Primary completion
Primary completion rate, modelled estimate
Link with national income+0.83essentially a measure of national income
Links that hold up16of 158 pairs tested
Unit% of childrenhigher is better
SourceUISCC BY 3.0 IGO
What this measures. The share of children who finish primary school. UNESCO estimates it from household surveys and uses a statistical model to fill in across years. It is not the World Bank's primary completion rate, which is a ratio built from school enrolment counts of children entering the last grade. This one asks whether the child actually finished.
How it has moved
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Every country, every year
One row per country and one column per year, sorted by the most recent value. Hover over any cell to see the figure. The country names link to each country’s page.
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Links that hold up
r is how closely two measures rise and fall together across countries, from −1 (opposite) to +1 (in step), where 0 means no link. These pairs are ranked by the link after adjusting for national income, which means comparing countries with the same GDP per person. Each pair passed three checks. The link held after that adjustment. It was unlikely to be chance (q of 0.05 or less), even allowing for countries in the same region being alike and for the many pairs tested. And the two are not just two measures of the same thing. Very small q values are written in short form: 8.0e-5 means 0.000080.
| Measure | Before adjusting | After adjusting | q | Countries | Tracks income? |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary completion and Skilled birth attendanceWhere Primary completion is higher, Skilled birth attendance tends to be higher: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Skilled birth attendance by country | +0.79 | +0.56 | 0.015 | 152 | high |
| Primary completion and Maternal mortalityWhere Primary completion is higher, Maternal mortality tends to be lower: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Maternal mortality by country | -0.79 | -0.54 | 0.006 | 161 | proxy |
| Primary completion and Birth registrationWhere Primary completion is higher, Birth registration tends to be higher: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Birth registration by country | +0.76 | +0.51 | 0.007 | 152 | proxy |
| Primary completion and Under-5 mortalityWhere Primary completion is higher, Under-5 mortality tends to be lower: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Under-5 mortality by country | -0.79 | -0.47 | 0.014 | 161 | proxy |
| Primary completion and Secondary enrollmentWhere Primary completion is higher, Secondary enrollment tends to be higher: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Secondary enrollment by country | +0.78 | +0.46 | 0.015 | 155 | high |
| Primary completion and Adolescent fertilityWhere Primary completion is higher, Adolescent fertility tends to be lower: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Adolescent fertility by country | -0.77 | -0.46 | 0.012 | 161 | proxy |
| Primary completion and Pupil-teacher ratioWhere Primary completion is higher, Pupil-teacher ratio tends to be lower: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Pupil-teacher ratio by country | -0.78 | -0.45 | 0.034 | 150 | proxy |
| Primary completion and Infrastructure scoreWhere Primary completion is higher, Infrastructure score tends to be higher: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Infrastructure score by country | +0.81 | +0.44 | 0.037 | 161 | proxy |
| Primary completion and Health coverage indexWhere Primary completion is higher, Health coverage index tends to be higher: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Health coverage index by country | +0.79 | +0.43 | 0.034 | 161 | proxy |
| Primary completion and Fertility rateWhere Primary completion is higher, Fertility rate tends to be lower: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Fertility rate by country | -0.78 | -0.43 | 0.010 | 161 | proxy |
| Primary completion and Birth rateWhere Primary completion is higher, Birth rate tends to be lower: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Birth rate by country | -0.79 | -0.42 | 0.015 | 161 | proxy |
| Primary completion and HDIWhere Primary completion is higher, HDI tends to be higher: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. HDI by country | +0.79 | +0.37 | 0.046 | 161 | proxy |
| Primary completion and Gender wage gapWhere Primary completion is higher, Gender wage gap tends to be higher: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Gender wage gap by country | +0.24 | +0.35 | 0.029 | 37 | independent |
| Primary completion and Marriage rate (UN)Where Primary completion is higher, Marriage rate (UN) tends to be higher: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Marriage rate (UN) by country | +0.09 | +0.33 | 0.022 | 82 | independent |
| Primary completion and Out of school, primaryWhere Primary completion is higher, Out of school, primary tends to be lower: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Out of school, primary by country | -0.55 | -0.33 | 0.004 | 154 | moderate |
| Primary completion and Population 0-14Where Primary completion is higher, Population 0-14 tends to be lower: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Population 0-14 by country | -0.75 | -0.27 | 0.040 | 161 | proxy |
Links that don’t count as findings
These go together strongly, but they are built from the same numbers or measure the same thing. So they are bound to match, or their match shows that the measures agree, not something about the world.
