Regulatory quality
Regulatory Quality (estimate)
Link with national income+0.83essentially a measure of national income
Links that hold up12of 158 pairs tested
Unitindex (approx. -2.5 to 2.5)higher is better
SourceWGICC BY 4.0
How it has moved
Loading…
Every country, every year
One row per country and one column per year, sorted by the most recent value. Hover over any cell to see the figure. The country names link to each country’s page.
Loading…
Links that hold up
r is how closely two measures rise and fall together across countries, from −1 (opposite) to +1 (in step), where 0 means no link. These pairs are ranked by the link after adjusting for national income, which means comparing countries with the same GDP per person. Each pair passed three checks. The link held after that adjustment. It was unlikely to be chance (q of 0.05 or less), even allowing for countries in the same region being alike and for the many pairs tested. And the two are not just two measures of the same thing. Very small q values are written in short form: 8.0e-5 means 0.000080.
| Measure | Before adjusting | After adjusting | q | Countries | Tracks income? |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Regulatory quality and Corruption Perceptions IndexWhere Regulatory quality is higher, Corruption Perceptions Index tends to be higher: a strong link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Corruption Perceptions Index by country | +0.91 | +0.81 | 0.007 | 175 | high |
| Regulatory quality and Political corruptionWhere Regulatory quality is higher, Political corruption tends to be lower: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Political corruption by country | -0.80 | -0.62 | 0.006 | 168 | high |
| Regulatory quality and ResearchersWhere Regulatory quality is higher, Researchers tends to be higher: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Researchers by country | +0.77 | +0.52 | 0.009 | 131 | proxy |
| Regulatory quality and Women's political empowermentWhere Regulatory quality is higher, Women's political empowerment tends to be higher: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Women's political empowerment by country | +0.62 | +0.49 | 0.039 | 168 | moderate |
| Regulatory quality and Tax revenueWhere Regulatory quality is higher, Tax revenue tends to be higher: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Tax revenue by country | +0.48 | +0.40 | 0.013 | 151 | moderate |
| Regulatory quality and Family benefits spendingWhere Regulatory quality is higher, Family benefits spending tends to be higher: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Family benefits spending by country | +0.49 | +0.39 | 0.045 | 42 | independent |
| Regulatory quality and Female labor participationWhere Regulatory quality is higher, Female labor participation tends to be higher: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Female labor participation by country | +0.27 | +0.37 | 0.015 | 177 | independent |
| Regulatory quality and Out-of-pocket health spendingWhere Regulatory quality is higher, Out-of-pocket health spending tends to be lower: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Out-of-pocket health spending by country | -0.47 | -0.34 | 0.015 | 186 | moderate |
| Regulatory quality and Youth not in work or studyWhere Regulatory quality is higher, Youth not in work or study tends to be lower: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Youth not in work or study by country | -0.61 | -0.32 | 0.035 | 174 | high |
| Regulatory quality and Hours workedWhere Regulatory quality is higher, Hours worked tends to be lower: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Hours worked by country | -0.63 | -0.28 | 0.006 | 38 | high |
| Regulatory quality and Expected schoolingWhere Regulatory quality is higher, Expected schooling tends to be higher: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Expected schooling by country | +0.73 | +0.28 | 0.040 | 187 | proxy |
| Regulatory quality and Inequality-adjusted HDIWhere Regulatory quality is higher, Inequality-adjusted HDI tends to be higher: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Inequality-adjusted HDI by country | +0.81 | +0.19 | 0.033 | 167 | proxy |
Links that don’t count as findings
These go together strongly, but they are built from the same numbers or measure the same thing. So they are bound to match, or their match shows that the measures agree, not something about the world.
