Political corruption
Political corruption index
Link with national income-0.68strongly income-linked
Links that hold up24of 158 pairs tested
Unitindex (0-1)higher is worse
SourceVDEMCC BY 4.0
What this measures. Expert ratings of corruption across the government, parliament, courts and public sector. It runs the opposite way to the Corruption Perceptions Index, where higher means cleaner. So the two should move strongly in opposite directions. V-Dem is also one of the datasets Transparency International combines into that index.
How it has moved
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Every country, every year
One row per country and one column per year, sorted by the most recent value. Hover over any cell to see the figure. The country names link to each country’s page.
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Links that hold up
r is how closely two measures rise and fall together across countries, from −1 (opposite) to +1 (in step), where 0 means no link. These pairs are ranked by the link after adjusting for national income, which means comparing countries with the same GDP per person. Each pair passed three checks. The link held after that adjustment. It was unlikely to be chance (q of 0.05 or less), even allowing for countries in the same region being alike and for the many pairs tested. And the two are not just two measures of the same thing. Very small q values are written in short form: 8.0e-5 means 0.000080.
| Measure | Before adjusting | After adjusting | q | Countries | Tracks income? |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Political corruption and Rule of lawWhere Political corruption is higher, Rule of law tends to be lower: a strong link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Rule of law by country | -0.87 | -0.77 | 0.001 | 168 | high |
| Political corruption and Voice and accountabilityWhere Political corruption is higher, Voice and accountability tends to be lower: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Voice and accountability by country | -0.81 | -0.69 | 0.007 | 168 | moderate |
| Political corruption and Liberal democracyWhere Political corruption is higher, Liberal democracy tends to be lower: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Liberal democracy by country | -0.78 | -0.68 | 0.017 | 168 | moderate |
| Political corruption and Free and fair electionsWhere Political corruption is higher, Free and fair elections tends to be lower: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Free and fair elections by country | -0.78 | -0.65 | 0.022 | 168 | high |
| Political corruption and Government effectivenessWhere Political corruption is higher, Government effectiveness tends to be lower: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Government effectiveness by country | -0.81 | -0.64 | 0.002 | 168 | proxy |
| Political corruption and Regulatory qualityWhere Political corruption is higher, Regulatory quality tends to be lower: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Regulatory quality by country | -0.80 | -0.62 | 0.006 | 168 | proxy |
| Political corruption and Civil liberties (FH)Where Political corruption is higher, Civil liberties (FH) tends to be higher: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Civil liberties (FH) by country | +0.73 | +0.60 | 0.012 | 168 | moderate |
| Political corruption and Participatory democracyWhere Political corruption is higher, Participatory democracy tends to be lower: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Participatory democracy by country | -0.71 | -0.59 | 0.038 | 168 | moderate |
| Political corruption and Political rights (FH)Where Political corruption is higher, Political rights (FH) tends to be higher: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Political rights (FH) by country | +0.69 | +0.56 | 0.036 | 168 | moderate |
| Political corruption and Civil society participationWhere Political corruption is higher, Civil society participation tends to be lower: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Civil society participation by country | -0.53 | -0.54 | 0.031 | 168 | independent |
| Political corruption and Political civil libertiesWhere Political corruption is higher, Political civil liberties tends to be lower: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Political civil liberties by country | -0.56 | -0.52 | 0.014 | 168 | moderate |
| Political corruption and Freedom of expressionWhere Political corruption is higher, Freedom of expression tends to be lower: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Freedom of expression by country | -0.53 | -0.52 | 0.045 | 168 | moderate |
| Political corruption and Women's political empowermentWhere Political corruption is higher, Women's political empowerment tends to be lower: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Women's political empowerment by country | -0.61 | -0.46 | 0.013 | 168 | moderate |
| Political corruption and Freedom of associationWhere Political corruption is higher, Freedom of association tends to be lower: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Freedom of association by country | -0.51 | -0.46 | 0.021 | 168 | moderate |
