Researchers
Researchers in R&D (per million people)
Link with national income+0.85essentially a measure of national income
Links that hold up16of 158 pairs tested
Unitper million peoplehigher is better
SourceWDICC BY 4.0
What this measures. Researchers counted as full-time equivalents (two half-time researchers count as one), from national research surveys that many countries run only now and then. So coverage is thin outside the OECD.
How it has moved
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Every country, every year
One row per country and one column per year, sorted by the most recent value. Hover over any cell to see the figure. The country names link to each country’s page.
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Links that hold up
r is how closely two measures rise and fall together across countries, from −1 (opposite) to +1 (in step), where 0 means no link. These pairs are ranked by the link after adjusting for national income, which means comparing countries with the same GDP per person. Each pair passed three checks. The link held after that adjustment. It was unlikely to be chance (q of 0.05 or less), even allowing for countries in the same region being alike and for the many pairs tested. And the two are not just two measures of the same thing. Very small q values are written in short form: 8.0e-5 means 0.000080.
| Measure | Before adjusting | After adjusting | q | Countries | Tracks income? |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Researchers and Interpersonal trustWhere Researchers is higher, Interpersonal trust tends to be higher: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Interpersonal trust by country | +0.75 | +0.60 | 0.026 | 95 | high |
| Researchers and PISA mathsWhere Researchers is higher, PISA maths tends to be higher: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. PISA maths by country | +0.81 | +0.59 | 0.036 | 82 | high |
| Researchers and Government effectivenessWhere Researchers is higher, Government effectiveness tends to be higher: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Government effectiveness by country | +0.80 | +0.58 | 0.001 | 131 | proxy |
| Researchers and Age at childbearingWhere Researchers is higher, Age at childbearing tends to be higher: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Age at childbearing by country | +0.72 | +0.58 | 0.006 | 131 | moderate |
| Researchers and Rule of lawWhere Researchers is higher, Rule of law tends to be higher: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Rule of law by country | +0.79 | +0.56 | 0.016 | 131 | high |
| Researchers and Control of corruptionWhere Researchers is higher, Control of corruption tends to be higher: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Control of corruption by country | +0.77 | +0.54 | 0.022 | 131 | high |
| Researchers and Corruption Perceptions IndexWhere Researchers is higher, Corruption Perceptions Index tends to be higher: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Corruption Perceptions Index by country | +0.76 | +0.53 | 0.039 | 129 | high |
| Researchers and Regulatory qualityWhere Researchers is higher, Regulatory quality tends to be higher: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Regulatory quality by country | +0.77 | +0.52 | 0.009 | 131 | proxy |
| Researchers and Adult obesityWhere Researchers is higher, Adult obesity tends to be lower: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Adult obesity by country | -0.04 | -0.50 | 0.047 | 129 | moderate |
| Researchers and Gender Inequality IndexWhere Researchers is higher, Gender Inequality Index tends to be lower: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Gender Inequality Index by country | -0.76 | -0.47 | 0.005 | 126 | proxy |
| Researchers and One-person householdsWhere Researchers is higher, One-person households tends to be higher: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. One-person households by country | +0.70 | +0.46 | 0.010 | 107 | high |
| Researchers and Population 65+Where Researchers is higher, Population 65+ tends to be higher: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Population 65+ by country | +0.72 | +0.46 | 0.018 | 131 | high |
| Researchers and Religion very importantWhere Researchers is higher, Religion very important tends to be lower: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Religion very important by country | -0.66 | -0.34 | 0.032 | 95 | high |
| Researchers and Inequality-adjusted HDIWhere Researchers is higher, Inequality-adjusted HDI tends to be higher: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Inequality-adjusted HDI by country | +0.76 | +0.33 | 0.012 | 123 | proxy |
| Researchers and Road traffic deathsWhere Researchers is higher, Road traffic deaths tends to be lower: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Road traffic deaths by country | -0.63 | -0.28 | 0.010 | 128 | high |
| Researchers and Homicide rateWhere Researchers is higher, Homicide rate tends to be lower: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Homicide rate by country | -0.35 | -0.27 | 0.012 | 121 | moderate |
Links that don’t count as findings
These go together strongly, but they are built from the same numbers or measure the same thing. So they are bound to match, or their match shows that the measures agree, not something about the world.
| Measure | Before adjusting | After adjusting | q | Countries | Tracks income? |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Researchers and Education scoreNot an independent finding: one of these indices is built partly from the other, so their agreement is just arithmetic. Education score by country | +0.63 | +0.11 | 0.679 | 131 | proxy |
How much the other measures account for
The 71 most widely reported measures boil down to a few broad patterns. This table shows how much of the differences between countries on this measure those patterns account for, adding one pattern at a time. The patterns are rebuilt without this measure, and without anything built from the same numbers or measuring the same thing. So it never predicts itself under another name. The figures use the 107 countries reporting all of them, and 71 candidate measures.