| Measure | Before adjusting | After adjusting | q | Countries | Tracks income? |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Regulatory quality and Government effectivenessNot an independent finding: one of these indices is built partly from the other, so their agreement is just arithmetic. Government effectiveness by country | +0.94 | +0.84 | 0.003 | 195 | proxy |
| Regulatory quality and Rule of lawNot an independent finding: one of these indices is built partly from the other, so their agreement is just arithmetic. Rule of law by country | +0.90 | +0.79 | 0.036 | 195 | high |
| Regulatory quality and Control of corruptionNot an independent finding: one of these indices is built partly from the other, so their agreement is just arithmetic. Control of corruption by country | +0.89 | +0.77 | 0.013 | 195 | high |
| Regulatory quality and Voice and accountabilityNot an independent finding: one of these indices is built partly from the other, so their agreement is just arithmetic. Voice and accountability by country | +0.76 | +0.61 | 0.014 | 195 | moderate |
| Regulatory quality and Governance scoreNot an independent finding: one of these indices is built partly from the other, so their agreement is just arithmetic. Governance score by country | +0.67 | +0.52 | 0.036 | 171 | moderate |
| Regulatory quality and Political stabilityNot an independent finding: one of these indices is built partly from the other, so their agreement is just arithmetic. Political stability by country | +0.64 | +0.35 | 0.098 | 195 | moderate |
How much the other measures account for
The 71 most widely reported measures boil down to a few broad patterns. This table shows how much of the differences between countries on this measure those patterns account for, adding one pattern at a time. The patterns are rebuilt without this measure, and without anything built from the same numbers or measuring the same thing. So it never predicts itself under another name. The figures use the 133 countries reporting all of them, and 65 candidate measures.
This shows how much it moves with the others. It does not explain anything. Measures that move together end up on the same pattern whether or not anything connects them. And the countries here are the best-documented ones. A high figure means this measure is largely predictable from the others, not that they produce it.
| Patterns used | Share of this measure accounted for | Added by this pattern |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 63% | — |
| 2 | 65% | +1% |
| 3 | 79% | +15% |
| 4 | 80% | +1% |
| 5 | 81% | +1% |
| 6 | 81% | +0% |
This measure sits on one of the smaller patterns, not on the one all the measures share.
How it differs by category
This compares the measure across groups of countries, such as those sharing a main religion, instead of against another number. The figure is the share of the differences between countries on this measure that lies between the groups, on a scale from 0 to 1. It is shown before and after adjusting for national income.
The “between groups” figure runs from 0 (the groups are no different) to 1 (the groups explain all the differences between countries). Groups have no up or down, so this says how much the groups differ, never which way. For that, read the group averages. The figure also tends to rise when there are more groups. So to judge whether it could be chance (q), we shuffle the same labels among the same countries many times and see how often a figure this big turns up. Then we allow for the fact that many measures are checked at once, since with enough checks a few big figures turn up by luck alone. Groups with fewer than 12 countries are left out. And countries that share a label share a lot else. Adjusting for income rules out one third factor, but leaves language, region, legal tradition and history untouched.
| Grouped by | Between groups | After income | q | Groups at each end |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Last European coloniser | 0.36 | 0.20 | 0.245 | best: United Kingdom -0.042 · worst: France -0.789 index (approx. -2.5 to 2.5) |
| Largest religious group | 0.31 | 0.27 | 0.005 | best: Christians 0.0964 · worst: Muslims -0.486 index (approx. -2.5 to 2.5) |
Every other pair
Everything else this measure was tested against, apart from the links that hold up and the pairs built from the same numbers. Sorted by the link after adjusting. Search by name; every column sorts. A small adjusted figure is a result too. It says the two do not move together once income is set aside.
