Gender Inequality Index
Gender Inequality Index
Link with national income-0.89essentially a measure of national income
Links that hold up30of 158 pairs tested
Unitindex, 0 to 1higher is worse
SourceUNDP_HDRCC BY 3.0 IGO
What this measures. Built from deaths in childbirth, births to teenagers, seats in parliament, secondary schooling, and the share of women and men in the workforce. Five of those inputs are on the site and flagged. It is kept out of the gender score, for the same reason the HDI is kept out of the economy score.
How it has moved
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Every country, every year
One row per country and one column per year, sorted by the most recent value. Hover over any cell to see the figure. The country names link to each country’s page.
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Links that hold up
r is how closely two measures rise and fall together across countries, from −1 (opposite) to +1 (in step), where 0 means no link. These pairs are ranked by the link after adjusting for national income, which means comparing countries with the same GDP per person. Each pair passed three checks. The link held after that adjustment. It was unlikely to be chance (q of 0.05 or less), even allowing for countries in the same region being alike and for the many pairs tested. And the two are not just two measures of the same thing. Very small q values are written in short form: 8.0e-5 means 0.000080.
| Measure | Before adjusting | After adjusting | q | Countries | Tracks income? |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender Inequality Index and Inequality-adjusted HDIWhere Gender Inequality Index is higher, Inequality-adjusted HDI tends to be lower: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Inequality-adjusted HDI by country | -0.94 | -0.64 | 0.003 | 156 | proxy |
| Gender Inequality Index and Median ageWhere Gender Inequality Index is higher, Median age tends to be lower: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Median age by country | -0.90 | -0.63 | 0.019 | 169 | proxy |
| Gender Inequality Index and Population 65+Where Gender Inequality Index is higher, Population 65+ tends to be lower: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Population 65+ by country | -0.84 | -0.61 | 0.016 | 169 | high |
| Gender Inequality Index and Informal employmentWhere Gender Inequality Index is higher, Informal employment tends to be higher: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Informal employment by country | +0.91 | +0.59 | 0.013 | 133 | proxy |
| Gender Inequality Index and HDIWhere Gender Inequality Index is higher, HDI tends to be lower: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. HDI by country | -0.92 | -0.57 | 0.020 | 169 | proxy |
| Gender Inequality Index and Fixed broadbandWhere Gender Inequality Index is higher, Fixed broadband tends to be lower: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Fixed broadband by country | -0.87 | -0.55 | 0.001 | 169 | proxy |
| Gender Inequality Index and Frequent prayerWhere Gender Inequality Index is higher, Frequent prayer tends to be higher: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Frequent prayer by country | +0.77 | +0.55 | 0.044 | 72 | high |
| Gender Inequality Index and Religion very importantWhere Gender Inequality Index is higher, Religion very important tends to be higher: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Religion very important by country | +0.75 | +0.54 | 0.026 | 100 | high |
| Gender Inequality Index and Population 0-14Where Gender Inequality Index is higher, Population 0-14 tends to be higher: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Population 0-14 by country | +0.88 | +0.50 | 0.010 | 169 | proxy |
| Gender Inequality Index and Public social spendingWhere Gender Inequality Index is higher, Public social spending tends to be lower: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Public social spending by country | -0.64 | -0.50 | 0.036 | 42 | moderate |
| Gender Inequality Index and PhysiciansWhere Gender Inequality Index is higher, Physicians tends to be lower: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Physicians by country | -0.84 | -0.49 | 0.008 | 169 | proxy |
| Gender Inequality Index and Religious attendanceWhere Gender Inequality Index is higher, Religious attendance tends to be higher: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Religious attendance by country | +0.74 | +0.48 | 0.017 | 98 | high |
| Gender Inequality Index and ResearchersWhere Gender Inequality Index is higher, Researchers tends to be lower: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Researchers by country | -0.76 | -0.47 | 0.005 | 126 | proxy |
| Gender Inequality Index and Tertiary enrollmentWhere Gender Inequality Index is higher, Tertiary enrollment tends to be lower: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Tertiary enrollment by country | -0.81 | -0.46 | 0.006 | 157 | high |
| Gender Inequality Index and Birth rateWhere Gender Inequality Index is higher, Birth rate tends to be higher: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Birth rate by country | +0.87 | +0.46 | 0.029 | 169 | proxy |