This shows how much it moves with the others. It does not explain anything. Measures that move together end up on the same pattern whether or not anything connects them. And the countries here are the best-documented ones. A high figure means this measure is largely predictable from the others, not that they produce it.
| Patterns used | Share of this measure accounted for | Added by this pattern |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 56% | — |
| 2 | 62% | +6% |
| 3 | 71% | +9% |
| 4 | 75% | +4% |
| 5 | 75% | +0% |
| 6 | 76% | +0% |
How it differs by category
This compares the measure across groups of countries, such as those sharing a main religion, instead of against another number. The figure is the share of the differences between countries on this measure that lies between the groups, on a scale from 0 to 1. It is shown before and after adjusting for national income.
The “between groups” figure runs from 0 (the groups are no different) to 1 (the groups explain all the differences between countries). Groups have no up or down, so this says how much the groups differ, never which way. For that, read the group averages. The figure also tends to rise when there are more groups. So to judge whether it could be chance (q), we shuffle the same labels among the same countries many times and see how often a figure this big turns up. Then we allow for the fact that many measures are checked at once, since with enough checks a few big figures turn up by luck alone. Groups with fewer than 12 countries are left out. And countries that share a label share a lot else. Adjusting for income rules out one third factor, but leaves language, region, legal tradition and history untouched.
| Grouped by | Between groups | After income | q | Groups at each end |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Last European coloniser | 0.34 | 0.33 | 0.059 | best: Never a European colony 2,144 · worst: Spain 407 per million people |
| Largest religious group | 0.28 | 0.25 | 0.021 | best: Christians 2,216 · worst: Muslims 816 per million people |
Every other pair
Everything else this measure was tested against, apart from the links that hold up and the pairs built from the same numbers. Sorted by the link after adjusting. Search by name; every column sorts. A small adjusted figure is a result too. It says the two do not move together once income is set aside.
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| Researchers and PISA scienceLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.60) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. PISA science by country | +0.81 | +0.60 | 0.055 | 82 | high |
| Researchers and PISA readingLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.55) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. PISA reading by country | +0.79 | +0.55 | 0.071 | 82 | high |
| Researchers and Public order spendingLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.51) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Public order spending by country | -0.72 | -0.51 | 0.119 | 36 | high |
| Researchers and Fixed broadbandLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.49) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Fixed broadband by country | +0.77 | +0.49 | 0.055 | 131 | proxy |
| Researchers and Health scoreCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Health score by country | +0.47 | +0.47 | 0.067 | 128 | moderate |
| Researchers and Voice and accountabilityLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.45) could easily be chance. Voice and accountability by country | +0.67 | +0.45 | 0.136 | 131 | moderate |
| Researchers and Recycling rateLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.43) could easily be chance. Recycling rate by country | +0.60 | +0.43 | 0.207 | 34 | moderate |
| Researchers and Religiously unaffiliatedComparing only countries with similar income it is still +0.43, but that could easily be chance once we allow for countries in the same region being alike. Religiously unaffiliated by country | +0.58 | +0.43 | 0.094 | 131 | moderate |
| Researchers and Wellbeing scoreLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.43) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Wellbeing score by country | +0.74 | +0.43 | 0.217 | 95 | high |
| Researchers and Political corruptionLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.41) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Political corruption by country | -0.69 | -0.41 | 0.056 | 127 | high |
| Researchers and Health spendingComparing only countries with similar income it is still +0.41, but that could easily be chance once we allow for countries in the same region being alike. Health spending by country | +0.54 | +0.41 | 0.114 | 128 | independent |
| Researchers and Public social spendingComparing only countries with similar income it is still +0.40, but that could easily be chance once we allow for countries in the same region being alike. Public social spending by country | +0.53 | +0.40 | 0.158 | 40 | moderate |
| Researchers and Women's age at first marriageLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.39) could easily be chance. Women's age at first marriage by country | +0.56 | +0.39 | 0.094 | 39 | moderate |
| Researchers and Liberal democracyLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.37) could easily be chance. Liberal democracy by country | +0.59 | +0.37 | 0.249 | 127 | moderate |
| Researchers and Gender scoreCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Gender score by country | +0.42 | +0.36 | 0.221 | 127 | moderate |