| Political corruption and Marriage rateWhere Political corruption is higher, Marriage rate tends to be higher: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Marriage rate by country | +0.39 | +0.45 | 0.022 | 46 | independent |
| Political corruption and Out-of-pocket health spendingWhere Political corruption is higher, Out-of-pocket health spending tends to be higher: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Out-of-pocket health spending by country | +0.56 | +0.44 | 0.024 | 166 | moderate |
| Political corruption and PISA scienceWhere Political corruption is higher, PISA science tends to be lower: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. PISA science by country | -0.73 | -0.36 | 0.038 | 84 | high |
| Political corruption and One-person householdsWhere Political corruption is higher, One-person households tends to be lower: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. One-person households by country | -0.64 | -0.34 | 0.015 | 135 | high |
| Political corruption and Public order spendingWhere Political corruption is higher, Public order spending tends to be higher: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Public order spending by country | +0.56 | +0.28 | 0.040 | 37 | high |
| Political corruption and Confidence in religious institutionsWhere Political corruption is higher, Confidence in religious institutions tends to be higher: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Confidence in religious institutions by country | +0.52 | +0.27 | 0.036 | 103 | moderate |
| Political corruption and Extreme poverty rateComparing only countries with similar income, Extreme poverty rate tends to be lower where Political corruption is higher: the opposite of the unadjusted figure, which only showed the income gap between countries. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Extreme poverty rate by country | +0.39 | -0.26 | 0.047 | 152 | proxy |
| Political corruption and Life expectancyWhere Political corruption is higher, Life expectancy tends to be lower: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Life expectancy by country | -0.65 | -0.22 | 0.039 | 168 | proxy |
| Political corruption and Anaemia in womenWhere Political corruption is higher, Anaemia in women tends to be higher: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Anaemia in women by country | +0.55 | +0.20 | 0.026 | 165 | high |
| Political corruption and Hours workedWhere Political corruption is higher, Hours worked tends to be higher: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Hours worked by country | +0.53 | +0.18 | 0.015 | 38 | high |
Links that don’t count as findings
These go together strongly, but they are built from the same numbers or measure the same thing. So they are bound to match, or their match shows that the measures agree, not something about the world.
| Measure | Before adjusting | After adjusting | q | Countries | Tracks income? |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Political corruption and Control of corruptionTwo ways of measuring the same thing, so their agreement tells you about measurement, not about the world. Control of corruption by country | -0.91 | -0.83 | 0.000 | 168 | high |
| Political corruption and Corruption Perceptions IndexNot an independent finding: one of these indices is built partly from the other, so their agreement is just arithmetic. Corruption Perceptions Index by country | -0.90 | -0.82 | 0.000 | 168 | high |
| Political corruption and Governance scoreNot an independent finding: one of these indices is built partly from the other, so their agreement is just arithmetic. Governance score by country | -0.75 | -0.64 | 0.006 | 168 | moderate |
How much the other measures account for
The 71 most widely reported measures boil down to a few broad patterns. This table shows how much of the differences between countries on this measure those patterns account for, adding one pattern at a time. The patterns are rebuilt without this measure, and without anything built from the same numbers or measuring the same thing. So it never predicts itself under another name. The figures use the 128 countries reporting all of them, and 70 candidate measures.
This shows how much it moves with the others. It does not explain anything. Measures that move together end up on the same pattern whether or not anything connects them. And the countries here are the best-documented ones. A high figure means this measure is largely predictable from the others, not that they produce it.
| Patterns used | Share of this measure accounted for | Added by this pattern |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 53% | — |
| 2 | 65% | +13% |
| 3 | 77% | +12% |
| 4 | 77% | +0% |
| 5 | 77% | +0% |
| 6 | 77% | +0% |
How it differs by category
This compares the measure across groups of countries, such as those sharing a main religion, instead of against another number. The figure is the share of the differences between countries on this measure that lies between the groups, on a scale from 0 to 1. It is shown before and after adjusting for national income.