| Gender Inequality Index and Health spendingWhere Gender Inequality Index is higher, Health spending tends to be lower: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Health spending by country | -0.48 | -0.43 | 0.011 | 169 | independent |
| Gender Inequality Index and Expected schoolingWhere Gender Inequality Index is higher, Expected schooling tends to be lower: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Expected schooling by country | -0.81 | -0.41 | 0.020 | 169 | proxy |
| Gender Inequality Index and Slum share of urban populationWhere Gender Inequality Index is higher, Slum share of urban population tends to be higher: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Slum share of urban population by country | +0.80 | +0.41 | 0.022 | 165 | high |
| Gender Inequality Index and Road traffic deathsWhere Gender Inequality Index is higher, Road traffic deaths tends to be higher: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Road traffic deaths by country | +0.74 | +0.39 | 0.031 | 169 | high |
| Gender Inequality Index and Rule of lawWhere Gender Inequality Index is higher, Rule of law tends to be lower: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Rule of law by country | -0.77 | -0.39 | 0.029 | 169 | high |
| Gender Inequality Index and Infrastructure scoreWhere Gender Inequality Index is higher, Infrastructure score tends to be lower: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Infrastructure score by country | -0.88 | -0.38 | 0.038 | 169 | proxy |
| Gender Inequality Index and Education scoreWhere Gender Inequality Index is higher, Education score tends to be lower: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Education score by country | -0.83 | -0.37 | 0.001 | 167 | proxy |
| Gender Inequality Index and One-person householdsWhere Gender Inequality Index is higher, One-person households tends to be lower: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. One-person households by country | -0.72 | -0.37 | 0.046 | 136 | high |
| Gender Inequality Index and Hospital bedsWhere Gender Inequality Index is higher, Hospital beds tends to be lower: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Hospital beds by country | -0.61 | -0.37 | 0.039 | 157 | high |
| Gender Inequality Index and Food insecurityWhere Gender Inequality Index is higher, Food insecurity tends to be higher: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Food insecurity by country | +0.84 | +0.37 | 0.042 | 145 | proxy |
Links that don’t count as findings
These go together strongly, but they are built from the same numbers or measure the same thing. So they are bound to match, or their match shows that the measures agree, not something about the world.
| Measure | Before adjusting | After adjusting | q | Countries | Tracks income? |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender Inequality Index and Adolescent fertilityNot an independent finding: one of these indices is built partly from the other, so their agreement is just arithmetic. Adolescent fertility by country | +0.83 | +0.47 | 0.031 | 169 | proxy |
| Gender Inequality Index and Women in parliamentNot an independent finding: one of these indices is built partly from the other, so their agreement is just arithmetic. Women in parliament by country | -0.36 | -0.38 | 0.061 | 169 | independent |
| Gender Inequality Index and Health scoreNot an independent finding: one of these indices is built partly from the other, so their agreement is just arithmetic. Health score by country | -0.39 | -0.38 | 0.004 | 169 | moderate |
| Gender Inequality Index and Maternal mortalityNot an independent finding: one of these indices is built partly from the other, so their agreement is just arithmetic. Maternal mortality by country | +0.74 | +0.36 | 0.287 | 169 | proxy |
| Gender Inequality Index and Gender scoreNot an independent finding: one of these indices is built partly from the other, so their agreement is just arithmetic. Gender score by country | -0.44 | -0.35 | 0.142 | 168 | moderate |
| Gender Inequality Index and Female labor participationNot an independent finding: one of these indices is built partly from the other, so their agreement is just arithmetic. Female labor participation by country | -0.14 | -0.17 | 0.420 | 167 | independent |
| Gender Inequality Index and Male labor participationNot an independent finding: one of these indices is built partly from the other, so their agreement is just arithmetic. Male labor participation by country | +0.02 | +0.12 | 0.590 | 167 | independent |
How much the other measures account for
The 71 most widely reported measures boil down to a few broad patterns. This table shows how much of the differences between countries on this measure those patterns account for, adding one pattern at a time. The patterns are rebuilt without this measure, and without anything built from the same numbers or measuring the same thing. So it never predicts itself under another name. The figures use the 129 countries reporting all of them, and 67 candidate measures.