140 of 140
| Regulatory quality and Liberal democracyLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.54) could easily be chance. Liberal democracy by country | +0.70 | +0.54 | 0.061 | 168 | moderate |
| Regulatory quality and Civil liberties (FH)Comparing only countries with similar income it is still -0.48, but that could easily be chance once we allow for countries in the same region being alike. Civil liberties (FH) by country | -0.63 | -0.48 | 0.085 | 188 | moderate |
| Regulatory quality and Participatory democracyLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.48) could easily be chance. Participatory democracy by country | +0.63 | +0.48 | 0.115 | 168 | moderate |
| Regulatory quality and Free and fair electionsLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.47) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Free and fair elections by country | +0.69 | +0.47 | 0.070 | 168 | high |
| Regulatory quality and Civil society participationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Civil society participation by country | +0.44 | +0.47 | 0.092 | 168 | independent |
| Regulatory quality and Electoral democracyLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.46) could easily be chance. Electoral democracy by country | +0.62 | +0.46 | 0.122 | 168 | moderate |
| Regulatory quality and Political rights (FH)Linked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.44) could easily be chance. Political rights (FH) by country | -0.60 | -0.44 | 0.116 | 188 | moderate |
| Regulatory quality and Interpersonal trustLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.43) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Interpersonal trust by country | +0.67 | +0.43 | 0.055 | 107 | high |
| Regulatory quality and Freedom of expressionCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Freedom of expression by country | +0.44 | +0.42 | 0.160 | 168 | moderate |
| Regulatory quality and Political civil libertiesCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Political civil liberties by country | +0.46 | +0.41 | 0.145 | 168 | moderate |
| Regulatory quality and Regime typeLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.40) could easily be chance. Regime type by country | +0.59 | +0.40 | 0.157 | 168 | moderate |
| Regulatory quality and Gender scoreCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Gender score by country | +0.49 | +0.39 | 0.111 | 180 | moderate |
| Regulatory quality and Freedom of associationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Freedom of association by country | +0.44 | +0.38 | 0.141 | 168 | moderate |
| Regulatory quality and Gender Inequality IndexLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.37) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Gender Inequality Index by country | -0.81 | -0.37 | 0.057 | 169 | proxy |
| Regulatory quality and Age at childbearingLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.36) could easily be chance. Age at childbearing by country | +0.54 | +0.36 | 0.082 | 195 | moderate |
| Regulatory quality and Wellbeing scoreLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.35) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Wellbeing score by country | +0.73 | +0.35 | 0.067 | 107 | high |
| Regulatory quality and Marriage rateCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Marriage rate by country | -0.29 | -0.35 | 0.073 | 46 | independent |
| Regulatory quality and Retirement age, womenCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Retirement age, women by country | +0.15 | +0.35 | 0.050 | 49 | independent |
| Regulatory quality and Women ministersCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Women ministers by country | +0.37 | +0.35 | 0.253 | 185 | independent |
| Regulatory quality and Extreme poverty rateCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Extreme poverty rate by country | -0.47 | +0.34 | 0.088 | 163 | proxy |
| Regulatory quality and Children with one parentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Children with one parent by country | +0.30 | +0.34 | 0.173 | 38 | independent |
| Regulatory quality and Religiously unaffiliatedLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.32) could easily be chance. Religiously unaffiliated by country | +0.53 | +0.32 | 0.158 | 183 | moderate |
| Regulatory quality and Births outside marriageCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Births outside marriage by country | +0.14 | +0.31 | 0.276 | 42 | independent |
| Regulatory quality and Public order spendingLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.31) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Public order spending by country | -0.64 | -0.31 | 0.103 | 37 | high |
| Regulatory quality and One-person householdsLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.30) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. One-person households by country | +0.67 | +0.30 | 0.073 | 148 | high |
| Regulatory quality and Informal employmentLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.29) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Informal employment by country | -0.79 | -0.29 | 0.190 | 140 | proxy |
