Urbanization
Urban population (% of total population)
Link with national income+0.65strongly income-linked
Links that hold up1of 158 pairs tested
Unit% of populationhigher is neither better nor worse
SourceWDICC BY 4.0
How it has moved
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Every country, every year
One row per country and one column per year, sorted by the most recent value. Hover over any cell to see the figure. The country names link to each country’s page.
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Links that hold up
r is how closely two measures rise and fall together across countries, from −1 (opposite) to +1 (in step), where 0 means no link. These pairs are ranked by the link after adjusting for national income, which means comparing countries with the same GDP per person. Each pair passed three checks. The link held after that adjustment. It was unlikely to be chance (q of 0.05 or less), even allowing for countries in the same region being alike and for the many pairs tested. And the two are not just two measures of the same thing. Very small q values are written in short form: 8.0e-5 means 0.000080.
| Measure | Before adjusting | After adjusting | q | Countries | Tracks income? |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Urbanization and GDP growthWhere Urbanization is higher, GDP growth tends to be lower: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. GDP growth by country | -0.32 | -0.27 | 0.041 | 199 | moderate |
How much the other measures account for
The 71 most widely reported measures boil down to a few broad patterns. This table shows how much of the differences between countries on this measure those patterns account for, adding one pattern at a time. The patterns are rebuilt without this measure, and without anything built from the same numbers or measuring the same thing. So it never predicts itself under another name. The figures use the 133 countries reporting all of them, and 70 candidate measures.
This shows how much it moves with the others. It does not explain anything. Measures that move together end up on the same pattern whether or not anything connects them. And the countries here are the best-documented ones. A high figure means this measure is largely predictable from the others, not that they produce it.
| Patterns used | Share of this measure accounted for | Added by this pattern |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 43% | — |
| 2 | 44% | +1% |
| 3 | 45% | +1% |
| 4 | 50% | +5% |
| 5 | 52% | +2% |
| 6 | 54% | +2% |
This measure sits on one of the smaller patterns, not on the one all the measures share.
How it differs by category
This compares the measure across groups of countries, such as those sharing a main religion, instead of against another number. The figure is the share of the differences between countries on this measure that lies between the groups, on a scale from 0 to 1. It is shown before and after adjusting for national income.
The “between groups” figure runs from 0 (the groups are no different) to 1 (the groups explain all the differences between countries). Groups have no up or down, so this says how much the groups differ, never which way. For that, read the group averages. The figure also tends to rise when there are more groups. So to judge whether it could be chance (q), we shuffle the same labels among the same countries many times and see how often a figure this big turns up. Then we allow for the fact that many measures are checked at once, since with enough checks a few big figures turn up by luck alone. Groups with fewer than 12 countries are left out. And countries that share a label share a lot else. Adjusting for income rules out one third factor, but leaves language, region, legal tradition and history untouched.
| Grouped by | Between groups | After income | q | Groups at each end |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Last European coloniser | 0.27 | 0.30 | 0.039 | largest: Spain 70.4% · smallest: France 51.9% % of population |
| Largest religious group | 0.03 | 0.12 | 0.203 | largest: Christians 61.5% · smallest: Muslims 60% % of population |
Every other pair
Everything else this measure was tested against, apart from the links that hold up and the pairs built from the same numbers. Sorted by the link after adjusting. Search by name; every column sorts. A small adjusted figure is a result too. It says the two do not move together once income is set aside.