This shows how much it moves with the others. It does not explain anything. Measures that move together end up on the same pattern whether or not anything connects them. And the countries here are the best-documented ones. A high figure means this measure is largely predictable from the others, not that they produce it.
| Patterns used | Share of this measure accounted for | Added by this pattern |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 89% | — |
| 2 | 89% | +0% |
| 3 | 89% | +0% |
| 4 | 90% | +1% |
| 5 | 91% | +1% |
| 6 | 91% | +0% |
How it differs by category
This compares the measure across groups of countries, such as those sharing a main religion, instead of against another number. The figure is the share of the differences between countries on this measure that lies between the groups, on a scale from 0 to 1. It is shown before and after adjusting for national income.
The “between groups” figure runs from 0 (the groups are no different) to 1 (the groups explain all the differences between countries). Groups have no up or down, so this says how much the groups differ, never which way. For that, read the group averages. The figure also tends to rise when there are more groups. So to judge whether it could be chance (q), we shuffle the same labels among the same countries many times and see how often a figure this big turns up. Then we allow for the fact that many measures are checked at once, since with enough checks a few big figures turn up by luck alone. Groups with fewer than 12 countries are left out. And countries that share a label share a lot else. Adjusting for income rules out one third factor, but leaves language, region, legal tradition and history untouched.
| Grouped by | Between groups | After income | q | Groups at each end |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Last European coloniser | 0.43 | 0.30 | 0.033 | worst: France 0.52 · best: Never a European colony 0.304 index, 0 to 1 |
| Largest religious group | 0.26 | 0.19 | 0.047 | worst: Muslims 0.41 · best: Christians 0.302 index, 0 to 1 |
Every other pair
Everything else this measure was tested against, apart from the links that hold up and the pairs built from the same numbers. Sorted by the link after adjusting. Search by name; every column sorts. A small adjusted figure is a result too. It says the two do not move together once income is set aside.
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| Gender Inequality Index and PISA mathsLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.58) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. PISA maths by country | -0.84 | -0.58 | 0.058 | 82 | high |
| Gender Inequality Index and Women's age at first marriageComparing only countries with similar income it is still -0.52, but that could easily be chance once we allow for countries in the same region being alike. Women's age at first marriage by country | -0.65 | -0.52 | 0.111 | 40 | moderate |
| Gender Inequality Index and Life expectancyLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.51) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Life expectancy by country | -0.88 | -0.51 | 0.125 | 169 | proxy |
| Gender Inequality Index and PISA scienceLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.51) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. PISA science by country | -0.81 | -0.51 | 0.096 | 82 | high |
| Gender Inequality Index and PISA readingLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.47) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. PISA reading by country | -0.79 | -0.47 | 0.059 | 82 | high |
| Gender Inequality Index and Married by 18Linked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.44) could easily be chance. Married by 18 by country | +0.70 | +0.44 | 0.069 | 126 | moderate |
| Gender Inequality Index and Infant mortalityLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.44) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Infant mortality by country | +0.84 | +0.44 | 0.083 | 169 | proxy |
| Gender Inequality Index and Unemployment benefit spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Unemployment benefit spending by country | -0.50 | -0.42 | 0.065 | 39 | moderate |
| Gender Inequality Index and Government effectivenessLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.41) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Government effectiveness by country | -0.84 | -0.41 | 0.069 | 169 | proxy |
| Gender Inequality Index and Recycling rateLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.39) could easily be chance. Recycling rate by country | -0.59 | -0.39 | 0.091 | 35 | moderate |
| Gender Inequality Index and Control of corruptionLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.38) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Control of corruption by country | -0.77 | -0.38 | 0.053 | 169 | high |
| Gender Inequality Index and Mean years of schoolingLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.38) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Mean years of schooling by country | -0.84 | -0.38 | 0.074 | 169 | proxy |
| Gender Inequality Index and Old-age spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Old-age spending by country | -0.37 | -0.38 | 0.193 | 42 | independent |