| Measure | Before adjusting | After adjusting | q | Countries | Tracks income? |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary completion and Education scoreNot an independent finding: one of these indices is built partly from the other, so their agreement is just arithmetic. Education score by country | +0.90 | +0.75 | 0.001 | 160 | proxy |
How much the other measures account for
The 71 most widely reported measures boil down to a few broad patterns. This table shows how much of the differences between countries on this measure those patterns account for, adding one pattern at a time. The patterns are rebuilt without this measure, and without anything built from the same numbers or measuring the same thing. So it never predicts itself under another name. The figures use the 121 countries reporting all of them, and 71 candidate measures.
This shows how much it moves with the others. It does not explain anything. Measures that move together end up on the same pattern whether or not anything connects them. And the countries here are the best-documented ones. A high figure means this measure is largely predictable from the others, not that they produce it.
| Patterns used | Share of this measure accounted for | Added by this pattern |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 65% | — |
| 2 | 73% | +8% |
| 3 | 80% | +7% |
| 4 | 81% | +1% |
| 5 | 81% | +0% |
| 6 | 81% | +0% |
How it differs by category
This compares the measure across groups of countries, such as those sharing a main religion, instead of against another number. The figure is the share of the differences between countries on this measure that lies between the groups, on a scale from 0 to 1. It is shown before and after adjusting for national income.
The “between groups” figure runs from 0 (the groups are no different) to 1 (the groups explain all the differences between countries). Groups have no up or down, so this says how much the groups differ, never which way. For that, read the group averages. The figure also tends to rise when there are more groups. So to judge whether it could be chance (q), we shuffle the same labels among the same countries many times and see how often a figure this big turns up. Then we allow for the fact that many measures are checked at once, since with enough checks a few big figures turn up by luck alone. Groups with fewer than 12 countries are left out. And countries that share a label share a lot else. Adjusting for income rules out one third factor, but leaves language, region, legal tradition and history untouched.
| Grouped by | Between groups | After income | q | Groups at each end |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Last European coloniser | 0.39 | 0.13 | 0.689 | best: Spain 93.1% · worst: France 73% % of children |
| Largest religious group | 0.18 | 0.04 | 0.706 | best: Christians 89.4% · worst: Muslims 82.2% % of children |
Every other pair
Everything else this measure was tested against, apart from the links that hold up and the pairs built from the same numbers. Sorted by the link after adjusting. Search by name; every column sorts. A small adjusted figure is a result too. It says the two do not move together once income is set aside.
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| Primary completion and Electricity accessLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.58) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Electricity access by country | +0.82 | +0.58 | 0.053 | 161 | high |
| Primary completion and Adult literacyLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.53) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Adult literacy by country | +0.79 | +0.53 | 0.091 | 117 | high |
| Primary completion and Basic sanitationLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.50) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Basic sanitation by country | +0.80 | +0.50 | 0.149 | 160 | high |
| Primary completion and Extreme poverty rateLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.45) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Extreme poverty rate by country | -0.76 | -0.45 | 0.174 | 153 | proxy |
| Primary completion and Basic water accessLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.43) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Basic water access by country | +0.76 | +0.43 | 0.145 | 160 | proxy |
| Primary completion and Infant mortalityLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.43) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Infant mortality by country | -0.78 | -0.43 | 0.051 | 161 | proxy |
| Primary completion and UndernourishmentLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.40) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Undernourishment by country | -0.73 | -0.40 | 0.143 | 148 | proxy |
| Primary completion and Mean years of schoolingLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.37) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Mean years of schooling by country | +0.76 | +0.37 | 0.143 | 161 | proxy |
| Primary completion and Recycling rateCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Recycling rate by country | +0.42 | +0.36 | 0.188 | 35 | moderate |
| Primary completion and Population growthLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.35) could easily be chance. Population growth by country | -0.63 | -0.35 | 0.080 | 161 | moderate |
| Primary completion and Education spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Education spending by country | +0.34 | +0.34 | 0.188 | 154 | independent |
| Primary completion and Internet usersLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.34) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Internet users by country | +0.76 | +0.34 | 0.104 | 161 | proxy |