157 of 157
| Urbanization and RedistributionAlmost no link either way. Redistribution by country | -0.03 | -0.45 | 0.053 | 45 | moderate |
| Urbanization and Employment in agricultureLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.35) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Employment in agriculture by country | -0.71 | -0.35 | 0.139 | 177 | proxy |
| Urbanization and Migrant share of populationLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.32) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Migrant share of population by country | +0.57 | +0.32 | 0.082 | 198 | high |
| Urbanization and Old-age spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Old-age spending by country | -0.27 | -0.32 | 0.179 | 42 | independent |
| Urbanization and Internet usersLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.29) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Internet users by country | +0.67 | +0.29 | 0.116 | 197 | proxy |
| Urbanization and Premature NCD mortalityLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.28) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Premature NCD mortality by country | -0.60 | -0.28 | 0.094 | 179 | high |
| Urbanization and Public order spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Public order spending by country | -0.38 | -0.26 | 0.273 | 37 | high |
| Urbanization and Retirement age, menAlmost no link either way. Retirement age, men by country | +0.06 | +0.24 | 0.057 | 49 | independent |
| Urbanization and Health spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Health spending by country | +0.29 | +0.24 | 0.309 | 186 | independent |
| Urbanization and Marriage rateCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Marriage rate by country | -0.24 | -0.23 | 0.300 | 46 | independent |
| Urbanization and Aid givenCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Aid given by country | +0.48 | +0.22 | 0.633 | 47 | high |
| Urbanization and Vulnerable employmentLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.22) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Vulnerable employment by country | -0.67 | -0.22 | 0.376 | 177 | proxy |
| Urbanization and Confidence in religious institutionsCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Confidence in religious institutions by country | -0.47 | -0.22 | 0.155 | 107 | moderate |
| Urbanization and UnemploymentAlmost no link either way. Unemployment by country | +0.09 | +0.21 | 0.351 | 177 | independent |
| Urbanization and Recycling rateAlmost no link either way. Recycling rate by country | -0.03 | -0.21 | 0.446 | 35 | moderate |
| Urbanization and Retirement age, womenCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Retirement age, women by country | +0.12 | +0.20 | 0.196 | 49 | independent |
| Urbanization and Children with one parentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Children with one parent by country | +0.22 | +0.20 | 0.167 | 38 | independent |
| Urbanization and Marriage rate (UN)Could easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Marriage rate (UN) by country | -0.28 | -0.19 | 0.092 | 104 | independent |
| Urbanization and Compulsory schoolingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Compulsory schooling by country | +0.38 | +0.19 | 0.387 | 185 | moderate |
| Urbanization and Public social spendingAlmost no link either way. Public social spending by country | -0.08 | -0.18 | 0.329 | 42 | moderate |
| Urbanization and Age at childbearingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Age at childbearing by country | +0.40 | +0.17 | 0.082 | 199 | moderate |
| Urbanization and Tertiary enrollmentLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.17) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Tertiary enrollment by country | +0.56 | +0.17 | 0.152 | 178 | high |
| Urbanization and Child stuntingLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.17) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Child stunting by country | -0.56 | -0.17 | 0.247 | 156 | proxy |
| Urbanization and UndernourishmentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Undernourishment by country | -0.40 | +0.17 | 0.193 | 163 | proxy |
| Urbanization and Government spending per capitaCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Government spending per capita by country | +0.30 | +0.17 | 0.494 | 43 | proxy |
| Urbanization and Women in a unionCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Women in a union by country | -0.39 | -0.17 | 0.156 | 192 | moderate |
| Urbanization and Health scoreAlmost no link either way. Health score by country | +0.08 | -0.16 | 0.252 | 186 | moderate |
| Urbanization and Conflict deathsAlmost no link either way. Conflict deaths by country | +0.03 | +0.16 | 0.199 | 188 | moderate |
| Urbanization and Gini indexAlmost no link either way. Gini index by country | -0.07 | +0.16 | 0.214 | 163 | moderate |
| Urbanization and Unemployment benefit spendingAlmost no link either way. Unemployment benefit spending by country | -0.06 | -0.16 | 0.369 | 39 | moderate |
| Urbanization and Armed conflict presentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Armed conflict present by country | -0.15 | +0.15 | 0.399 | 188 | moderate |