| Gender Inequality Index and Family benefits spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Family benefits spending by country | -0.48 | -0.37 | 0.161 | 42 | independent |
| Gender Inequality Index and Regulatory qualityLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.37) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Regulatory quality by country | -0.81 | -0.37 | 0.057 | 169 | proxy |
| Gender Inequality Index and Health coverage indexLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.37) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Health coverage index by country | -0.85 | -0.37 | 0.218 | 169 | proxy |
| Gender Inequality Index and Under-5 mortalityLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.36) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Under-5 mortality by country | +0.80 | +0.36 | 0.168 | 169 | proxy |
| Gender Inequality Index and Age at childbearingLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.35) could easily be chance. Age at childbearing by country | -0.54 | -0.35 | 0.091 | 169 | moderate |
| Gender Inequality Index and Corruption Perceptions IndexLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.35) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Corruption Perceptions Index by country | -0.74 | -0.35 | 0.077 | 165 | high |
| Gender Inequality Index and Anaemia in womenLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.35) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Anaemia in women by country | +0.71 | +0.35 | 0.224 | 168 | high |
| Gender Inequality Index and Public order spendingLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.33) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Public order spending by country | +0.63 | +0.33 | 0.106 | 37 | high |
| Gender Inequality Index and Political corruptionLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.33) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Political corruption by country | +0.70 | +0.33 | 0.066 | 161 | high |
| Gender Inequality Index and Fertility rateLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.33) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Fertility rate by country | +0.81 | +0.33 | 0.089 | 169 | proxy |
| Gender Inequality Index and Religiously unaffiliatedLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.32) could easily be chance. Religiously unaffiliated by country | -0.52 | -0.32 | 0.074 | 168 | moderate |
| Gender Inequality Index and Labour scoreLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.32) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Labour score by country | -0.74 | -0.32 | 0.136 | 169 | high |
| Gender Inequality Index and Gini indexCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Gini index by country | +0.40 | +0.32 | 0.139 | 152 | moderate |
| Gender Inequality Index and Voice and accountabilityLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.32) could easily be chance. Voice and accountability by country | -0.65 | -0.32 | 0.072 | 169 | moderate |
| Gender Inequality Index and Interpersonal trustLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.32) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Interpersonal trust by country | -0.63 | -0.32 | 0.091 | 100 | high |
| Gender Inequality Index and Adult literacyLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.31) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Adult literacy by country | -0.73 | -0.31 | 0.131 | 121 | high |
| Gender Inequality Index and Youth not in work or studyLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.31) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Youth not in work or study by country | +0.60 | +0.31 | 0.145 | 159 | high |
| Gender Inequality Index and Government consumptionCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Government consumption by country | -0.34 | -0.30 | 0.077 | 157 | independent |
| Gender Inequality Index and Confidence in religious institutionsLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.30) could easily be chance. Confidence in religious institutions by country | +0.55 | +0.30 | 0.125 | 100 | moderate |
| Gender Inequality Index and Homicide rateCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Homicide rate by country | +0.29 | +0.30 | 0.226 | 147 | moderate |
| Gender Inequality Index and Women's political empowermentLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.29) could easily be chance. Women's political empowerment by country | -0.52 | -0.29 | 0.210 | 161 | moderate |
| Gender Inequality Index and Government expenseLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.29) could easily be chance. Government expense by country | -0.54 | -0.29 | 0.055 | 138 | moderate |
| Gender Inequality Index and Tax revenueCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Tax revenue by country | -0.38 | -0.28 | 0.065 | 138 | moderate |
| Gender Inequality Index and Life satisfactionLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.28) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Life satisfaction by country | -0.79 | -0.28 | 0.171 | 153 | proxy |
| Gender Inequality Index and Aid givenLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.28) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Aid given by country | -0.54 | -0.28 | 0.226 | 47 | high |
| Gender Inequality Index and Wellbeing scoreLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.27) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Wellbeing score by country | -0.73 | -0.27 | 0.058 | 100 | high |
