Religious attendance
Share attending religious services frequently
Link with national income-0.66strongly income-linked
Links that hold up20of 158 pairs tested
Unit% of respondentshigher is neither better nor worse
SourceIVSFree for non-commercial use with attribution
What this measures. The share who attend religious services at least once a month. This measures taking part, not belief or belonging to a religion. Those are three different things, and they can differ sharply. A country can be almost entirely religious by belonging and yet rarely attend anything. No "better" direction is set, and none could be defended. Attendance describes how people live. It does not show whether a country is doing well, and calling either end the good one would be a claim this site has no basis for. The survey runs in waves, not every year, so data for each country are sparse and uneven.
How it has moved
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Every country, every year
One row per country and one column per year, sorted by the most recent value. Hover over any cell to see the figure. The country names link to each country’s page.
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Links that hold up
r is how closely two measures rise and fall together across countries, from −1 (opposite) to +1 (in step), where 0 means no link. These pairs are ranked by the link after adjusting for national income, which means comparing countries with the same GDP per person. Each pair passed three checks. The link held after that adjustment. It was unlikely to be chance (q of 0.05 or less), even allowing for countries in the same region being alike and for the many pairs tested. And the two are not just two measures of the same thing. Very small q values are written in short form: 8.0e-5 means 0.000080.
| Measure | Before adjusting | After adjusting | q | Countries | Tracks income? |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Religious attendance and Frequent prayerWhere Religious attendance is higher, Frequent prayer tends to be higher: a strong link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Frequent prayer by country | +0.89 | +0.81 | 0.010 | 78 | high |
| Religious attendance and Religion very importantWhere Religious attendance is higher, Religion very important tends to be higher: a strong link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Religion very important by country | +0.84 | +0.71 | 0.006 | 105 | high |
| Religious attendance and Inequality-adjusted HDIWhere Religious attendance is higher, Inequality-adjusted HDI tends to be lower: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Inequality-adjusted HDI by country | -0.76 | -0.54 | 0.040 | 98 | proxy |
| Religious attendance and Gender Inequality IndexWhere Religious attendance is higher, Gender Inequality Index tends to be higher: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Gender Inequality Index by country | +0.74 | +0.48 | 0.017 | 98 | proxy |
| Religious attendance and Hours workedWhere Religious attendance is higher, Hours worked tends to be higher: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Hours worked by country | +0.60 | +0.46 | 0.026 | 37 | high |
| Religious attendance and Fixed broadbandWhere Religious attendance is higher, Fixed broadband tends to be lower: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Fixed broadband by country | -0.74 | -0.46 | 0.046 | 104 | proxy |
| Religious attendance and Child stuntingWhere Religious attendance is higher, Child stunting tends to be higher: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Child stunting by country | +0.67 | +0.45 | 0.007 | 81 | proxy |
| Religious attendance and PISA mathsWhere Religious attendance is higher, PISA maths tends to be lower: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. PISA maths by country | -0.61 | -0.41 | 0.049 | 75 | high |
| Religious attendance and Median ageWhere Religious attendance is higher, Median age tends to be lower: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Median age by country | -0.71 | -0.39 | 0.013 | 105 | proxy |
| Religious attendance and HDIWhere Religious attendance is higher, HDI tends to be lower: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. HDI by country | -0.71 | -0.39 | 0.024 | 102 | proxy |
| Religious attendance and PISA scienceWhere Religious attendance is higher, PISA science tends to be lower: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. PISA science by country | -0.60 | -0.39 | 0.046 | 75 | high |
| Religious attendance and Hospital bedsWhere Religious attendance is higher, Hospital beds tends to be lower: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Hospital beds by country | -0.55 | -0.38 | 0.050 | 99 | high |