| Primary completion and Old-age spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Old-age spending by country | +0.37 | +0.33 | 0.163 | 41 | independent |
| Primary completion and Tobacco useCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Tobacco use by country | +0.41 | +0.32 | 0.140 | 146 | independent |
| Primary completion and PISA mathsLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.32) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. PISA maths by country | +0.57 | +0.32 | 0.109 | 78 | high |
| Primary completion and Married by 18Linked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.32) could easily be chance. Married by 18 by country | -0.62 | -0.32 | 0.090 | 126 | moderate |
| Primary completion and Employment in agricultureLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.32) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Employment in agriculture by country | -0.75 | -0.32 | 0.105 | 158 | proxy |
| Primary completion and Food insecurityLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.31) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Food insecurity by country | -0.75 | -0.31 | 0.337 | 139 | proxy |
| Primary completion and Gender Development IndexLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.30) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Gender Development Index by country | +0.64 | +0.30 | 0.082 | 158 | high |
| Primary completion and Adult obesityCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Adult obesity by country | +0.39 | +0.29 | 0.294 | 161 | moderate |
| Primary completion and Equality scoreLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.29) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Equality score by country | +0.63 | +0.29 | 0.334 | 153 | high |
| Primary completion and Slum share of urban populationLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.29) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Slum share of urban population by country | -0.69 | -0.29 | 0.206 | 159 | high |
| Primary completion and ResearchersCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Researchers by country | +0.43 | -0.28 | 0.337 | 118 | proxy |
| Primary completion and Births outside marriageCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Births outside marriage by country | -0.30 | -0.28 | 0.385 | 41 | independent |
| Primary completion and Public social spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Public social spending by country | +0.46 | +0.28 | 0.097 | 41 | moderate |
| Primary completion and Anaemia in womenLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.27) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Anaemia in women by country | -0.64 | -0.27 | 0.145 | 160 | high |
| Primary completion and Marriage rateCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Marriage rate by country | +0.21 | +0.27 | 0.591 | 45 | independent |
| Primary completion and Government spending per capitaCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Government spending per capita by country | +0.35 | -0.26 | 0.379 | 42 | proxy |
| Primary completion and Women in managementCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Women in management by country | +0.36 | +0.26 | 0.080 | 136 | moderate |
| Primary completion and DTP3 immunisationLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.26) could easily be chance. DTP3 immunisation by country | +0.53 | +0.26 | 0.072 | 161 | moderate |
| Primary completion and PISA scienceLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.26) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. PISA science by country | +0.53 | +0.26 | 0.259 | 78 | high |
| Primary completion and Age at childbearingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Age at childbearing by country | +0.16 | -0.25 | 0.386 | 161 | moderate |
| Primary completion and Female labor participationAlmost no link either way. Female labor participation by country | -0.10 | -0.25 | 0.241 | 158 | independent |
| Primary completion and Child stuntingLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.25) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Child stunting by country | -0.68 | -0.25 | 0.428 | 142 | proxy |
| Primary completion and Inequality-adjusted HDILinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.25) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Inequality-adjusted HDI by country | +0.77 | +0.25 | 0.318 | 153 | proxy |
| Primary completion and Interpersonal trustCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Interpersonal trust by country | +0.26 | -0.22 | 0.294 | 97 | high |
| Primary completion and Alcohol consumptionCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Alcohol consumption by country | +0.33 | -0.22 | 0.081 | 160 | moderate |
| Primary completion and Vulnerable employmentLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.22) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Vulnerable employment by country | -0.72 | -0.22 | 0.286 | 158 | proxy |
| Primary completion and Migrant share of populationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Migrant share of population by country | +0.31 | -0.22 | 0.120 | 161 | high |
| Primary completion and RedistributionLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.21) could easily be chance. Redistribution by country | +0.52 | +0.21 | 0.344 | 44 | moderate |
| Primary completion and PISA readingLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.21) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. PISA reading by country | +0.51 | +0.21 | 0.264 | 78 | high |
| Primary completion and Government expenseCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Government expense by country | +0.39 | +0.19 | 0.304 | 134 | moderate |
