either way. Divorce rate (UN) by country | +0.05 | +0.08 | 0.621 | 86 | independent |
| HDI and Women in parliamentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Women in parliament by country | +0.25 | +0.08 | 0.659 | 185 | independent |
| HDI and Divorce rateCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Divorce rate by country | -0.14 | -0.07 | 0.804 | 45 | independent |
| HDI and Premature NCD mortalityLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Premature NCD mortality by country | -0.65 | -0.07 | 0.787 | 178 | high |
| HDI and Age at childbearingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Age at childbearing by country | +0.44 | +0.06 | 0.649 | 187 | moderate |
| HDI and Marriage rate (UN)Could easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Marriage rate (UN) by country | -0.28 | -0.05 | 0.811 | 94 | independent |
| HDI and Military spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Military spending by country | +0.10 | +0.05 | 0.577 | 155 | independent |
| HDI and Refugees originatingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Refugees originating by country | -0.25 | -0.04 | 0.721 | 185 | moderate |
| HDI and Retirement age, menCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Retirement age, men by country | -0.27 | +0.04 | 0.766 | 49 | independent |
| HDI and Active labour market spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Active labour market spending by country | +0.42 | +0.03 | 0.874 | 42 | moderate |
| HDI and Protected landCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Protected land by country | +0.23 | +0.03 | 0.711 | 186 | independent |
| HDI and Self-reported happinessCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Self-reported happiness by country | +0.30 | -0.02 | 0.890 | 104 | moderate |
| HDI and Agricultural landCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Agricultural land by country | -0.25 | +0.02 | 0.753 | 187 | independent |
| HDI and Environment scoreCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Environment score by country | -0.33 | +0.02 | 0.751 | 186 | moderate |
| HDI and Female labor participationAlmost no link either way. Female labor participation by country | +0.05 | -0.02 | 0.818 | 174 | independent |
| HDI and Births outside marriageAlmost no link either way. Births outside marriage by country | -0.06 | +0.02 | 0.971 | 42 | independent |
| HDI and UnemploymentAlmost no link either way. Unemployment by country | -0.07 | +0.01 | 0.867 | 174 | independent |
| HDI and Forest areaAlmost no link either way. Forest area by country | +0.06 | +0.01 | 0.939 | 186 | independent |
| HDI and Mobile subscriptionsCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Mobile subscriptions by country | +0.42 | -0.01 | 0.904 | 187 | moderate |
| HDI and HIV prevalenceCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. HIV prevalence by country | -0.21 | +0.01 | 0.950 | 148 | moderate |
| HDI and FDI inflowsAlmost no link either way. FDI inflows by country | +0.03 | -0.01 | 0.958 | 187 | independent |
| HDI and Children with one parentAlmost no link either way. Children with one parent by country | +0.08 | -0.01 | 0.985 | 38 | independent |
| HDI and GDP per capita (PPP)One side of this pair is national income itself, the thing the other figures adjust for. Adjusting income for income leaves nothing, so there is no adjusted figure. The unadjusted link shows how closely the other measure follows income. GDP per capita (PPP) by country | +0.79 | — | — | 187 | proxy |
| HDI and GDP per capita (market)One side of this pair is national income itself, the thing the other figures adjust for. Adjusting income for income leaves nothing, so there is no adjusted figure. The unadjusted link shows how closely the other measure follows income. GDP per capita (market) by country | +0.72 | — | — | 187 | proxy |
Source
United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Report Office · via Our World in Data
CC BY 3.0 IGO · licence terms · updated annual
United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Report 2025