| Researchers and Informal employmentLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.36) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Informal employment by country | -0.76 | -0.36 | 0.098 | 98 | proxy |
| Researchers and Extreme poverty rateCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Extreme poverty rate by country | -0.44 | +0.36 | 0.281 | 117 | proxy |
| Researchers and Aid givenLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.36) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Aid given by country | +0.51 | +0.36 | 0.145 | 46 | high |
| Researchers and Expected schoolingLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.35) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Expected schooling by country | +0.71 | +0.35 | 0.107 | 129 | proxy |
| Researchers and Electricity accessCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Electricity access by country | +0.38 | -0.34 | 0.245 | 131 | high |
| Researchers and Corporate tax rateAlmost no link either way. Corporate tax rate by country | -0.03 | +0.34 | 0.086 | 70 | moderate |
| Researchers and Participatory democracyLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.33) could easily be chance. Participatory democracy by country | +0.53 | +0.33 | 0.336 | 127 | moderate |
| Researchers and Women ministersCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Women ministers by country | +0.34 | +0.32 | 0.215 | 127 | independent |
| Researchers and Women's political empowermentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Women's political empowerment by country | +0.48 | +0.32 | 0.051 | 127 | moderate |
| Researchers and Active labour market spendingLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.32) could easily be chance. Active labour market spending by country | +0.52 | +0.32 | 0.119 | 40 | moderate |
| Researchers and Suicide rateCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Suicide rate by country | +0.38 | +0.32 | 0.146 | 129 | independent |
| Researchers and Civil liberties (FH)Linked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.31) could easily be chance. Civil liberties (FH) by country | -0.54 | -0.31 | 0.260 | 129 | moderate |
| Researchers and Tax revenueCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Tax revenue by country | +0.41 | +0.31 | 0.257 | 111 | moderate |
| Researchers and Old-age spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Old-age spending by country | +0.27 | +0.31 | 0.403 | 40 | independent |
| Researchers and Regime typeLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.31) could easily be chance. Regime type by country | +0.51 | +0.31 | 0.307 | 127 | moderate |
| Researchers and Gender wage gapCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Gender wage gap by country | +0.16 | +0.31 | 0.386 | 37 | independent |
| Researchers and Alcohol consumptionCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Alcohol consumption by country | +0.50 | +0.31 | 0.071 | 127 | moderate |
| Researchers and Confidence in religious institutionsLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.31) could easily be chance. Confidence in religious institutions by country | -0.58 | -0.31 | 0.155 | 95 | moderate |
| Researchers and Retirement age, womenCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Retirement age, women by country | +0.13 | +0.31 | 0.327 | 48 | independent |
| Researchers and Electoral democracyLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.30) could easily be chance. Electoral democracy by country | +0.52 | +0.30 | 0.362 | 127 | moderate |
| Researchers and Gini indexCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Gini index by country | -0.46 | -0.30 | 0.135 | 117 | moderate |
| Researchers and Governance scoreLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.30) could easily be chance. Governance score by country | +0.54 | +0.30 | 0.360 | 127 | moderate |
| Researchers and Civil society participationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Civil society participation by country | +0.33 | +0.30 | 0.262 | 127 | independent |
| Researchers and Tertiary enrollmentLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.29) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Tertiary enrollment by country | +0.66 | +0.29 | 0.239 | 128 | high |
| Researchers and Primary completionCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Primary completion by country | +0.43 | -0.28 | 0.337 | 118 | proxy |
| Researchers and Women in parliamentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Women in parliament by country | +0.31 | +0.28 | 0.298 | 127 | independent |
| Researchers and Youth not in work or studyLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.28) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Youth not in work or study by country | -0.56 | -0.28 | 0.058 | 123 | high |
| Researchers and HDILinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.28) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. HDI by country | +0.72 | +0.28 | 0.115 | 129 | proxy |
| Researchers and Premature NCD mortalityLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.27) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Premature NCD mortality by country | -0.61 | -0.27 | 0.295 | 129 | high |
| Researchers and CO2 per capitaCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. CO2 per capita by country | +0.23 | -0.27 | 0.287 | 128 | proxy |