| Primary completion and Pre-trial detainee shareCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Pre-trial detainee share by country | -0.34 | -0.19 | 0.149 | 143 | independent |
| Primary completion and Wellbeing scoreCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Wellbeing score by country | +0.43 | -0.19 | 0.109 | 97 | high |
| Primary completion and Conflict deathsAlmost no link either way. Conflict deaths by country | +0.01 | +0.17 | 0.192 | 161 | moderate |
| Primary completion and Life expectancyLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.17) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Life expectancy by country | +0.71 | +0.17 | 0.090 | 161 | proxy |
| Primary completion and Expected schoolingLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.17) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Expected schooling by country | +0.67 | +0.17 | 0.184 | 161 | proxy |
| Primary completion and Women ministersAlmost no link either way. Women ministers by country | +0.08 | -0.17 | 0.409 | 160 | independent |
| Primary completion and Civil society participationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Civil society participation by country | +0.14 | -0.16 | 0.525 | 153 | independent |
| Primary completion and Environment scoreCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Environment score by country | -0.39 | -0.15 | 0.455 | 161 | moderate |
| Primary completion and Tax revenueCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Tax revenue by country | +0.40 | +0.15 | 0.270 | 133 | moderate |
| Primary completion and Confidence in religious institutionsCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Confidence in religious institutions by country | -0.26 | +0.15 | 0.620 | 97 | moderate |
| Primary completion and Divorce rateAlmost no link either way. Divorce rate by country | +0.08 | +0.15 | 0.429 | 44 | independent |
| Primary completion and One-person householdsCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. One-person households by country | +0.47 | -0.14 | 0.480 | 138 | high |
| Primary completion and Corruption Perceptions IndexCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Corruption Perceptions Index by country | +0.48 | -0.14 | 0.492 | 154 | high |
| Primary completion and Hours workedCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Hours worked by country | -0.43 | -0.14 | 0.494 | 37 | high |
| Primary completion and Unemployment benefit spendingAlmost no link either way. Unemployment benefit spending by country | -0.06 | -0.14 | 0.481 | 38 | moderate |
| Primary completion and Freedom of expressionCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Freedom of expression by country | +0.19 | -0.14 | 0.542 | 153 | moderate |
| Primary completion and Divorce rate (UN)Could easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Divorce rate (UN) by country | +0.11 | +0.14 | 0.218 | 76 | independent |
| Primary completion and Male labor participationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Male labor participation by country | -0.13 | -0.13 | 0.348 | 158 | independent |
| Primary completion and Gender Inequality IndexLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.13) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Gender Inequality Index by country | -0.72 | -0.13 | 0.117 | 153 | proxy |
| Primary completion and Political stabilityLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.13) could easily be chance. Political stability by country | +0.51 | +0.13 | 0.490 | 161 | moderate |
| Primary completion and Road traffic deathsLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.13) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Road traffic deaths by country | -0.58 | -0.13 | 0.146 | 159 | high |
| Primary completion and Regulatory qualityLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.13) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Regulatory quality by country | +0.54 | -0.13 | 0.550 | 161 | proxy |
| Primary completion and Forest areaAlmost no link either way. Forest area by country | +0.01 | -0.13 | 0.118 | 161 | independent |
| Primary completion and Tertiary enrollmentLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.12) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Tertiary enrollment by country | +0.63 | +0.12 | 0.403 | 150 | high |
| Primary completion and Compulsory schoolingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Compulsory schooling by country | +0.39 | +0.12 | 0.532 | 152 | moderate |
| Primary completion and Premature NCD mortalityCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Premature NCD mortality by country | -0.44 | +0.11 | 0.684 | 159 | high |
| Primary completion and Military spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Military spending by country | +0.11 | +0.11 | 0.580 | 142 | independent |
| Primary completion and Mobile subscriptionsCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Mobile subscriptions by country | +0.37 | +0.11 | 0.312 | 161 | moderate |
| Primary completion and Agricultural landCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Agricultural land by country | -0.12 | +0.11 | 0.242 | 161 | independent |
| Primary completion and Median ageLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.11) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Median age by country | +0.69 | +0.11 | 0.218 | 161 | proxy |
| Primary completion and UnemploymentAlmost no link either way. Unemployment by country | +0.03 | +0.10 | 0.622 | 158 | independent |
| Primary completion and Gender scoreCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Gender score by country | +0.23 | -0.10 | 0.461 | 160 | moderate |
| Primary completion and Religiously unaffiliatedCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Religiously unaffiliated by country | +0.30 | -0.10 | 0.396 | 159 | moderate |