| Urbanization and Birth registrationLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.15) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Birth registration by country | +0.54 | +0.15 | 0.381 | 166 | proxy |
| Urbanization and Alcohol consumptionCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Alcohol consumption by country | +0.22 | -0.15 | 0.531 | 182 | moderate |
| Urbanization and Government expenseCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Government expense by country | +0.30 | +0.15 | 0.450 | 151 | moderate |
| Urbanization and Religiously unaffiliatedCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Religiously unaffiliated by country | +0.40 | +0.14 | 0.458 | 184 | moderate |
| Urbanization and Labour scoreCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Labour score by country | +0.39 | -0.14 | 0.490 | 185 | high |
| Urbanization and Divorce rateCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Divorce rate by country | +0.10 | +0.14 | 0.496 | 45 | independent |
| Urbanization and Hours workedCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Hours worked by country | -0.31 | -0.14 | 0.420 | 38 | high |
| Urbanization and Food insecurityCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Food insecurity by country | -0.46 | +0.14 | 0.450 | 155 | proxy |
| Urbanization and Environment scoreCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Environment score by country | -0.31 | -0.13 | 0.550 | 196 | moderate |
| Urbanization and Forest areaAlmost no link either way. Forest area by country | -0.08 | -0.13 | 0.629 | 196 | independent |
| Urbanization and Out of school, primaryCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Out of school, primary by country | -0.24 | +0.12 | 0.456 | 186 | moderate |
| Urbanization and Political stabilityCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Political stability by country | +0.31 | -0.12 | 0.483 | 195 | moderate |
| Urbanization and Suicide rateAlmost no link either way. Suicide rate by country | +0.04 | -0.12 | 0.499 | 179 | independent |
| Urbanization and Muslim shareAlmost no link either way. Muslim share by country | -0.07 | +0.12 | 0.657 | 184 | independent |
| Urbanization and Gender Development IndexCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Gender Development Index by country | +0.35 | -0.12 | 0.216 | 180 | high |
| Urbanization and CO2 per capitaCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. CO2 per capita by country | +0.35 | +0.12 | 0.325 | 191 | proxy |
| Urbanization and Primary enrollmentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Primary enrollment by country | -0.10 | -0.12 | 0.379 | 192 | independent |
| Urbanization and Female labor participationAlmost no link either way. Female labor participation by country | -0.04 | -0.11 | 0.680 | 177 | independent |
| Urbanization and Military spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Military spending by country | +0.14 | +0.11 | 0.471 | 156 | independent |
| Urbanization and Refugees originatingAlmost no link either way. Refugees originating by country | -0.09 | +0.11 | 0.057 | 192 | moderate |
| Urbanization and Frequent prayerCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Frequent prayer by country | -0.37 | +0.11 | 0.337 | 78 | high |
| Urbanization and Informal employmentLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.10) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Informal employment by country | -0.56 | -0.10 | 0.668 | 140 | proxy |
| Urbanization and DTP3 immunisationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. DTP3 immunisation by country | +0.26 | -0.10 | 0.642 | 186 | moderate |
| Urbanization and Single-parent householdsAlmost no link either way. Single-parent households by country | +0.06 | +0.10 | 0.532 | 150 | independent |
| Urbanization and InflationAlmost no link either way. Inflation by country | -0.01 | +0.10 | 0.322 | 189 | independent |
| Urbanization and Adult obesityCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Adult obesity by country | +0.26 | +0.10 | 0.421 | 188 | moderate |
| Urbanization and Maternal mortalityCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Maternal mortality by country | -0.40 | +0.10 | 0.712 | 187 | proxy |
| Urbanization and Population growthCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Population growth by country | -0.24 | +0.10 | 0.345 | 199 | moderate |
| Urbanization and Religion very importantCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Religion very important by country | -0.38 | +0.10 | 0.765 | 107 | high |
| Urbanization and Women in managementCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Women in management by country | +0.25 | +0.09 | 0.453 | 149 | moderate |
| Urbanization and Infrastructure scoreLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Infrastructure score by country | +0.62 | +0.09 | 0.415 | 197 | proxy |
| Urbanization and Life satisfactionLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Life satisfaction by country | +0.59 | +0.09 | 0.716 | 160 | proxy |