| Researchers and Frequent prayerLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.27) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Frequent prayer by country | -0.63 | -0.27 | 0.256 | 68 | high |
| Researchers and Median ageLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.26) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Median age by country | +0.68 | +0.26 | 0.251 | 131 | proxy |
| Researchers and Family benefits spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Family benefits spending by country | +0.38 | +0.26 | 0.115 | 40 | independent |
| Researchers and Unemployment benefit spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Unemployment benefit spending by country | +0.37 | +0.26 | 0.467 | 38 | moderate |
| Researchers and Freedom of expressionCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Freedom of expression by country | +0.35 | +0.25 | 0.409 | 127 | moderate |
| Researchers and Basic water accessCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Basic water access by country | +0.44 | -0.25 | 0.301 | 131 | proxy |
| Researchers and Political rights (FH)Could easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Political rights (FH) by country | -0.49 | -0.25 | 0.437 | 129 | moderate |
| Researchers and Free and fair electionsLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.24) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Free and fair elections by country | +0.55 | +0.24 | 0.441 | 127 | high |
| Researchers and Internet usersLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.24) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Internet users by country | +0.53 | -0.24 | 0.241 | 131 | proxy |
| Researchers and Government consumptionCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Government consumption by country | +0.34 | +0.24 | 0.317 | 126 | independent |
| Researchers and Political civil libertiesCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Political civil liberties by country | +0.36 | +0.23 | 0.433 | 127 | moderate |
| Researchers and Female labor participationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Female labor participation by country | +0.15 | +0.23 | 0.261 | 131 | independent |
| Researchers and PhysiciansLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.23) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Physicians by country | +0.63 | +0.23 | 0.255 | 128 | proxy |
| Researchers and Male labor participationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Male labor participation by country | -0.23 | -0.21 | 0.411 | 131 | independent |
| Researchers and Religious attendanceLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.21) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Religious attendance by country | -0.61 | -0.21 | 0.212 | 93 | high |
| Researchers and Freedom of associationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Freedom of association by country | +0.33 | +0.21 | 0.474 | 127 | moderate |
| Researchers and Basic sanitationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Basic sanitation by country | +0.46 | -0.21 | 0.379 | 131 | high |
| Researchers and Hours workedLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.20) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Hours worked by country | -0.58 | -0.20 | 0.680 | 37 | high |
| Researchers and RedistributionLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.20) could easily be chance. Redistribution by country | +0.58 | +0.20 | 0.475 | 44 | moderate |
| Researchers and Hospital bedsCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Hospital beds by country | +0.47 | +0.19 | 0.642 | 123 | high |
| Researchers and Muslim shareCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Muslim share by country | -0.27 | -0.19 | 0.427 | 131 | independent |
| Researchers and Life expectancyLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.19) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Life expectancy by country | +0.67 | +0.19 | 0.305 | 131 | proxy |
| Researchers and Out-of-pocket health spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Out-of-pocket health spending by country | -0.39 | -0.18 | 0.371 | 128 | moderate |
| Researchers and Education spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Education spending by country | +0.25 | +0.18 | 0.480 | 126 | independent |
| Researchers and Compulsory schoolingAlmost no link either way. Compulsory schooling by country | +0.08 | -0.18 | 0.409 | 124 | moderate |
| Researchers and Skilled birth attendanceCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Skilled birth attendance by country | +0.37 | -0.16 | 0.505 | 121 | high |
| Researchers and Mean years of schoolingLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.15) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Mean years of schooling by country | +0.64 | +0.15 | 0.409 | 129 | proxy |
| Researchers and Anaemia in womenLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.15) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Anaemia in women by country | -0.55 | -0.15 | 0.531 | 128 | high |
| Researchers and Marriage rateCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Marriage rate by country | -0.15 | -0.15 | 0.479 | 45 | independent |
| Researchers and Gender Development IndexCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Gender Development Index by country | +0.33 | -0.15 | 0.572 | 129 | high |
| Researchers and UndernourishmentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Undernourishment by country | -0.47 | +0.14 | 0.563 | 121 | proxy |