| Religious attendance and Population 65+Where Religious attendance is higher, Population 65+ tends to be lower: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Population 65+ by country | -0.69 | -0.36 | 0.010 | 105 | high |
| Religious attendance and Wellbeing scoreWhere Religious attendance is higher, Wellbeing score tends to be lower: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Wellbeing score by country | -0.65 | -0.33 | 0.000 | 105 | high |
| Religious attendance and PhysiciansWhere Religious attendance is higher, Physicians tends to be lower: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Physicians by country | -0.66 | -0.32 | 0.024 | 101 | proxy |
| Religious attendance and Government consumptionWhere Religious attendance is higher, Government consumption tends to be lower: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Government consumption by country | -0.48 | -0.30 | 0.043 | 100 | independent |
| Religious attendance and Population growthWhere Religious attendance is higher, Population growth tends to be higher: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Population growth by country | +0.50 | +0.29 | 0.036 | 105 | moderate |
| Religious attendance and Informal employmentWhere Religious attendance is higher, Informal employment tends to be higher: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Informal employment by country | +0.70 | +0.28 | 0.047 | 79 | proxy |
| Religious attendance and Secondary enrollmentWhere Religious attendance is higher, Secondary enrollment tends to be lower: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Secondary enrollment by country | -0.64 | -0.27 | 0.003 | 101 | high |
| Religious attendance and Male labor participationWhere Religious attendance is higher, Male labor participation tends to be higher: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Male labor participation by country | +0.32 | +0.17 | 0.035 | 103 | independent |
How much the other measures account for
The 71 most widely reported measures boil down to a few broad patterns. This table shows how much of the differences between countries on this measure those patterns account for, adding one pattern at a time. The patterns are rebuilt without this measure, and without anything built from the same numbers or measuring the same thing. So it never predicts itself under another name. The figures use the 86 countries reporting all of them, and 71 candidate measures.
This shows how much it moves with the others. It does not explain anything. Measures that move together end up on the same pattern whether or not anything connects them. And the countries here are the best-documented ones. A high figure means this measure is largely predictable from the others, not that they produce it.
| Patterns used | Share of this measure accounted for | Added by this pattern |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 55% | — |
| 2 | 58% | +3% |
| 3 | 58% | +1% |
| 4 | 59% | +0% |
| 5 | 59% | +0% |
| 6 | 60% | +1% |
How it differs by category
This compares the measure across groups of countries, such as those sharing a main religion, instead of against another number. The figure is the share of the differences between countries on this measure that lies between the groups, on a scale from 0 to 1. It is shown before and after adjusting for national income.
The “between groups” figure runs from 0 (the groups are no different) to 1 (the groups explain all the differences between countries). Groups have no up or down, so this says how much the groups differ, never which way. For that, read the group averages. The figure also tends to rise when there are more groups. So to judge whether it could be chance (q), we shuffle the same labels among the same countries many times and see how often a figure this big turns up. Then we allow for the fact that many measures are checked at once, since with enough checks a few big figures turn up by luck alone. Groups with fewer than 12 countries are left out. And countries that share a label share a lot else. Adjusting for income rules out one third factor, but leaves language, region, legal tradition and history untouched.
| Grouped by | Between groups | After income | q | Groups at each end |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Last European coloniser | 0.45 | 0.54 | 0.006 | largest: United Kingdom 56.2% · smallest: Never a European colony 33.6% % of respondents |
| Largest religious group | 0.24 | 0.06 | 0.642 | largest: Muslims 51.7% · smallest: Christians 39.9% % of respondents |
Every other pair
Everything else this measure was tested against, apart from the links that hold up and the pairs built from the same numbers. Sorted by the link after adjusting. Search by name; every column sorts. A small adjusted figure is a result too. It says the two do not move together once income is set aside.