| Regulatory quality and Gender wage gapCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Gender wage gap by country | +0.11 | +0.28 | 0.623 | 38 | independent |
| Regulatory quality and PISA scienceLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.27) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. PISA science by country | +0.72 | +0.27 | 0.247 | 87 | high |
| Regulatory quality and Trust in governmentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Trust in government by country | +0.38 | +0.27 | 0.211 | 47 | moderate |
| Regulatory quality and Muslim shareCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Muslim share by country | -0.34 | -0.27 | 0.140 | 183 | independent |
| Regulatory quality and Retirement age, menAlmost no link either way. Retirement age, men by country | -0.07 | +0.26 | 0.086 | 49 | independent |
| Regulatory quality and Environment scoreCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Environment score by country | -0.13 | +0.25 | 0.103 | 192 | moderate |
| Regulatory quality and Religion very importantLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.25) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Religion very important by country | -0.62 | -0.25 | 0.176 | 107 | high |
| Regulatory quality and Aid givenLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.25) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Aid given by country | +0.58 | +0.25 | 0.098 | 47 | high |
| Regulatory quality and Population 65+Linked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.25) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Population 65+ by country | +0.69 | +0.25 | 0.108 | 195 | high |
| Regulatory quality and Health spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Health spending by country | +0.28 | +0.25 | 0.221 | 186 | independent |
| Regulatory quality and Alcohol consumptionLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.25) could easily be chance. Alcohol consumption by country | +0.53 | +0.25 | 0.087 | 182 | moderate |
| Regulatory quality and Recycling rateLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.25) could easily be chance. Recycling rate by country | +0.52 | +0.25 | 0.421 | 35 | moderate |
| Regulatory quality and Fixed broadbandLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.24) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Fixed broadband by country | +0.74 | +0.24 | 0.088 | 194 | proxy |
| Regulatory quality and HDILinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.24) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. HDI by country | +0.80 | +0.24 | 0.111 | 187 | proxy |
| Regulatory quality and Electricity accessCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Electricity access by country | +0.49 | -0.23 | 0.126 | 194 | high |
| Regulatory quality and PISA readingLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.22) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. PISA reading by country | +0.70 | +0.22 | 0.401 | 87 | high |
| Regulatory quality and Women in parliamentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Women in parliament by country | +0.32 | +0.22 | 0.347 | 185 | independent |
| Regulatory quality and PISA mathsLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.22) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. PISA maths by country | +0.70 | +0.22 | 0.344 | 87 | high |
| Regulatory quality and Anaemia in womenLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.22) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Anaemia in women by country | -0.62 | -0.22 | 0.077 | 185 | high |
| Regulatory quality and Women's age at first marriageCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Women's age at first marriage by country | +0.47 | +0.21 | 0.244 | 40 | moderate |
| Regulatory quality and Frequent prayerLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.19) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Frequent prayer by country | -0.60 | -0.19 | 0.465 | 78 | high |
| Regulatory quality and Migrant share of populationLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.19) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Migrant share of population by country | +0.56 | +0.19 | 0.192 | 194 | high |
| Regulatory quality and Education spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Education spending by country | +0.13 | +0.19 | 0.136 | 184 | independent |
| Regulatory quality and Confidence in religious institutionsCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Confidence in religious institutions by country | -0.49 | -0.19 | 0.194 | 107 | moderate |
| Regulatory quality and Corporate tax rateCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Corporate tax rate by country | -0.21 | +0.19 | 0.387 | 84 | moderate |
| Regulatory quality and Health scoreCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Health score by country | +0.35 | +0.19 | 0.420 | 186 | moderate |
| Regulatory quality and Basic sanitationLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.19) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Basic sanitation by country | +0.56 | -0.19 | 0.347 | 193 | high |