| Researchers and Secondary enrollmentLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.14) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Secondary enrollment by country | +0.62 | +0.14 | 0.574 | 129 | high |
| Researchers and Women in managementAlmost no link either way. Women in management by country | +0.10 | -0.14 | 0.536 | 107 | moderate |
| Researchers and Labour scoreLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.13) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Labour score by country | +0.58 | +0.13 | 0.658 | 131 | high |
| Researchers and GDP growthCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. GDP growth by country | -0.30 | -0.13 | 0.386 | 131 | moderate |
| Researchers and Trade opennessCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Trade openness by country | +0.39 | +0.13 | 0.423 | 125 | moderate |
| Researchers and Armed conflict presentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Armed conflict present by country | -0.44 | -0.12 | 0.127 | 128 | moderate |
| Researchers and Government expenseCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Government expense by country | +0.40 | +0.12 | 0.413 | 112 | moderate |
| Researchers and Employment in agricultureLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.12) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Employment in agriculture by country | -0.55 | +0.12 | 0.530 | 131 | proxy |
| Researchers and Retirement age, menCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Retirement age, men by country | -0.14 | +0.12 | 0.714 | 48 | independent |
| Researchers and Adult literacyCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Adult literacy by country | +0.37 | -0.12 | 0.527 | 95 | high |
| Researchers and Maternal mortalityCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Maternal mortality by country | -0.41 | +0.11 | 0.596 | 129 | proxy |
| Researchers and Mobile subscriptionsCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Mobile subscriptions by country | +0.32 | -0.11 | 0.756 | 131 | moderate |
| Researchers and Pupil-teacher ratioLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.11) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Pupil-teacher ratio by country | -0.54 | +0.11 | 0.400 | 124 | proxy |
| Researchers and Fertility rateLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.11) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Fertility rate by country | -0.53 | +0.11 | 0.661 | 131 | proxy |
| Researchers and Birth registrationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Birth registration by country | +0.43 | -0.11 | 0.331 | 118 | proxy |
| Researchers and Primary enrollmentAlmost no link either way. Primary enrollment by country | +0.04 | +0.11 | 0.491 | 130 | independent |
| Researchers and Environment scoreCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Environment score by country | -0.20 | +0.11 | 0.408 | 130 | moderate |
| Researchers and Under-5 mortalityLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.10) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Under-5 mortality by country | -0.51 | +0.10 | 0.600 | 128 | proxy |
| Researchers and Forest areaCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Forest area by country | +0.16 | +0.10 | 0.688 | 129 | independent |
| Researchers and Market-income GiniCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Market-income Gini by country | -0.41 | -0.10 | 0.607 | 44 | moderate |
| Researchers and Life satisfactionLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Life satisfaction by country | +0.60 | +0.09 | 0.802 | 127 | proxy |
| Researchers and Military spendingAlmost no link either way. Military spending by country | -0.04 | -0.09 | 0.421 | 123 | independent |
| Researchers and Marriage rate (UN)Could easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Marriage rate (UN) by country | -0.21 | +0.09 | 0.826 | 78 | independent |
| Researchers and UnemploymentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Unemployment by country | -0.14 | -0.09 | 0.671 | 131 | independent |
| Researchers and Tuberculosis incidenceCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Tuberculosis incidence by country | -0.42 | -0.08 | 0.446 | 131 | high |
| Researchers and Government spending per capitaLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Government spending per capita by country | +0.66 | +0.08 | 0.790 | 42 | proxy |
| Researchers and FDI inflowsAlmost no link either way. FDI inflows by country | -0.05 | -0.08 | 0.416 | 130 | independent |
| Researchers and Divorce rateCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Divorce rate by country | -0.14 | -0.08 | 0.606 | 44 | independent |
| Researchers and Self-reported happinessCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Self-reported happiness by country | +0.31 | +0.07 | 0.787 | 95 | moderate |
| Researchers and Birth rateLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Birth rate by country | -0.57 | +0.06 | 0.800 | 131 | proxy |
| Researchers and Divorce rate (UN)Almost no link either way. Divorce rate (UN) by country | -0.03 | +0.06 | 0.623 | 72 | independent |
| Researchers and Out of school, primaryCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Out of school, primary by country | -0.41 | -0.05 | 0.491 | 128 | moderate |
| Researchers and Child stuntingLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Child stunting by country | -0.52 | -0.05 | 0.623 | 109 | proxy |
| Researchers and Single-parent householdsCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Single-parent households by country | -0.15 | -0.05 | 0.874 | 107 | independent |