| Primary completion and CO2 per capitaCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. CO2 per capita by country | +0.40 | -0.10 | 0.466 | 158 | proxy |
| Primary completion and Political civil libertiesCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Political civil liberties by country | +0.24 | -0.10 | 0.645 | 153 | moderate |
| Primary completion and Women in parliamentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Women in parliament by country | +0.13 | -0.10 | 0.527 | 160 | independent |
| Primary completion and Government consumptionCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Government consumption by country | +0.20 | +0.10 | 0.613 | 149 | independent |
| Primary completion and Participatory democracyCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Participatory democracy by country | +0.42 | -0.09 | 0.763 | 153 | moderate |
| Primary completion and Health scoreCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Health score by country | +0.17 | -0.09 | 0.631 | 161 | moderate |
| Primary completion and Religious attendanceLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Religious attendance by country | -0.51 | -0.09 | 0.763 | 96 | high |
| Primary completion and Public order spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Public order spending by country | -0.23 | +0.09 | 0.807 | 37 | high |
| Primary completion and Aid givenAlmost no link either way. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Aid given by country | +0.06 | -0.09 | 0.309 | 43 | high |
| Primary completion and Liberal democracyCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Liberal democracy by country | +0.44 | -0.08 | 0.777 | 153 | moderate |
| Primary completion and Fixed broadbandLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Fixed broadband by country | +0.61 | -0.08 | 0.259 | 161 | proxy |
| Primary completion and Primary enrollmentAlmost no link either way. Primary enrollment by country | +0.02 | +0.08 | 0.742 | 159 | independent |
| Primary completion and Government effectivenessLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Government effectiveness by country | +0.60 | -0.08 | 0.718 | 161 | proxy |
| Primary completion and Family benefits spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Family benefits spending by country | +0.12 | -0.07 | 0.648 | 41 | independent |
| Primary completion and Retirement age, womenAlmost no link either way. Retirement age, women by country | +0.00 | +0.07 | 0.845 | 47 | independent |
| Primary completion and Trust in governmentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Trust in government by country | +0.10 | -0.07 | 0.831 | 46 | moderate |
| Primary completion and Trade opennessCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Trade openness by country | +0.26 | -0.07 | 0.667 | 149 | moderate |
| Primary completion and Governance scoreCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Governance score by country | +0.43 | -0.07 | 0.811 | 155 | moderate |
| Primary completion and Suicide rateCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Suicide rate by country | +0.20 | -0.07 | 0.686 | 159 | independent |
| Primary completion and Self-reported happinessCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Self-reported happiness by country | +0.18 | -0.07 | 0.715 | 97 | moderate |
| Primary completion and Freedom of associationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Freedom of association by country | +0.28 | -0.06 | 0.776 | 153 | moderate |
| Primary completion and InflationAlmost no link either way. Inflation by country | -0.04 | +0.06 | 0.584 | 159 | independent |
| Primary completion and Electoral democracyCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Electoral democracy by country | +0.43 | -0.06 | 0.818 | 153 | moderate |
| Primary completion and Free and fair electionsLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Free and fair elections by country | +0.54 | +0.06 | 0.780 | 153 | high |
| Primary completion and Hospital bedsCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Hospital beds by country | +0.45 | +0.06 | 0.772 | 149 | high |
| Primary completion and Armed conflict presentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Armed conflict present by country | -0.34 | -0.06 | 0.633 | 161 | moderate |
| Primary completion and Religion very importantCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Religion very important by country | -0.42 | +0.06 | 0.804 | 97 | high |
| Primary completion and Christian shareAlmost no link either way. Christian share by country | +0.04 | -0.06 | 0.714 | 159 | independent |
| Primary completion and Women's age at first marriageAlmost no link either way. Women's age at first marriage by country | +0.08 | -0.06 | 0.862 | 39 | moderate |
| Primary completion and Single-parent householdsAlmost no link either way. Single-parent households by country | -0.03 | -0.05 | 0.780 | 138 | independent |
| Primary completion and Political rights (FH)Could easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Political rights (FH) by country | -0.46 | -0.05 | 0.852 | 160 | moderate |
| Primary completion and Homicide rateAlmost no link either way. Homicide rate by country | -0.07 | +0.05 | 0.764 | 138 | moderate |
| Primary completion and Informal employmentLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Informal employment by country | -0.68 | -0.05 | 0.800 | 130 | proxy |
| Primary completion and UrbanizationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Urbanization by country | +0.47 | -0.05 | 0.829 | 161 | high |
| Primary completion and Regime typeCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Regime type by country | +0.45 | -0.05 | 0.836 | 153 | moderate |