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| Religious attendance and Confidence in religious institutionsLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.51) could easily be chance. Confidence in religious institutions by country | +0.67 | +0.51 | 0.063 | 105 | moderate |
| Religious attendance and Religiously unaffiliatedLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.50) could easily be chance. Religiously unaffiliated by country | -0.66 | -0.50 | 0.170 | 104 | moderate |
| Religious attendance and Interpersonal trustLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.44) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Interpersonal trust by country | -0.65 | -0.44 | 0.128 | 105 | high |
| Religious attendance and Infrastructure scoreLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.43) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Infrastructure score by country | -0.73 | -0.43 | 0.086 | 104 | proxy |
| Religious attendance and Aid givenCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Aid given by country | -0.33 | -0.43 | 0.079 | 42 | high |
| Religious attendance and Family benefits spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Family benefits spending by country | -0.49 | -0.41 | 0.081 | 40 | independent |
| Religious attendance and Women's age at first marriageCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Women's age at first marriage by country | -0.41 | -0.38 | 0.094 | 39 | moderate |
| Religious attendance and Equality scoreLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.37) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Equality score by country | -0.63 | -0.37 | 0.152 | 96 | high |
| Religious attendance and Infant mortalityLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.35) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Infant mortality by country | +0.68 | +0.35 | 0.258 | 102 | proxy |
| Religious attendance and Birth rateLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.34) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Birth rate by country | +0.69 | +0.34 | 0.101 | 105 | proxy |
| Religious attendance and Public social spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Public social spending by country | -0.47 | -0.33 | 0.069 | 40 | moderate |
| Religious attendance and Birth registrationLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.33) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Birth registration by country | -0.60 | -0.33 | 0.282 | 94 | proxy |
| Religious attendance and PISA readingLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.32) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. PISA reading by country | -0.57 | -0.32 | 0.129 | 75 | high |
| Religious attendance and Births outside marriageCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Births outside marriage by country | -0.30 | -0.31 | 0.460 | 40 | independent |
| Religious attendance and Divorce rateCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Divorce rate by country | -0.29 | -0.31 | 0.161 | 43 | independent |
| Religious attendance and Adolescent fertilityLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.31) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Adolescent fertility by country | +0.65 | +0.31 | 0.131 | 105 | proxy |
| Religious attendance and Under-5 mortalityLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.31) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Under-5 mortality by country | +0.65 | +0.31 | 0.317 | 102 | proxy |
| Religious attendance and Internet usersLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.30) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Internet users by country | -0.67 | -0.30 | 0.165 | 105 | proxy |
| Religious attendance and Extreme poverty rateLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.30) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Extreme poverty rate by country | +0.62 | +0.30 | 0.416 | 96 | proxy |
| Religious attendance and Suicide rateCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Suicide rate by country | -0.48 | -0.30 | 0.171 | 101 | independent |
| Religious attendance and Freedom of associationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Freedom of association by country | -0.13 | +0.29 | 0.074 | 101 | moderate |
| Religious attendance and Maternal mortalityLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.29) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Maternal mortality by country | +0.54 | +0.29 | 0.379 | 102 | proxy |
| Religious attendance and Gini indexCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Gini index by country | +0.45 | +0.29 | 0.081 | 96 | moderate |
| Religious attendance and FDI inflowsCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. FDI inflows by country | +0.20 | +0.29 | 0.557 | 104 | independent |
| Religious attendance and Basic sanitationLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.28) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Basic sanitation by country | -0.61 | -0.28 | 0.423 | 103 | high |
| Religious attendance and Population 0-14Linked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.28) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Population 0-14 by country | +0.67 | +0.28 | 0.108 | 105 | proxy |