| Regulatory quality and Life expectancyLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.18) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Life expectancy by country | +0.74 | +0.18 | 0.164 | 195 | proxy |
| Regulatory quality and Labour scoreLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.18) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Labour score by country | +0.65 | +0.18 | 0.509 | 185 | high |
| Regulatory quality and Protected landCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Protected land by country | +0.28 | +0.18 | 0.271 | 192 | independent |
| Regulatory quality and Life satisfactionLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.18) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Life satisfaction by country | +0.70 | +0.18 | 0.232 | 160 | proxy |
| Regulatory quality and InflationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Inflation by country | -0.21 | -0.18 | 0.097 | 187 | independent |
| Regulatory quality and Basic water accessLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.18) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Basic water access by country | +0.55 | -0.18 | 0.374 | 193 | proxy |
| Regulatory quality and Out of school, primaryCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Out of school, primary by country | -0.48 | -0.17 | 0.053 | 183 | moderate |
| Regulatory quality and UnemploymentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Unemployment by country | -0.17 | -0.17 | 0.113 | 177 | independent |
| Regulatory quality and Trade opennessCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Trade openness by country | +0.44 | +0.17 | 0.089 | 178 | moderate |
| Regulatory quality and Equality scoreCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Equality score by country | +0.45 | -0.17 | 0.246 | 163 | high |
| Regulatory quality and Adult obesityCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Adult obesity by country | +0.13 | -0.17 | 0.183 | 188 | moderate |
| Regulatory quality and Public social spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Public social spending by country | +0.46 | +0.17 | 0.213 | 42 | moderate |
| Regulatory quality and Premature NCD mortalityLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.17) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Premature NCD mortality by country | -0.60 | -0.17 | 0.524 | 179 | high |
| Regulatory quality and DTP3 immunisationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. DTP3 immunisation by country | +0.49 | +0.16 | 0.524 | 186 | moderate |
| Regulatory quality and Divorce rateCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Divorce rate by country | -0.19 | -0.16 | 0.598 | 45 | independent |
| Regulatory quality and Secondary enrollmentLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.16) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Secondary enrollment by country | +0.66 | +0.16 | 0.250 | 184 | high |
| Regulatory quality and Government consumptionCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Government consumption by country | +0.18 | +0.15 | 0.274 | 176 | independent |
| Regulatory quality and Market-income GiniCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Market-income Gini by country | -0.26 | +0.15 | 0.300 | 45 | moderate |
| Regulatory quality and Primary enrollmentAlmost no link either way. Primary enrollment by country | +0.06 | +0.15 | 0.131 | 189 | independent |
| Regulatory quality and Refugees originatingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Refugees originating by country | -0.29 | -0.15 | 0.062 | 190 | moderate |
| Regulatory quality and Tertiary enrollmentLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.15) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Tertiary enrollment by country | +0.64 | +0.15 | 0.173 | 175 | high |
| Regulatory quality and Median ageLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.15) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Median age by country | +0.73 | +0.15 | 0.447 | 195 | proxy |
| Regulatory quality and Christian shareAlmost no link either way. Christian share by country | +0.10 | +0.14 | 0.420 | 183 | independent |
| Regulatory quality and Divorce rate (UN)Almost no link either way. Divorce rate (UN) by country | -0.06 | -0.14 | 0.430 | 91 | independent |
| Regulatory quality and Self-reported happinessCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Self-reported happiness by country | +0.34 | +0.14 | 0.092 | 107 | moderate |
| Regulatory quality and Education scoreLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.14) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Education score by country | +0.70 | +0.14 | 0.441 | 189 | proxy |
| Regulatory quality and Active labour market spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Active labour market spending by country | +0.45 | +0.14 | 0.480 | 42 | moderate |
| Regulatory quality and Road traffic deathsLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.14) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Road traffic deaths by country | -0.58 | -0.14 | 0.064 | 183 | high |
| Regulatory quality and Homicide rateCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Homicide rate by country | -0.15 | -0.13 | 0.120 | 169 | moderate |