The “between groups” figure runs from 0 (the groups are no different) to 1 (the groups explain all the differences between countries). Groups have no up or down, so this says how much the groups differ, never which way. For that, read the group averages. The figure also tends to rise when there are more groups. So to judge whether it could be chance (q), we shuffle the same labels among the same countries many times and see how often a figure this big turns up. Then we allow for the fact that many measures are checked at once, since with enough checks a few big figures turn up by luck alone. Groups with fewer than 12 countries are left out. And countries that share a label share a lot else. Adjusting for income rules out one third factor, but leaves language, region, legal tradition and history untouched.
| Grouped by | Between groups | After income | q | Groups at each end |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Last European coloniser | 0.39 | 0.37 | 0.014 | worst: France 0.695 · best: United Kingdom 0.433 index (0-1) |
| Largest religious group | 0.37 | 0.32 | 0.003 | worst: Muslims 0.642 · best: Christians 0.411 index (0-1) |
Every other pair
Everything else this measure was tested against, apart from the links that hold up and the pairs built from the same numbers. Sorted by the link after adjusting. Search by name; every column sorts. A small adjusted figure is a result too. It says the two do not move together once income is set aside.
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| Political corruption and Electoral democracyComparing only countries with similar income it is still -0.60, but that could easily be chance once we allow for countries in the same region being alike. Electoral democracy by country | -0.71 | -0.60 | 0.050 | 168 | moderate |
| Political corruption and Regime typeLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.49) could easily be chance. Regime type by country | -0.64 | -0.49 | 0.060 | 168 | moderate |
| Political corruption and Political stabilityLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.46) could easily be chance. Political stability by country | -0.69 | -0.46 | 0.057 | 168 | moderate |
| Political corruption and Age at childbearingLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.41) could easily be chance. Age at childbearing by country | -0.57 | -0.41 | 0.094 | 168 | moderate |
| Political corruption and ResearchersLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.41) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Researchers by country | -0.69 | -0.41 | 0.056 | 127 | proxy |
| Political corruption and Women's age at first marriageLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.40) could easily be chance. Women's age at first marriage by country | -0.56 | -0.40 | 0.268 | 40 | moderate |
| Political corruption and Tax revenueCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Tax revenue by country | -0.49 | -0.39 | 0.091 | 136 | moderate |
| Political corruption and PISA readingLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.39) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. PISA reading by country | -0.74 | -0.39 | 0.085 | 84 | high |
| Political corruption and Gender scoreCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Gender score by country | -0.49 | -0.38 | 0.082 | 167 | moderate |
| Political corruption and Family benefits spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Family benefits spending by country | -0.48 | -0.37 | 0.088 | 42 | independent |
| Political corruption and Women ministersCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Women ministers by country | -0.40 | -0.35 | 0.260 | 166 | independent |
| Political corruption and Recycling rateLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.34) could easily be chance. Recycling rate by country | -0.54 | -0.34 | 0.463 | 35 | moderate |
| Political corruption and Public social spendingLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.34) could easily be chance. Public social spending by country | -0.53 | -0.34 | 0.106 | 42 | moderate |
| Political corruption and Education spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Education spending by country | -0.40 | -0.33 | 0.076 | 159 | independent |
| Political corruption and Gender Inequality IndexLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.33) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Gender Inequality Index by country | +0.70 | +0.33 | 0.066 | 161 | proxy |
| Political corruption and Interpersonal trustLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.31) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Interpersonal trust by country | -0.59 | -0.31 | 0.113 | 103 | high |
| Political corruption and Health spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Health spending by country | -0.43 | -0.30 | 0.053 | 166 | independent |
| Political corruption and Environment scoreAlmost no link either way. Environment score by country | +0.05 | -0.30 | 0.172 | 167 | moderate |
| Political corruption and Muslim shareCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Muslim share by country | +0.37 | +0.30 | 0.224 | 168 | independent |