| Religious attendance and Armed conflict presentLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.26) could easily be chance. Armed conflict present by country | +0.53 | +0.26 | 0.116 | 102 | moderate |
| Religious attendance and Divorce rate (UN)Could easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Divorce rate (UN) by country | -0.24 | -0.26 | 0.429 | 70 | independent |
| Religious attendance and Christian shareAlmost no link either way. Christian share by country | +0.07 | +0.26 | 0.107 | 104 | independent |
| Religious attendance and Mean years of schoolingLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.25) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Mean years of schooling by country | -0.64 | -0.25 | 0.345 | 102 | proxy |
| Religious attendance and Food insecurityLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.25) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Food insecurity by country | +0.60 | +0.25 | 0.344 | 90 | proxy |
| Religious attendance and Health scoreCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Health score by country | -0.38 | -0.25 | 0.104 | 101 | moderate |
| Religious attendance and Civil society participationAlmost no link either way. Civil society participation by country | -0.07 | +0.25 | 0.101 | 101 | independent |
| Religious attendance and Health coverage indexLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.25) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Health coverage index by country | -0.65 | -0.25 | 0.173 | 101 | proxy |
| Religious attendance and Life expectancyLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.24) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Life expectancy by country | -0.65 | -0.24 | 0.407 | 105 | proxy |
| Religious attendance and Alcohol consumptionLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.24) could easily be chance. Alcohol consumption by country | -0.53 | -0.24 | 0.128 | 100 | moderate |
| Religious attendance and Slum share of urban populationLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.24) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Slum share of urban population by country | +0.61 | +0.24 | 0.298 | 101 | high |
| Religious attendance and Pupil-teacher ratioLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.24) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Pupil-teacher ratio by country | +0.64 | +0.24 | 0.213 | 96 | proxy |
| Religious attendance and Fertility rateLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.24) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Fertility rate by country | +0.64 | +0.24 | 0.218 | 105 | proxy |
| Religious attendance and Trust in governmentAlmost no link either way. Trust in government by country | -0.01 | +0.23 | 0.396 | 45 | moderate |
| Religious attendance and Adult literacyLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.23) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Adult literacy by country | -0.54 | -0.23 | 0.140 | 66 | high |
| Religious attendance and Tobacco useCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Tobacco use by country | -0.31 | -0.23 | 0.188 | 98 | independent |
| Religious attendance and One-person householdsLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.23) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. One-person households by country | -0.58 | -0.23 | 0.488 | 88 | high |
| Religious attendance and Political civil libertiesCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Political civil liberties by country | -0.17 | +0.23 | 0.135 | 101 | moderate |
| Religious attendance and Tertiary enrollmentLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.22) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Tertiary enrollment by country | -0.60 | -0.22 | 0.128 | 100 | high |
| Religious attendance and Primary enrollmentAlmost no link either way. Primary enrollment by country | -0.06 | -0.22 | 0.423 | 102 | independent |
| Religious attendance and Education scoreLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.22) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Education score by country | -0.65 | -0.22 | 0.071 | 102 | proxy |
| Religious attendance and Out of school, primaryCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Out of school, primary by country | +0.49 | +0.22 | 0.082 | 100 | moderate |
| Religious attendance and Children with one parentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Children with one parent by country | -0.23 | -0.22 | 0.661 | 38 | independent |
| Religious attendance and Freedom of expressionCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Freedom of expression by country | -0.15 | +0.21 | 0.161 | 101 | moderate |
| Religious attendance and Women in a unionCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Women in a union by country | +0.14 | -0.21 | 0.082 | 104 | moderate |
| Religious attendance and ResearchersLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.21) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Researchers by country | -0.61 | -0.21 | 0.212 | 93 | proxy |
| Religious attendance and GDP growthCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. GDP growth by country | +0.32 | +0.21 | 0.062 | 105 | moderate |