| Urbanization and Out-of-pocket health spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Out-of-pocket health spending by country | -0.29 | -0.09 | 0.334 | 186 | moderate |
| Urbanization and Divorce rate (UN)Almost no link either way. Divorce rate (UN) by country | +0.09 | +0.09 | 0.459 | 95 | independent |
| Urbanization and Christian shareAlmost no link either way. Christian share by country | -0.06 | -0.09 | 0.715 | 184 | independent |
| Urbanization and One-person householdsLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. One-person households by country | +0.51 | +0.09 | 0.584 | 150 | high |
| Urbanization and Adult literacyLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Adult literacy by country | +0.50 | +0.09 | 0.657 | 135 | high |
| Urbanization and HDILinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. HDI by country | +0.63 | +0.09 | 0.673 | 187 | proxy |
| Urbanization and Youth not in work or studyCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Youth not in work or study by country | -0.31 | +0.09 | 0.752 | 175 | high |
| Urbanization and Rule of lawCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Rule of law by country | +0.43 | -0.09 | 0.527 | 195 | high |
| Urbanization and Education scoreCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Education score by country | +0.50 | -0.08 | 0.637 | 191 | proxy |
| Urbanization and HIV prevalenceCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. HIV prevalence by country | -0.21 | -0.08 | 0.563 | 148 | moderate |
| Urbanization and Life expectancyLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Life expectancy by country | +0.59 | +0.08 | 0.765 | 199 | proxy |
| Urbanization and Married by 18Could easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Married by 18 by country | -0.42 | -0.08 | 0.713 | 136 | moderate |
| Urbanization and Equality scoreCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Equality score by country | +0.39 | -0.07 | 0.684 | 163 | high |
| Urbanization and Protected landAlmost no link either way. Protected land by country | +0.07 | -0.07 | 0.668 | 196 | independent |
| Urbanization and Market-income GiniCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Market-income Gini by country | -0.15 | +0.07 | 0.663 | 45 | moderate |
| Urbanization and Active labour market spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Active labour market spending by country | +0.14 | +0.06 | 0.766 | 42 | moderate |
| Urbanization and Government effectivenessLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Government effectiveness by country | +0.53 | -0.06 | 0.701 | 195 | proxy |
| Urbanization and Civil liberties (FH)Could easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Civil liberties (FH) by country | -0.26 | +0.06 | 0.716 | 188 | moderate |
| Urbanization and Tax revenueCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Tax revenue by country | +0.18 | -0.06 | 0.629 | 151 | moderate |
| Urbanization and Regime typeCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Regime type by country | +0.30 | -0.06 | 0.816 | 168 | moderate |
| Urbanization and Extreme poverty rateLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Extreme poverty rate by country | -0.53 | -0.06 | 0.699 | 163 | proxy |
| Urbanization and Births outside marriageAlmost no link either way. Births outside marriage by country | +0.03 | +0.06 | 0.872 | 42 | independent |
| Urbanization and PISA scienceCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. PISA science by country | +0.39 | +0.06 | 0.490 | 87 | high |
| Urbanization and Women ministersCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Women ministers by country | +0.17 | +0.06 | 0.735 | 185 | independent |
| Urbanization and Women in parliamentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Women in parliament by country | +0.20 | +0.06 | 0.850 | 185 | independent |
| Urbanization and Mobile subscriptionsCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Mobile subscriptions by country | +0.32 | +0.06 | 0.589 | 198 | moderate |
| Urbanization and Birth rateLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Birth rate by country | -0.54 | +0.05 | 0.782 | 199 | proxy |
| Urbanization and Freedom of expressionCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Freedom of expression by country | +0.20 | +0.05 | 0.730 | 168 | moderate |
| Urbanization and Pre-trial detainee shareCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Pre-trial detainee share by country | -0.22 | -0.05 | 0.826 | 172 | independent |
| Urbanization and Population 65+Could easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Population 65+ by country | +0.45 | -0.05 | 0.807 | 199 | high |
| Urbanization and Family benefits spendingAlmost no link either way. Family benefits spending by country | +0.01 | -0.05 | 0.616 | 42 | independent |
| Urbanization and Tuberculosis incidenceCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Tuberculosis incidence by country | -0.31 | +0.05 | 0.703 | 196 | high |
| Urbanization and Tobacco useAlmost no link either way. Tobacco use by country | +0.09 | -0.05 | 0.781 | 164 | independent |