| Political corruption and Births outside marriageCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Births outside marriage by country | -0.18 | -0.29 | 0.350 | 42 | independent |
| Political corruption and Wellbeing scoreLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.29) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Wellbeing score by country | -0.67 | -0.29 | 0.055 | 103 | high |
| Political corruption and Government expenseLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.29) could easily be chance. Government expense by country | -0.51 | -0.29 | 0.143 | 136 | moderate |
| Political corruption and Fixed broadbandLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.29) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Fixed broadband by country | -0.67 | -0.29 | 0.069 | 167 | proxy |
| Political corruption and Religiously unaffiliatedCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Religiously unaffiliated by country | -0.48 | -0.28 | 0.204 | 168 | moderate |
| Political corruption and Government consumptionCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Government consumption by country | -0.34 | -0.27 | 0.222 | 159 | independent |
| Political corruption and Corporate tax rateAlmost no link either way. Corporate tax rate by country | +0.05 | -0.27 | 0.223 | 77 | moderate |
| Political corruption and Informal employmentLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.27) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Informal employment by country | +0.69 | +0.27 | 0.262 | 127 | proxy |
| Political corruption and Marriage rate (UN)Could easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Marriage rate (UN) by country | +0.36 | +0.26 | 0.393 | 86 | independent |
| Political corruption and PISA mathsLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.26) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. PISA maths by country | -0.69 | -0.26 | 0.053 | 84 | high |
| Political corruption and Alcohol consumptionCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Alcohol consumption by country | -0.49 | -0.25 | 0.180 | 166 | moderate |
| Political corruption and Gender wage gapCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Gender wage gap by country | -0.14 | -0.25 | 0.492 | 38 | independent |
| Political corruption and Population 65+Linked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.25) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Population 65+ by country | -0.61 | -0.25 | 0.098 | 168 | high |
| Political corruption and Protected landCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Protected land by country | -0.31 | -0.24 | 0.215 | 167 | independent |
| Political corruption and Female labor participationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Female labor participation by country | -0.20 | -0.24 | 0.221 | 166 | independent |
| Political corruption and Health scoreCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Health score by country | -0.34 | -0.23 | 0.240 | 166 | moderate |
| Political corruption and Women in a unionCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Women in a union by country | +0.41 | +0.23 | 0.159 | 167 | moderate |
| Political corruption and Expected schoolingLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.23) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Expected schooling by country | -0.64 | -0.23 | 0.131 | 167 | proxy |
| Political corruption and Religion very importantLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.22) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Religion very important by country | +0.57 | +0.22 | 0.115 | 103 | high |
| Political corruption and Premature NCD mortalityLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.22) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Premature NCD mortality by country | +0.56 | +0.22 | 0.155 | 166 | high |
| Political corruption and Suicide rateCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Suicide rate by country | -0.32 | -0.21 | 0.086 | 166 | independent |
| Political corruption and Armed conflict presentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Armed conflict present by country | +0.41 | +0.20 | 0.188 | 167 | moderate |
| Political corruption and Electricity accessCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Electricity access by country | -0.41 | +0.20 | 0.131 | 167 | high |
| Political corruption and Secondary enrollmentLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.19) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Secondary enrollment by country | -0.61 | -0.19 | 0.191 | 160 | high |
| Political corruption and Retirement age, womenAlmost no link either way. Retirement age, women by country | -0.04 | -0.19 | 0.260 | 49 | independent |
| Political corruption and Christian shareCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Christian share by country | -0.16 | -0.19 | 0.356 | 168 | independent |
| Political corruption and Adult obesityCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Adult obesity by country | -0.18 | +0.18 | 0.352 | 166 | moderate |