| Religious attendance and Free and fair electionsCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Free and fair elections by country | -0.35 | +0.21 | 0.148 | 101 | high |
| Religious attendance and HIV prevalenceCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. HIV prevalence by country | +0.34 | +0.21 | 0.446 | 79 | moderate |
| Religious attendance and Gender wage gapCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Gender wage gap by country | -0.13 | -0.21 | 0.109 | 36 | independent |
| Religious attendance and Basic water accessLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.20) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Basic water access by country | -0.57 | -0.20 | 0.449 | 103 | proxy |
| Religious attendance and Recycling rateCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Recycling rate by country | -0.28 | -0.20 | 0.094 | 33 | moderate |
| Religious attendance and Education spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Education spending by country | -0.30 | -0.20 | 0.377 | 99 | independent |
| Religious attendance and Expected schoolingLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.20) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Expected schooling by country | -0.62 | -0.20 | 0.271 | 102 | proxy |
| Religious attendance and Married by 18Linked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.19) could easily be chance. Married by 18 by country | +0.52 | +0.19 | 0.107 | 69 | moderate |
| Religious attendance and Electoral democracyCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Electoral democracy by country | -0.32 | +0.19 | 0.198 | 101 | moderate |
| Religious attendance and Health spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Health spending by country | -0.49 | -0.19 | 0.122 | 101 | independent |
| Religious attendance and Military spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Military spending by country | -0.10 | -0.18 | 0.199 | 98 | independent |
| Religious attendance and Political rights (FH)Could easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Political rights (FH) by country | +0.32 | -0.18 | 0.227 | 103 | moderate |
| Religious attendance and Road traffic deathsLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.18) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Road traffic deaths by country | +0.57 | +0.18 | 0.555 | 101 | high |
| Religious attendance and Gender Development IndexCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Gender Development Index by country | -0.50 | -0.17 | 0.145 | 101 | high |
| Religious attendance and Homicide rateCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Homicide rate by country | +0.32 | +0.17 | 0.233 | 101 | moderate |
| Religious attendance and Governance scoreCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Governance score by country | -0.34 | +0.17 | 0.194 | 102 | moderate |
| Religious attendance and Corporate tax rateCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Corporate tax rate by country | +0.34 | +0.17 | 0.349 | 61 | moderate |
| Religious attendance and Electricity accessLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.17) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Electricity access by country | -0.52 | -0.17 | 0.532 | 104 | high |
| Religious attendance and Refugees originatingAlmost no link either way. Refugees originating by country | -0.01 | -0.16 | 0.111 | 103 | moderate |
| Religious attendance and Government expenseCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Government expense by country | -0.43 | -0.16 | 0.083 | 90 | moderate |
| Religious attendance and Public order spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Public order spending by country | +0.27 | +0.16 | 0.360 | 35 | high |
| Religious attendance and Market-income GiniCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Market-income Gini by country | +0.34 | +0.15 | 0.601 | 43 | moderate |
| Religious attendance and Skilled birth attendanceCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Skilled birth attendance by country | -0.49 | -0.15 | 0.562 | 95 | high |
| Religious attendance and Political stabilityLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.15) could easily be chance. Political stability by country | -0.58 | -0.15 | 0.249 | 105 | moderate |
| Religious attendance and Out-of-pocket health spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Out-of-pocket health spending by country | +0.24 | -0.15 | 0.401 | 101 | moderate |
| Religious attendance and Active labour market spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Active labour market spending by country | -0.32 | -0.14 | 0.394 | 40 | moderate |
| Religious attendance and Life satisfactionLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.14) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Life satisfaction by country | -0.58 | -0.14 | 0.490 | 103 | proxy |
| Religious attendance and Tuberculosis incidenceCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Tuberculosis incidence by country | +0.42 | +0.14 | 0.198 | 104 | high |
| Religious attendance and Control of corruptionLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.13) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Control of corruption by country | -0.57 | -0.13 | 0.493 | 105 | high |