| Regulatory quality and Primary completionLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.13) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Primary completion by country | +0.54 | -0.13 | 0.550 | 161 | proxy |
| Regulatory quality and Slum share of urban populationLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.12) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Slum share of urban population by country | -0.64 | -0.12 | 0.378 | 182 | high |
| Regulatory quality and Suicide rateCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Suicide rate by country | +0.23 | +0.12 | 0.389 | 179 | independent |
| Regulatory quality and Married by 18Could easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Married by 18 by country | -0.48 | -0.12 | 0.181 | 135 | moderate |
| Regulatory quality and Armed conflict presentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Armed conflict present by country | -0.38 | -0.12 | 0.410 | 188 | moderate |
| Regulatory quality and Mean years of schoolingLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.11) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Mean years of schooling by country | +0.69 | +0.11 | 0.438 | 187 | proxy |
| Regulatory quality and Women in a unionCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Women in a union by country | -0.39 | -0.11 | 0.380 | 189 | moderate |
| Regulatory quality and Male labor participationAlmost no link either way. Male labor participation by country | +0.06 | +0.11 | 0.426 | 177 | independent |
| Regulatory quality and Marriage rate (UN)Could easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Marriage rate (UN) by country | -0.25 | -0.10 | 0.610 | 100 | independent |
| Regulatory quality and Government spending per capitaLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.10) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Government spending per capita by country | +0.72 | +0.10 | 0.521 | 43 | proxy |
| Regulatory quality and Internet usersLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Internet users by country | +0.66 | -0.10 | 0.072 | 195 | proxy |
| Regulatory quality and Tobacco useAlmost no link either way. Tobacco use by country | +0.09 | -0.10 | 0.529 | 164 | independent |
| Regulatory quality and Maternal mortalityLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Maternal mortality by country | -0.52 | +0.09 | 0.661 | 187 | proxy |
| Regulatory quality and Unemployment benefit spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Unemployment benefit spending by country | +0.14 | -0.09 | 0.689 | 39 | moderate |
| Regulatory quality and Government expenseCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Government expense by country | +0.29 | +0.09 | 0.554 | 151 | moderate |
| Regulatory quality and Hospital bedsCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Hospital beds by country | +0.35 | -0.09 | 0.717 | 171 | high |
| Regulatory quality and Military spendingAlmost no link either way. Military spending by country | +0.02 | -0.09 | 0.343 | 156 | independent |
| Regulatory quality and Gender Development IndexLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Gender Development Index by country | +0.55 | +0.08 | 0.723 | 180 | high |
| Regulatory quality and Employment in agricultureLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Employment in agriculture by country | -0.63 | +0.08 | 0.569 | 177 | proxy |
| Regulatory quality and Adolescent fertilityLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Adolescent fertility by country | -0.64 | -0.08 | 0.713 | 195 | proxy |
| Regulatory quality and PhysiciansLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Physicians by country | +0.65 | +0.08 | 0.517 | 186 | proxy |
| Regulatory quality and FDI inflowsAlmost no link either way. FDI inflows by country | -0.01 | -0.08 | 0.449 | 192 | independent |
| Regulatory quality and Old-age spendingAlmost no link either way. Old-age spending by country | +0.10 | -0.07 | 0.768 | 42 | independent |
| Regulatory quality and HIV prevalenceCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. HIV prevalence by country | -0.15 | +0.07 | 0.510 | 148 | moderate |
| Regulatory quality and Adult literacyCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Adult literacy by country | +0.49 | -0.07 | 0.424 | 135 | high |
| Regulatory quality and Child stuntingLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Child stunting by country | -0.55 | +0.07 | 0.468 | 155 | proxy |
| Regulatory quality and Agricultural landCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Agricultural land by country | -0.20 | +0.07 | 0.670 | 193 | independent |
| Regulatory quality and Population 0-14Linked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Population 0-14 by country | -0.72 | -0.05 | 0.740 | 195 | proxy |
| Regulatory quality and Religious attendanceLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Religious attendance by country | -0.55 | -0.05 | 0.785 | 105 | high |
| Regulatory quality and Birth registrationLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Birth registration by country | +0.52 | -0.05 | 0.853 | 165 | proxy |