| Gender Inequality Index and Alcohol consumptionLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.27) could easily be chance. Alcohol consumption by country | -0.54 | -0.27 | 0.154 | 169 | moderate |
| Gender Inequality Index and RedistributionLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.26) could easily be chance. Redistribution by country | -0.65 | -0.26 | 0.330 | 45 | moderate |
| Gender Inequality Index and Population growthLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.26) could easily be chance. Population growth by country | +0.55 | +0.26 | 0.106 | 169 | moderate |
| Gender Inequality Index and Basic sanitationLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.25) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Basic sanitation by country | -0.78 | -0.25 | 0.245 | 168 | high |
| Gender Inequality Index and Adult obesityCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Adult obesity by country | -0.22 | +0.25 | 0.131 | 169 | moderate |
| Gender Inequality Index and Liberal democracyLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.24) could easily be chance. Liberal democracy by country | -0.57 | -0.24 | 0.145 | 161 | moderate |
| Gender Inequality Index and Participatory democracyLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.24) could easily be chance. Participatory democracy by country | -0.54 | -0.24 | 0.220 | 161 | moderate |
| Gender Inequality Index and Women ministersCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Women ministers by country | -0.28 | -0.24 | 0.178 | 169 | independent |
| Gender Inequality Index and Skilled birth attendanceLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.23) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Skilled birth attendance by country | -0.69 | -0.23 | 0.175 | 160 | high |
| Gender Inequality Index and Vulnerable employmentLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.23) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Vulnerable employment by country | +0.81 | +0.23 | 0.058 | 167 | proxy |
| Gender Inequality Index and Hours workedLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.22) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Hours worked by country | +0.63 | +0.22 | 0.229 | 38 | high |
| Gender Inequality Index and Armed conflict presentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Armed conflict present by country | +0.45 | +0.22 | 0.301 | 169 | moderate |
| Gender Inequality Index and Free and fair electionsLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.22) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Free and fair elections by country | -0.60 | -0.22 | 0.232 | 161 | high |
| Gender Inequality Index and Child stuntingLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.21) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Child stunting by country | +0.74 | +0.21 | 0.141 | 145 | proxy |
| Gender Inequality Index and DTP3 immunisationLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.21) could easily be chance. DTP3 immunisation by country | -0.54 | -0.21 | 0.206 | 169 | moderate |
| Gender Inequality Index and Regime typeLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.21) could easily be chance. Regime type by country | -0.53 | -0.21 | 0.196 | 161 | moderate |
| Gender Inequality Index and Active labour market spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Active labour market spending by country | -0.49 | -0.21 | 0.347 | 42 | moderate |
| Gender Inequality Index and Birth registrationLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.21) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Birth registration by country | -0.68 | -0.21 | 0.236 | 154 | proxy |
| Gender Inequality Index and Suicide rateCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Suicide rate by country | -0.31 | -0.21 | 0.266 | 169 | independent |
| Gender Inequality Index and Civil liberties (FH)Linked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.20) could easily be chance. Civil liberties (FH) by country | +0.52 | +0.20 | 0.122 | 169 | moderate |
| Gender Inequality Index and Gender wage gapAlmost no link either way. Gender wage gap by country | -0.07 | -0.20 | 0.220 | 38 | independent |
| Gender Inequality Index and Electoral democracyLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.20) could easily be chance. Electoral democracy by country | -0.51 | -0.20 | 0.345 | 161 | moderate |
| Gender Inequality Index and Governance scoreLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.19) could easily be chance. Governance score by country | -0.53 | -0.19 | 0.309 | 163 | moderate |
| Gender Inequality Index and Out of school, primaryLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.19) could easily be chance. Out of school, primary by country | +0.54 | +0.19 | 0.123 | 161 | moderate |
| Gender Inequality Index and Gender Development IndexLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.19) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Gender Development Index by country | -0.64 | -0.19 | 0.447 | 169 | high |
| Gender Inequality Index and Political rights (FH)Linked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.18) could easily be chance. Political rights (FH) by country | +0.50 | +0.18 | 0.121 | 169 | moderate |