| Urbanization and Primary completionCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Primary completion by country | +0.47 | -0.05 | 0.829 | 161 | proxy |
| Urbanization and PhysiciansLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Physicians by country | +0.52 | +0.05 | 0.772 | 186 | proxy |
| Urbanization and Basic water accessLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Basic water access by country | +0.53 | +0.05 | 0.748 | 197 | proxy |
| Urbanization and Health coverage indexLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Health coverage index by country | +0.57 | +0.05 | 0.821 | 186 | proxy |
| Urbanization and Religious attendanceCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Religious attendance by country | -0.47 | -0.05 | 0.635 | 105 | high |
| Urbanization and Fertility rateLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Fertility rate by country | -0.52 | +0.05 | 0.804 | 199 | proxy |
| Urbanization and Median ageLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Median age by country | +0.54 | -0.04 | 0.800 | 199 | proxy |
| Urbanization and Political rights (FH)Could easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Political rights (FH) by country | -0.27 | +0.04 | 0.833 | 188 | moderate |
| Urbanization and Government consumptionCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Government consumption by country | +0.12 | +0.04 | 0.675 | 178 | independent |
| Urbanization and Education spendingAlmost no link either way. Education spending by country | +0.05 | +0.04 | 0.765 | 187 | independent |
| Urbanization and Infant mortalityLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Infant mortality by country | -0.53 | -0.04 | 0.847 | 188 | proxy |
| Urbanization and Hospital bedsCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Hospital beds by country | +0.29 | -0.04 | 0.854 | 171 | high |
| Urbanization and Women's political empowermentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Women's political empowerment by country | +0.29 | -0.04 | 0.862 | 168 | moderate |
| Urbanization and Skilled birth attendanceCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Skilled birth attendance by country | +0.45 | +0.04 | 0.786 | 177 | high |
| Urbanization and Population 0-14Linked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Population 0-14 by country | -0.56 | +0.04 | 0.843 | 199 | proxy |
| Urbanization and Adolescent fertilityCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Adolescent fertility by country | -0.48 | +0.04 | 0.898 | 199 | proxy |
| Urbanization and Corporate tax rateCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Corporate tax rate by country | -0.27 | -0.03 | 0.826 | 86 | moderate |
| Urbanization and Wellbeing scoreCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Wellbeing score by country | +0.48 | -0.03 | 0.873 | 107 | high |
| Urbanization and Voice and accountabilityCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Voice and accountability by country | +0.36 | -0.03 | 0.873 | 195 | moderate |
| Urbanization and Trade opennessCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Trade openness by country | +0.32 | +0.03 | 0.816 | 180 | moderate |
| Urbanization and Governance scoreCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Governance score by country | +0.33 | -0.03 | 0.891 | 171 | moderate |
| Urbanization and Free and fair electionsCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Free and fair elections by country | +0.38 | -0.03 | 0.905 | 168 | high |
| Urbanization and Mean years of schoolingLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Mean years of schooling by country | +0.54 | +0.03 | 0.879 | 187 | proxy |
| Urbanization and PISA mathsCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. PISA maths by country | +0.37 | +0.02 | 0.874 | 87 | high |
| Urbanization and Homicide rateAlmost no link either way. Homicide rate by country | -0.06 | -0.02 | 0.843 | 170 | moderate |
| Urbanization and Political civil libertiesCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Political civil liberties by country | +0.20 | +0.02 | 0.905 | 168 | moderate |
| Urbanization and PISA readingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. PISA reading by country | +0.36 | +0.02 | 0.861 | 87 | high |
| Urbanization and Slum share of urban populationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Slum share of urban population by country | -0.49 | -0.02 | 0.888 | 184 | high |
| Urbanization and Political corruptionCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Political corruption by country | -0.45 | +0.02 | 0.878 | 168 | high |
| Urbanization and Liberal democracyCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Liberal democracy by country | +0.35 | -0.02 | 0.926 | 168 | moderate |
| Urbanization and Interpersonal trustCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Interpersonal trust by country | +0.40 | +0.02 | 0.942 | 107 | high |
| Urbanization and Basic sanitationLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Basic sanitation by country | +0.50 | -0.02 | 0.930 | 197 | high |