| Regulatory quality and Gini indexCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Gini index by country | -0.25 | -0.04 | 0.819 | 163 | moderate |
| Regulatory quality and Vulnerable employmentLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Vulnerable employment by country | -0.66 | +0.04 | 0.792 | 177 | proxy |
| Regulatory quality and Health coverage indexLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Health coverage index by country | +0.70 | +0.04 | 0.861 | 186 | proxy |
| Regulatory quality and Mobile subscriptionsCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Mobile subscriptions by country | +0.37 | +0.04 | 0.753 | 195 | moderate |
| Regulatory quality and Fertility rateLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Fertility rate by country | -0.65 | +0.04 | 0.818 | 195 | proxy |
| Regulatory quality and Forest areaAlmost no link either way. Forest area by country | +0.02 | -0.04 | 0.902 | 192 | independent |
| Regulatory quality and Population growthCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Population growth by country | -0.35 | +0.04 | 0.764 | 195 | moderate |
| Regulatory quality and UndernourishmentLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Undernourishment by country | -0.58 | -0.03 | 0.862 | 163 | proxy |
| Regulatory quality and Under-5 mortalityLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Under-5 mortality by country | -0.60 | +0.03 | 0.834 | 187 | proxy |
| Regulatory quality and Infant mortalityLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Infant mortality by country | -0.64 | -0.03 | 0.813 | 187 | proxy |
| Regulatory quality and Pupil-teacher ratioLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Pupil-teacher ratio by country | -0.63 | +0.03 | 0.672 | 178 | proxy |
| Regulatory quality and Food insecurityLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Food insecurity by country | -0.68 | -0.02 | 0.932 | 155 | proxy |
| Regulatory quality and CO2 per capitaCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. CO2 per capita by country | +0.32 | -0.02 | 0.896 | 189 | proxy |
| Regulatory quality and Conflict deathsCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Conflict deaths by country | -0.13 | -0.02 | 0.857 | 188 | moderate |
| Regulatory quality and Birth rateLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Birth rate by country | -0.69 | +0.02 | 0.921 | 195 | proxy |
| Regulatory quality and Skilled birth attendanceLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Skilled birth attendance by country | +0.54 | +0.02 | 0.941 | 176 | high |
| Regulatory quality and Pre-trial detainee shareCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Pre-trial detainee share by country | -0.25 | -0.02 | 0.942 | 171 | independent |
| Regulatory quality and Women in managementCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Women in management by country | +0.23 | +0.01 | 0.966 | 149 | moderate |
| Regulatory quality and GDP growthCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. GDP growth by country | -0.14 | +0.01 | 0.959 | 195 | moderate |
| Regulatory quality and Compulsory schoolingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Compulsory schooling by country | +0.32 | +0.01 | 0.920 | 182 | moderate |
| Regulatory quality and UrbanizationLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Urbanization by country | +0.52 | -0.01 | 0.962 | 195 | high |
| Regulatory quality and RedistributionCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Redistribution by country | +0.49 | +0.01 | 0.844 | 45 | moderate |
| Regulatory quality and Infrastructure scoreLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Infrastructure score by country | +0.73 | +0.01 | 0.914 | 194 | proxy |
| Regulatory quality and Single-parent householdsAlmost no link either way. Single-parent households by country | -0.02 | +0.00 | 0.984 | 148 | independent |
| Regulatory quality and Tuberculosis incidenceCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Tuberculosis incidence by country | -0.41 | +0.00 | 0.985 | 193 | high |
| Regulatory quality and GDP per capita (PPP)One side of this pair is national income itself, the thing the other figures adjust for. Adjusting income for income leaves nothing, so there is no adjusted figure. The unadjusted link shows how closely the other measure follows income. GDP per capita (PPP) by country | +0.80 | — | — | 195 | proxy |
| Regulatory quality and GNI per capita (PPP)One side of this pair is national income itself, the thing the other figures adjust for. Adjusting income for income leaves nothing, so there is no adjusted figure. The unadjusted link shows how closely the other measure follows income. GNI per capita (PPP) by country | +0.81 | — | — | 193 | proxy |
| Regulatory quality and GDP per capita (market)One side of this pair is national income itself, the thing the other figures adjust for. Adjusting income for income leaves nothing, so there is no adjusted figure. The unadjusted link shows how closely the other measure follows income. GDP per capita (market) by country | +0.77 | — | — | 195 | proxy |
Source
World Bank
CC BY 4.0 · licence terms · updated annual
Kaufmann, D. and A. Kraay, Worldwide Governance Indicators, World Bank