| Political corruption and DTP3 immunisationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. DTP3 immunisation by country | -0.46 | -0.17 | 0.393 | 166 | moderate |
| Political corruption and HDILinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.17) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. HDI by country | -0.67 | -0.17 | 0.256 | 167 | proxy |
| Political corruption and Basic sanitationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Basic sanitation by country | -0.47 | +0.16 | 0.436 | 166 | high |
| Political corruption and Median ageLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.16) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Median age by country | -0.62 | -0.16 | 0.345 | 168 | proxy |
| Political corruption and RedistributionLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.15) could easily be chance. Redistribution by country | -0.53 | -0.15 | 0.497 | 45 | moderate |
| Political corruption and Internet usersLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.15) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Internet users by country | -0.54 | +0.15 | 0.397 | 168 | proxy |
| Political corruption and Women in parliamentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Women in parliament by country | -0.26 | -0.15 | 0.416 | 166 | independent |
| Political corruption and Children with one parentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Children with one parent by country | -0.18 | -0.14 | 0.353 | 38 | independent |
| Political corruption and Single-parent householdsAlmost no link either way. Single-parent households by country | -0.06 | -0.14 | 0.413 | 135 | independent |
| Political corruption and PhysiciansLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.14) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Physicians by country | -0.58 | -0.14 | 0.267 | 166 | proxy |
| Political corruption and Road traffic deathsLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.14) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Road traffic deaths by country | +0.54 | +0.14 | 0.422 | 166 | high |
| Political corruption and Migrant share of populationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Migrant share of population by country | -0.46 | -0.13 | 0.206 | 167 | high |
| Political corruption and Adolescent fertilityLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.13) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Adolescent fertility by country | +0.57 | +0.13 | 0.561 | 168 | proxy |
| Political corruption and Divorce rateCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Divorce rate by country | +0.17 | +0.13 | 0.735 | 45 | independent |
| Political corruption and Equality scoreCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Equality score by country | -0.38 | +0.12 | 0.166 | 152 | high |
| Political corruption and Old-age spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Old-age spending by country | -0.21 | -0.12 | 0.627 | 42 | independent |
| Political corruption and Adult literacyCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Adult literacy by country | -0.32 | +0.12 | 0.159 | 120 | high |
| Political corruption and Population 0-14Linked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.12) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Population 0-14 by country | +0.62 | +0.12 | 0.455 | 168 | proxy |
| Political corruption and Gender Development IndexLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.12) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Gender Development Index by country | -0.50 | -0.12 | 0.450 | 164 | high |
| Political corruption and Basic water accessCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Basic water access by country | -0.47 | +0.12 | 0.439 | 166 | proxy |
| Political corruption and Tuberculosis incidenceCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Tuberculosis incidence by country | +0.42 | +0.11 | 0.569 | 167 | high |
| Political corruption and HIV prevalenceAlmost no link either way. HIV prevalence by country | +0.07 | -0.11 | 0.187 | 140 | moderate |
| Political corruption and Women in managementCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Women in management by country | -0.27 | -0.11 | 0.521 | 136 | moderate |
| Political corruption and Trade opennessCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Trade openness by country | -0.35 | -0.11 | 0.146 | 158 | moderate |
| Political corruption and Inequality-adjusted HDILinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.11) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Inequality-adjusted HDI by country | -0.67 | -0.11 | 0.419 | 155 | proxy |
| Political corruption and Forest areaCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Forest area by country | -0.11 | -0.11 | 0.607 | 166 | independent |
| Political corruption and Self-reported happinessCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Self-reported happiness by country | -0.29 | -0.11 | 0.140 | 103 | moderate |
| Political corruption and Government spending per capitaLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.11) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Government spending per capita by country | -0.64 | -0.11 | 0.667 | 43 | proxy |