| Religious attendance and Trade opennessCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Trade openness by country | -0.23 | +0.13 | 0.232 | 100 | moderate |
| Religious attendance and Agricultural landAlmost no link either way. Agricultural land by country | +0.07 | -0.13 | 0.540 | 103 | independent |
| Religious attendance and Women in parliamentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Women in parliament by country | -0.26 | -0.12 | 0.555 | 100 | independent |
| Religious attendance and Participatory democracyCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Participatory democracy by country | -0.34 | +0.12 | 0.332 | 101 | moderate |
| Religious attendance and Vulnerable employmentLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.12) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Vulnerable employment by country | +0.58 | +0.12 | 0.367 | 103 | proxy |
| Religious attendance and Marriage rateCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Marriage rate by country | -0.11 | -0.12 | 0.700 | 44 | independent |
| Religious attendance and Old-age spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Old-age spending by country | -0.17 | -0.12 | 0.342 | 40 | independent |
| Religious attendance and Regime typeCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Regime type by country | -0.35 | +0.12 | 0.530 | 101 | moderate |
| Religious attendance and Conflict deathsAlmost no link either way. Conflict deaths by country | +0.04 | -0.12 | 0.236 | 102 | moderate |
| Religious attendance and UndernourishmentLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.11) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Undernourishment by country | +0.51 | +0.11 | 0.722 | 98 | proxy |
| Religious attendance and Environment scoreCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Environment score by country | +0.15 | +0.11 | 0.410 | 103 | moderate |
| Religious attendance and Government spending per capitaLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.10) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Government spending per capita by country | -0.51 | -0.10 | 0.760 | 41 | proxy |
| Religious attendance and Liberal democracyCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Liberal democracy by country | -0.39 | +0.10 | 0.476 | 101 | moderate |
| Religious attendance and Adult obesityAlmost no link either way. Adult obesity by country | -0.04 | +0.10 | 0.577 | 102 | moderate |
| Religious attendance and Corruption Perceptions IndexLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Corruption Perceptions Index by country | -0.53 | -0.10 | 0.642 | 102 | high |
| Religious attendance and Tax revenueCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Tax revenue by country | -0.39 | -0.10 | 0.410 | 90 | moderate |
| Religious attendance and Primary completionLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Primary completion by country | -0.51 | -0.09 | 0.763 | 96 | proxy |
| Religious attendance and Civil liberties (FH)Could easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Civil liberties (FH) by country | +0.39 | -0.09 | 0.422 | 103 | moderate |
| Religious attendance and Unemployment benefit spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Unemployment benefit spending by country | -0.11 | -0.09 | 0.447 | 37 | moderate |
| Religious attendance and Premature NCD mortalityCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Premature NCD mortality by country | +0.35 | -0.08 | 0.646 | 101 | high |
| Religious attendance and UnemploymentAlmost no link either way. Unemployment by country | +0.09 | -0.08 | 0.591 | 103 | independent |
| Religious attendance and Women's political empowermentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Women's political empowerment by country | -0.36 | +0.08 | 0.712 | 101 | moderate |
| Religious attendance and Youth not in work or studyCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Youth not in work or study by country | +0.44 | +0.08 | 0.524 | 100 | high |
| Religious attendance and Government effectivenessLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Government effectiveness by country | -0.58 | -0.08 | 0.625 | 105 | proxy |
| Religious attendance and Migrant share of populationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Migrant share of population by country | -0.35 | +0.08 | 0.598 | 104 | high |
| Religious attendance and Rule of lawLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Rule of law by country | -0.56 | -0.08 | 0.722 | 105 | high |
| Religious attendance and Compulsory schoolingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Compulsory schooling by country | -0.12 | +0.07 | 0.736 | 104 | moderate |
| Religious attendance and Voice and accountabilityCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Voice and accountability by country | -0.45 | +0.07 | 0.641 | 105 | moderate |
| Religious attendance and DTP3 immunisationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. DTP3 immunisation by country | -0.29 | -0.07 | 0.628 | 101 | moderate |
| Religious attendance and Marriage rate (UN)Could easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Marriage rate (UN) by country | +0.21 | +0.07 | 0.787 | 74 | independent |