| Gender Inequality Index and Tuberculosis incidenceLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.18) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Tuberculosis incidence by country | +0.52 | +0.18 | 0.212 | 169 | high |
| Gender Inequality Index and Premature NCD mortalityLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.17) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Premature NCD mortality by country | +0.65 | +0.17 | 0.067 | 169 | high |
| Gender Inequality Index and Muslim shareCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Muslim share by country | +0.29 | +0.17 | 0.316 | 168 | independent |
| Gender Inequality Index and Trust in governmentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Trust in government by country | -0.17 | +0.17 | 0.447 | 47 | moderate |
| Gender Inequality Index and Marriage rateCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Marriage rate by country | +0.15 | +0.16 | 0.760 | 46 | independent |
| Gender Inequality Index and Equality scoreLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.16) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Equality score by country | -0.64 | -0.16 | 0.395 | 152 | high |
| Gender Inequality Index and UndernourishmentLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.15) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Undernourishment by country | +0.69 | +0.15 | 0.132 | 154 | proxy |
| Gender Inequality Index and UnemploymentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Unemployment by country | +0.13 | +0.15 | 0.466 | 167 | independent |
| Gender Inequality Index and Out-of-pocket health spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Out-of-pocket health spending by country | +0.41 | +0.15 | 0.400 | 169 | moderate |
| Gender Inequality Index and Political stabilityLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.15) could easily be chance. Political stability by country | -0.59 | -0.15 | 0.197 | 169 | moderate |
| Gender Inequality Index and Pre-trial detainee shareCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Pre-trial detainee share by country | +0.34 | +0.14 | 0.494 | 154 | independent |
| Gender Inequality Index and Self-reported happinessCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Self-reported happiness by country | -0.33 | -0.13 | 0.398 | 100 | moderate |
| Gender Inequality Index and HIV prevalenceCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. HIV prevalence by country | +0.26 | +0.13 | 0.325 | 143 | moderate |
| Gender Inequality Index and Primary completionLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.13) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Primary completion by country | -0.72 | -0.13 | 0.117 | 153 | proxy |
| Gender Inequality Index and Retirement age, menCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Retirement age, men by country | +0.33 | +0.13 | 0.515 | 49 | independent |
| Gender Inequality Index and Internet usersLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.12) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Internet users by country | -0.81 | -0.12 | 0.270 | 169 | proxy |
| Gender Inequality Index and Divorce rate (UN)Almost no link either way. Divorce rate (UN) by country | -0.08 | -0.12 | 0.441 | 79 | independent |
| Gender Inequality Index and Extreme poverty rateLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.11) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Extreme poverty rate by country | +0.65 | -0.11 | 0.438 | 152 | proxy |
| Gender Inequality Index and Births outside marriageAlmost no link either way. Births outside marriage by country | -0.02 | -0.11 | 0.810 | 42 | independent |
| Gender Inequality Index and Agricultural landCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Agricultural land by country | +0.21 | -0.10 | 0.283 | 169 | independent |
| Gender Inequality Index and Christian shareAlmost no link either way. Christian share by country | -0.08 | -0.09 | 0.659 | 168 | independent |
| Gender Inequality Index and GDP growthCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. GDP growth by country | +0.21 | +0.09 | 0.669 | 169 | moderate |
| Gender Inequality Index and Retirement age, womenAlmost no link either way. Retirement age, women by country | +0.05 | -0.09 | 0.798 | 49 | independent |
| Gender Inequality Index and Single-parent householdsAlmost no link either way. Single-parent households by country | +0.04 | -0.08 | 0.781 | 136 | independent |
| Gender Inequality Index and Freedom of associationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Freedom of association by country | -0.29 | -0.08 | 0.750 | 161 | moderate |
| Gender Inequality Index and Divorce rateAlmost no link either way. Divorce rate by country | +0.03 | -0.08 | 0.862 | 45 | independent |
| Gender Inequality Index and Civil society participationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Civil society participation by country | -0.21 | -0.08 | 0.708 | 161 | independent |
| Gender Inequality Index and Primary enrollmentAlmost no link either way. Primary enrollment by country | +0.01 | -0.08 | 0.201 | 166 | independent |
| Gender Inequality Index and Environment scoreCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Environment score by country | +0.32 | -0.07 | 0.663 | 169 | moderate |