| Urbanization and Women's age at first marriageCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Women's age at first marriage by country | +0.15 | +0.02 | 0.956 | 40 | moderate |
| Urbanization and Control of corruptionCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Control of corruption by country | +0.48 | +0.02 | 0.915 | 195 | high |
| Urbanization and Gender scoreCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Gender score by country | +0.24 | +0.02 | 0.945 | 180 | moderate |
| Urbanization and Electoral democracyCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Electoral democracy by country | +0.32 | -0.02 | 0.947 | 168 | moderate |
| Urbanization and Road traffic deathsCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Road traffic deaths by country | -0.42 | +0.02 | 0.822 | 183 | high |
| Urbanization and FDI inflowsAlmost no link either way. FDI inflows by country | +0.04 | +0.02 | 0.890 | 195 | independent |
| Urbanization and Anaemia in womenCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Anaemia in women by country | -0.41 | +0.01 | 0.960 | 185 | high |
| Urbanization and Freedom of associationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Freedom of association by country | +0.20 | +0.01 | 0.947 | 168 | moderate |
| Urbanization and Agricultural landCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Agricultural land by country | -0.20 | -0.01 | 0.955 | 195 | independent |
| Urbanization and Under-5 mortalityCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Under-5 mortality by country | -0.49 | +0.01 | 0.956 | 188 | proxy |
| Urbanization and Fixed broadbandLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Fixed broadband by country | +0.54 | +0.01 | 0.950 | 196 | proxy |
| Urbanization and Participatory democracyCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Participatory democracy by country | +0.33 | -0.01 | 0.971 | 168 | moderate |
| Urbanization and Electricity accessCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Electricity access by country | +0.48 | -0.01 | 0.939 | 198 | high |
| Urbanization and Secondary enrollmentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Secondary enrollment by country | +0.49 | -0.01 | 0.902 | 187 | high |
| Urbanization and Regulatory qualityLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Regulatory quality by country | +0.52 | -0.01 | 0.962 | 195 | proxy |
| Urbanization and Inequality-adjusted HDILinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Inequality-adjusted HDI by country | +0.64 | -0.01 | 0.965 | 167 | proxy |
| Urbanization and Male labor participationAlmost no link either way. Male labor participation by country | +0.00 | +0.01 | 0.971 | 177 | independent |
| Urbanization and Self-reported happinessCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Self-reported happiness by country | +0.22 | -0.01 | 0.968 | 107 | moderate |
| Urbanization and Trust in governmentAlmost no link either way. Trust in government by country | +0.07 | +0.01 | 0.987 | 47 | moderate |
| Urbanization and Civil society participationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Civil society participation by country | +0.13 | -0.01 | 0.959 | 168 | independent |
| Urbanization and Gender Inequality IndexLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Gender Inequality Index by country | -0.59 | +0.01 | 0.977 | 169 | proxy |
| Urbanization and Gender wage gapAlmost no link either way. Gender wage gap by country | -0.02 | -0.00 | 0.986 | 38 | independent |
| Urbanization and ResearchersLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Researchers by country | +0.51 | -0.00 | 0.987 | 131 | proxy |
| Urbanization and Pupil-teacher ratioLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Pupil-teacher ratio by country | -0.54 | -0.00 | 0.991 | 180 | proxy |
| Urbanization and Corruption Perceptions IndexCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Corruption Perceptions Index by country | +0.48 | -0.00 | 0.992 | 175 | high |
| Urbanization and Expected schoolingLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Expected schooling by country | +0.50 | +0.00 | 0.998 | 187 | proxy |
| Urbanization and GDP per capita (PPP)One side of this pair is national income itself, the thing the other figures adjust for. Adjusting income for income leaves nothing, so there is no adjusted figure. The unadjusted link shows how closely the other measure follows income. GDP per capita (PPP) by country | +0.58 | — | — | 199 | proxy |
| Urbanization and GNI per capita (PPP)One side of this pair is national income itself, the thing the other figures adjust for. Adjusting income for income leaves nothing, so there is no adjusted figure. The unadjusted link shows how closely the other measure follows income. GNI per capita (PPP) by country | +0.62 | — | — | 197 | proxy |
| Urbanization and GDP per capita (market)One side of this pair is national income itself, the thing the other figures adjust for. Adjusting income for income leaves nothing, so there is no adjusted figure. The unadjusted link shows how closely the other measure follows income. GDP per capita (market) by country | +0.55 | — | — | 199 | proxy |