| Political corruption and CO2 per capitaCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. CO2 per capita by country | -0.34 | +0.10 | 0.640 | 165 | proxy |
| Political corruption and Primary enrollmentAlmost no link either way. Primary enrollment by country | -0.05 | -0.10 | 0.207 | 164 | independent |
| Political corruption and Labour scoreLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.10) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Labour score by country | -0.53 | -0.10 | 0.375 | 167 | high |
| Political corruption and Male labor participationAlmost no link either way. Male labor participation by country | +0.08 | +0.10 | 0.486 | 166 | independent |
| Political corruption and Unemployment benefit spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Unemployment benefit spending by country | -0.23 | -0.10 | 0.749 | 39 | moderate |
| Political corruption and Employment in agricultureLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Employment in agriculture by country | +0.59 | +0.10 | 0.576 | 166 | proxy |
| Political corruption and Married by 18Could easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Married by 18 by country | +0.37 | +0.09 | 0.550 | 127 | moderate |
| Political corruption and Health coverage indexLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Health coverage index by country | -0.61 | -0.09 | 0.645 | 166 | proxy |
| Political corruption and Tobacco useAlmost no link either way. Tobacco use by country | -0.09 | +0.09 | 0.504 | 151 | independent |
| Political corruption and Military spendingAlmost no link either way. Military spending by country | +0.00 | +0.09 | 0.560 | 154 | independent |
| Political corruption and UndernourishmentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Undernourishment by country | +0.45 | -0.09 | 0.648 | 157 | proxy |
| Political corruption and Mobile subscriptionsCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Mobile subscriptions by country | -0.34 | -0.09 | 0.511 | 168 | moderate |
| Political corruption and Youth not in work or studyCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Youth not in work or study by country | +0.42 | +0.08 | 0.408 | 156 | high |
| Political corruption and Agricultural landCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Agricultural land by country | +0.23 | +0.08 | 0.576 | 167 | independent |
| Political corruption and InflationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Inflation by country | +0.14 | +0.08 | 0.003 | 166 | independent |
| Political corruption and Divorce rate (UN)Almost no link either way. Divorce rate (UN) by country | +0.07 | +0.08 | 0.196 | 78 | independent |
| Political corruption and Food insecurityLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Food insecurity by country | +0.56 | -0.07 | 0.775 | 141 | proxy |
| Political corruption and Compulsory schoolingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Compulsory schooling by country | -0.22 | +0.07 | 0.602 | 157 | moderate |
| Political corruption and Infant mortalityLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Infant mortality by country | +0.57 | +0.07 | 0.736 | 167 | proxy |
| Political corruption and GDP growthCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. GDP growth by country | +0.17 | +0.06 | 0.764 | 168 | moderate |
| Political corruption and Market-income GiniCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Market-income Gini by country | +0.29 | -0.06 | 0.494 | 45 | moderate |
| Political corruption and Birth rateLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Birth rate by country | +0.59 | +0.06 | 0.770 | 168 | proxy |
| Political corruption and UnemploymentAlmost no link either way. Unemployment by country | +0.09 | +0.05 | 0.519 | 166 | independent |
| Political corruption and Vulnerable employmentLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Vulnerable employment by country | +0.58 | +0.05 | 0.766 | 166 | proxy |
| Political corruption and Pre-trial detainee shareCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Pre-trial detainee share by country | +0.24 | +0.05 | 0.828 | 150 | independent |
| Political corruption and Frequent prayerLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Frequent prayer by country | +0.51 | +0.05 | 0.786 | 74 | high |
| Political corruption and Life satisfactionLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Life satisfaction by country | -0.57 | -0.05 | 0.753 | 157 | proxy |
| Political corruption and Retirement age, menCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Retirement age, men by country | +0.20 | -0.05 | 0.498 | 49 | independent |
| Political corruption and Fertility rateLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Fertility rate by country | +0.56 | +0.04 | 0.780 | 168 | proxy |
| Political corruption and Primary completionCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Primary completion by country | -0.49 | +0.04 | 0.900 | 153 | proxy |
| Political corruption and Education scoreLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Education score by country | -0.57 | -0.04 | 0.821 | 165 | proxy |