| Religious attendance and CO2 per capitaCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. CO2 per capita by country | -0.43 | -0.06 | 0.714 | 100 | proxy |
| Religious attendance and Women ministersCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Women ministers by country | -0.24 | -0.06 | 0.747 | 100 | independent |
| Religious attendance and Gender scoreCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Gender score by country | -0.32 | -0.06 | 0.805 | 100 | moderate |
| Religious attendance and Protected landCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Protected land by country | -0.17 | +0.05 | 0.740 | 103 | independent |
| Religious attendance and Regulatory qualityLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Regulatory quality by country | -0.55 | -0.05 | 0.785 | 105 | proxy |
| Religious attendance and UrbanizationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Urbanization by country | -0.47 | -0.05 | 0.635 | 105 | high |
| Religious attendance and Labour scoreLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Labour score by country | -0.53 | -0.04 | 0.802 | 103 | high |
| Religious attendance and Female labor participationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Female labor participation by country | -0.22 | -0.03 | 0.905 | 103 | independent |
| Religious attendance and InflationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Inflation by country | +0.11 | +0.03 | 0.765 | 103 | independent |
| Religious attendance and Pre-trial detainee shareCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Pre-trial detainee share by country | +0.18 | +0.03 | 0.781 | 97 | independent |
| Religious attendance and Single-parent householdsAlmost no link either way. Single-parent households by country | +0.02 | +0.03 | 0.899 | 88 | independent |
| Religious attendance and Muslim shareCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Muslim share by country | +0.30 | +0.03 | 0.925 | 104 | independent |
| Religious attendance and Age at childbearingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Age at childbearing by country | -0.38 | +0.02 | 0.950 | 105 | moderate |
| Religious attendance and Political corruptionCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Political corruption by country | +0.46 | -0.02 | 0.881 | 101 | high |
| Religious attendance and RedistributionCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Redistribution by country | -0.33 | -0.02 | 0.927 | 43 | moderate |
| Religious attendance and Mobile subscriptionsCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Mobile subscriptions by country | -0.29 | -0.02 | 0.866 | 105 | moderate |
| Religious attendance and Anaemia in womenCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Anaemia in women by country | +0.42 | -0.02 | 0.952 | 100 | high |
| Religious attendance and Retirement age, menCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Retirement age, men by country | +0.16 | +0.01 | 0.921 | 47 | independent |
| Religious attendance and Employment in agricultureLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Employment in agriculture by country | +0.53 | -0.01 | 0.943 | 103 | proxy |
| Religious attendance and Retirement age, womenAlmost no link either way. Retirement age, women by country | +0.05 | +0.01 | 0.965 | 47 | independent |
| Religious attendance and Self-reported happinessCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Self-reported happiness by country | -0.21 | -0.01 | 0.965 | 105 | moderate |
| Religious attendance and Forest areaCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Forest area by country | -0.18 | -0.01 | 0.981 | 102 | independent |
| Religious attendance and Women in managementCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Women in management by country | -0.16 | +0.00 | 0.986 | 88 | moderate |
| Religious attendance and GDP per capita (PPP)One side of this pair is national income itself, the thing the other figures adjust for. Adjusting income for income leaves nothing, so there is no adjusted figure. The unadjusted link shows how closely the other measure follows income. GDP per capita (PPP) by country | -0.52 | — | — | 105 | proxy |
| Religious attendance and GNI per capita (PPP)One side of this pair is national income itself, the thing the other figures adjust for. Adjusting income for income leaves nothing, so there is no adjusted figure. The unadjusted link shows how closely the other measure follows income. GNI per capita (PPP) by country | -0.58 | — | — | 105 | proxy |
| Religious attendance and GDP per capita (market)One side of this pair is national income itself, the thing the other figures adjust for. Adjusting income for income leaves nothing, so there is no adjusted figure. The unadjusted link shows how closely the other measure follows income. GDP per capita (market) by country | -0.48 | — | — | 105 | proxy |
Source
World Values Survey Association and European Values Study · via Our World in Data
Free for non-commercial use with attribution · licence terms · updated irregular (survey waves, roughly every 5 years)
Haerpfer, C. et al., World Values Survey; EVS, European Values Study