| Researchers and InflationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Inflation by country | -0.10 | -0.05 | 0.418 | 130 | independent |
| Researchers and Population 0-14Linked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Population 0-14 by country | -0.62 | -0.05 | 0.841 | 131 | proxy |
| Researchers and Trust in governmentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Trust in government by country | +0.19 | +0.05 | 0.806 | 45 | moderate |
| Researchers and Migrant share of populationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Migrant share of population by country | +0.37 | -0.05 | 0.925 | 131 | high |
| Researchers and Married by 18Could easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Married by 18 by country | -0.46 | -0.05 | 0.862 | 89 | moderate |
| Researchers and Political stabilityLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Political stability by country | +0.52 | +0.04 | 0.646 | 131 | moderate |
| Researchers and DTP3 immunisationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. DTP3 immunisation by country | +0.36 | +0.04 | 0.712 | 128 | moderate |
| Researchers and Tobacco useCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Tobacco use by country | +0.16 | -0.04 | 0.886 | 123 | independent |
| Researchers and HIV prevalenceCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. HIV prevalence by country | -0.24 | -0.04 | 0.760 | 106 | moderate |
| Researchers and Christian shareAlmost no link either way. Christian share by country | +0.01 | +0.04 | 0.879 | 131 | independent |
| Researchers and Food insecurityLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Food insecurity by country | -0.59 | +0.04 | 0.892 | 110 | proxy |
| Researchers and Infrastructure scoreLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Infrastructure score by country | +0.64 | +0.04 | 0.857 | 131 | proxy |
| Researchers and Adolescent fertilityLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Adolescent fertility by country | -0.57 | -0.03 | 0.877 | 131 | proxy |
| Researchers and Pre-trial detainee shareCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Pre-trial detainee share by country | -0.19 | +0.03 | 0.842 | 121 | independent |
| Researchers and Infant mortalityLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Infant mortality by country | -0.56 | +0.03 | 0.880 | 128 | proxy |
| Researchers and Equality scoreLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Equality score by country | +0.53 | +0.02 | 0.932 | 117 | high |
| Researchers and Vulnerable employmentLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Vulnerable employment by country | -0.58 | +0.02 | 0.867 | 131 | proxy |
| Researchers and Women in a unionCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Women in a union by country | -0.27 | -0.02 | 0.962 | 130 | moderate |
| Researchers and Health coverage indexLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Health coverage index by country | +0.61 | +0.02 | 0.938 | 128 | proxy |
| Researchers and Refugees originatingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Refugees originating by country | -0.13 | -0.01 | 0.871 | 130 | moderate |
| Researchers and Children with one parentAlmost no link either way. Children with one parent by country | +0.05 | -0.01 | 0.977 | 38 | independent |
| Researchers and Population growthCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Population growth by country | -0.33 | -0.01 | 0.977 | 131 | moderate |
| Researchers and Slum share of urban populationLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Slum share of urban population by country | -0.56 | -0.01 | 0.976 | 128 | high |
| Researchers and Protected landCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Protected land by country | +0.14 | +0.00 | 0.966 | 130 | independent |
| Researchers and Agricultural landCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Agricultural land by country | -0.23 | +0.00 | 0.984 | 130 | independent |
| Researchers and UrbanizationLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Urbanization by country | +0.51 | -0.00 | 0.987 | 131 | high |
| Researchers and Conflict deathsAlmost no link either way. Conflict deaths by country | -0.09 | -0.00 | 0.991 | 128 | moderate |
| Researchers and Births outside marriageAlmost no link either way. Births outside marriage by country | -0.07 | -0.00 | 1.000 | 41 | independent |
| Researchers and GDP per capita (PPP)One side of this pair is national income itself, the thing the other figures adjust for. Adjusting income for income leaves nothing, so there is no adjusted figure. The unadjusted link shows how closely the other measure follows income. GDP per capita (PPP) by country | +0.75 | — | — | 131 | proxy |
| Researchers and GNI per capita (PPP)One side of this pair is national income itself, the thing the other figures adjust for. Adjusting income for income leaves nothing, so there is no adjusted figure. The unadjusted link shows how closely the other measure follows income. GNI per capita (PPP) by country | +0.76 | — | — | 131 | proxy |
| Researchers and GDP per capita (market)One side of this pair is national income itself, the thing the other figures adjust for. Adjusting income for income leaves nothing, so there is no adjusted figure. The unadjusted link shows how closely the other measure follows income. GDP per capita (market) by country | +0.79 | — | — | 131 | proxy |
Source
UNESCO Institute for Statistics
CC BY 4.0 · licence terms · updated quarterly
World Bank, World Development Indicators