| Political corruption and Skilled birth attendanceCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Skilled birth attendance by country | -0.46 | -0.04 | 0.893 | 158 | high |
| Political corruption and Hospital bedsCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Hospital beds by country | -0.32 | +0.04 | 0.884 | 155 | high |
| Political corruption and Gini indexCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Gini index by country | +0.23 | +0.04 | 0.747 | 152 | moderate |
| Political corruption and Tertiary enrollmentLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Tertiary enrollment by country | -0.53 | -0.04 | 0.674 | 155 | high |
| Political corruption and Infrastructure scoreLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Infrastructure score by country | -0.61 | -0.04 | 0.806 | 167 | proxy |
| Political corruption and Aid givenCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Aid given by country | -0.44 | -0.04 | 0.731 | 47 | high |
| Political corruption and Birth registrationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Birth registration by country | -0.44 | +0.03 | 0.871 | 153 | proxy |
| Political corruption and Out of school, primaryCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Out of school, primary by country | +0.35 | +0.03 | 0.818 | 159 | moderate |
| Political corruption and Under-5 mortalityLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Under-5 mortality by country | +0.53 | +0.03 | 0.884 | 167 | proxy |
| Political corruption and Conflict deathsCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Conflict deaths by country | +0.10 | +0.03 | 0.494 | 167 | moderate |
| Political corruption and Trust in governmentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Trust in government by country | -0.20 | +0.03 | 0.928 | 47 | moderate |
| Political corruption and FDI inflowsAlmost no link either way. FDI inflows by country | -0.04 | -0.03 | 0.590 | 168 | independent |
| Political corruption and Child stuntingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Child stunting by country | +0.46 | -0.03 | 0.873 | 145 | proxy |
| Political corruption and Religious attendanceCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Religious attendance by country | +0.46 | -0.02 | 0.881 | 101 | high |
| Political corruption and UrbanizationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Urbanization by country | -0.45 | +0.02 | 0.878 | 168 | high |
| Political corruption and Maternal mortalityCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Maternal mortality by country | +0.46 | -0.02 | 0.956 | 166 | proxy |
| Political corruption and Active labour market spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Active labour market spending by country | -0.33 | -0.02 | 0.904 | 42 | moderate |
| Political corruption and Mean years of schoolingLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Mean years of schooling by country | -0.56 | +0.01 | 0.941 | 167 | proxy |
| Political corruption and Refugees originatingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Refugees originating by country | +0.18 | +0.01 | 0.876 | 166 | moderate |
| Political corruption and Homicide rateCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Homicide rate by country | +0.14 | +0.01 | 0.893 | 144 | moderate |
| Political corruption and Pupil-teacher ratioLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Pupil-teacher ratio by country | +0.53 | +0.01 | 0.941 | 155 | proxy |
| Political corruption and Slum share of urban populationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Slum share of urban population by country | +0.49 | -0.01 | 0.971 | 164 | high |
| Political corruption and Population growthCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Population growth by country | +0.34 | +0.00 | 0.985 | 168 | moderate |
| Political corruption and GDP per capita (PPP)One side of this pair is national income itself, the thing the other figures adjust for. Adjusting income for income leaves nothing, so there is no adjusted figure. The unadjusted link shows how closely the other measure follows income. GDP per capita (PPP) by country | -0.67 | — | — | 168 | proxy |
| Political corruption and GNI per capita (PPP)One side of this pair is national income itself, the thing the other figures adjust for. Adjusting income for income leaves nothing, so there is no adjusted figure. The unadjusted link shows how closely the other measure follows income. GNI per capita (PPP) by country | -0.69 | — | — | 168 | proxy |
| Political corruption and GDP per capita (market)One side of this pair is national income itself, the thing the other figures adjust for. Adjusting income for income leaves nothing, so there is no adjusted figure. The unadjusted link shows how closely the other measure follows income. GDP per capita (market) by country | -0.68 | — | — | 168 | proxy |
Source
V-Dem Institute, University of Gothenburg · via Our World in Data
CC BY 4.0 · licence terms · updated annual
Coppedge, M. et al., V-Dem Dataset, Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project