| Primary completion and Active labour market spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Active labour market spending by country | +0.22 | -0.05 | 0.888 | 41 | moderate |
| Primary completion and Control of corruptionLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Control of corruption by country | +0.51 | -0.05 | 0.880 | 161 | high |
| Primary completion and Market-income GiniCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Market-income Gini by country | -0.31 | -0.05 | 0.285 | 44 | moderate |
| Primary completion and Corporate tax rateCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Corporate tax rate by country | -0.25 | -0.04 | 0.786 | 69 | moderate |
| Primary completion and FDI inflowsAlmost no link either way. FDI inflows by country | -0.03 | -0.04 | 0.740 | 161 | independent |
| Primary completion and Political corruptionCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Political corruption by country | -0.49 | +0.04 | 0.900 | 153 | high |
| Primary completion and Gini indexCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Gini index by country | -0.23 | -0.04 | 0.829 | 153 | moderate |
| Primary completion and Labour scoreLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Labour score by country | +0.51 | -0.04 | 0.728 | 161 | high |
| Primary completion and Muslim shareCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Muslim share by country | -0.20 | +0.04 | 0.832 | 159 | independent |
| Primary completion and Youth not in work or studyCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Youth not in work or study by country | -0.40 | +0.04 | 0.645 | 152 | high |
| Primary completion and Health spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Health spending by country | +0.21 | +0.04 | 0.830 | 161 | independent |
| Primary completion and Frequent prayerCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Frequent prayer by country | -0.47 | -0.04 | 0.804 | 70 | high |
| Primary completion and Population 65+Linked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Population 65+ by country | +0.58 | -0.04 | 0.322 | 161 | high |
| Primary completion and PhysiciansLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Physicians by country | +0.63 | +0.03 | 0.795 | 161 | proxy |
| Primary completion and Tuberculosis incidenceCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Tuberculosis incidence by country | -0.36 | +0.03 | 0.897 | 161 | high |
| Primary completion and Civil liberties (FH)Could easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Civil liberties (FH) by country | -0.45 | -0.03 | 0.915 | 160 | moderate |
| Primary completion and Voice and accountabilityCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Voice and accountability by country | +0.47 | -0.03 | 0.921 | 161 | moderate |
| Primary completion and Protected landCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Protected land by country | +0.13 | -0.02 | 0.895 | 161 | independent |
| Primary completion and HIV prevalenceCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. HIV prevalence by country | -0.15 | +0.02 | 0.907 | 131 | moderate |
| Primary completion and Retirement age, menCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Retirement age, men by country | -0.18 | +0.02 | 0.960 | 47 | independent |
| Primary completion and Women in a unionCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Women in a union by country | -0.29 | +0.02 | 0.941 | 160 | moderate |
| Primary completion and Refugees originatingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Refugees originating by country | -0.18 | +0.01 | 0.945 | 160 | moderate |
| Primary completion and Women's political empowermentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Women's political empowerment by country | +0.42 | +0.01 | 0.940 | 153 | moderate |
| Primary completion and Out-of-pocket health spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Out-of-pocket health spending by country | -0.26 | +0.01 | 0.973 | 161 | moderate |
| Primary completion and Life satisfactionLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Life satisfaction by country | +0.64 | +0.01 | 0.967 | 147 | proxy |
| Primary completion and Children with one parentAlmost no link either way. Children with one parent by country | +0.03 | +0.01 | 0.981 | 38 | independent |
| Primary completion and GDP growthCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. GDP growth by country | -0.16 | +0.01 | 0.969 | 161 | moderate |
| Primary completion and Rule of lawLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Rule of law by country | +0.54 | +0.00 | 0.996 | 161 | high |
| Primary completion and GDP per capita (PPP)One side of this pair is national income itself, the thing the other figures adjust for. Adjusting income for income leaves nothing, so there is no adjusted figure. The unadjusted link shows how closely the other measure follows income. GDP per capita (PPP) by country | +0.50 | — | — | 161 | proxy |
| Primary completion and GNI per capita (PPP)One side of this pair is national income itself, the thing the other figures adjust for. Adjusting income for income leaves nothing, so there is no adjusted figure. The unadjusted link shows how closely the other measure follows income. GNI per capita (PPP) by country | +0.52 | — | — | 161 | proxy |
| Primary completion and GDP per capita (market)One side of this pair is national income itself, the thing the other figures adjust for. Adjusting income for income leaves nothing, so there is no adjusted figure. The unadjusted link shows how closely the other measure follows income. GDP per capita (market) by country | +0.39 | — | — | 161 | proxy |
Source
UNESCO Institute for Statistics · via Our World in Data
CC BY 3.0 IGO · licence terms · updated annual
UNESCO Institute for Statistics, SDG indicator 4.1.2 modelled estimates