| Gender Inequality Index and Political civil libertiesCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Political civil liberties by country | -0.29 | -0.07 | 0.787 | 161 | moderate |
| Gender Inequality Index and CO2 per capitaLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. CO2 per capita by country | -0.50 | +0.07 | 0.836 | 167 | proxy |
| Gender Inequality Index and Trade opennessCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Trade openness by country | -0.41 | -0.07 | 0.694 | 157 | moderate |
| Gender Inequality Index and Protected landCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Protected land by country | -0.21 | -0.06 | 0.561 | 169 | independent |
| Gender Inequality Index and Government spending per capitaLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Government spending per capita by country | -0.69 | +0.06 | 0.874 | 43 | proxy |
| Gender Inequality Index and Market-income GiniCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Market-income Gini by country | +0.42 | +0.06 | 0.795 | 45 | moderate |
| Gender Inequality Index and Children with one parentAlmost no link either way. Children with one parent by country | -0.02 | +0.06 | 0.904 | 38 | independent |
| Gender Inequality Index and Military spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Military spending by country | -0.19 | -0.05 | 0.780 | 151 | independent |
| Gender Inequality Index and Freedom of expressionCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Freedom of expression by country | -0.25 | -0.05 | 0.839 | 161 | moderate |
| Gender Inequality Index and FDI inflowsAlmost no link either way. FDI inflows by country | +0.01 | +0.05 | 0.572 | 169 | independent |
| Gender Inequality Index and Forest areaAlmost no link either way. Forest area by country | -0.03 | +0.05 | 0.863 | 169 | independent |
| Gender Inequality Index and Women in managementCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Women in management by country | -0.23 | +0.04 | 0.842 | 139 | moderate |
| Gender Inequality Index and Electricity accessLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Electricity access by country | -0.68 | -0.04 | 0.680 | 169 | high |
| Gender Inequality Index and Employment in agricultureLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Employment in agriculture by country | +0.73 | -0.03 | 0.608 | 167 | proxy |
| Gender Inequality Index and Conflict deathsCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Conflict deaths by country | +0.18 | -0.03 | 0.100 | 169 | moderate |
| Gender Inequality Index and Mobile subscriptionsCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Mobile subscriptions by country | -0.35 | +0.03 | 0.816 | 169 | moderate |
| Gender Inequality Index and Basic water accessLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Basic water access by country | -0.70 | -0.03 | 0.700 | 168 | proxy |
| Gender Inequality Index and Refugees originatingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Refugees originating by country | +0.19 | -0.02 | 0.433 | 168 | moderate |
| Gender Inequality Index and Marriage rate (UN)Could easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Marriage rate (UN) by country | +0.21 | +0.02 | 0.915 | 87 | independent |
| Gender Inequality Index and InflationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Inflation by country | +0.12 | +0.02 | 0.786 | 168 | independent |
| Gender Inequality Index and Women in a unionCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Women in a union by country | +0.32 | -0.01 | 0.951 | 167 | moderate |
| Gender Inequality Index and Migrant share of populationLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Migrant share of population by country | -0.50 | +0.01 | 0.973 | 169 | high |
| Gender Inequality Index and Compulsory schoolingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Compulsory schooling by country | -0.35 | +0.01 | 0.949 | 159 | moderate |
| Gender Inequality Index and UrbanizationLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Urbanization by country | -0.59 | +0.01 | 0.977 | 169 | high |
| Gender Inequality Index and GDP per capita (PPP)One side of this pair is national income itself, the thing the other figures adjust for. Adjusting income for income leaves nothing, so there is no adjusted figure. The unadjusted link shows how closely the other measure follows income. GDP per capita (PPP) by country | -0.77 | — | — | 169 | proxy |
| Gender Inequality Index and GNI per capita (PPP)One side of this pair is national income itself, the thing the other figures adjust for. Adjusting income for income leaves nothing, so there is no adjusted figure. The unadjusted link shows how closely the other measure follows income. GNI per capita (PPP) by country | -0.81 | — | — | 169 | proxy |
| Gender Inequality Index and GDP per capita (market)One side of this pair is national income itself, the thing the other figures adjust for. Adjusting income for income leaves nothing, so there is no adjusted figure. The unadjusted link shows how closely the other measure follows income. GDP per capita (market) by country | -0.71 | — | — | 169 | proxy |
Source
United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Report Office · via Our World in Data
CC BY 3.0 IGO · licence terms · updated annual
United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Report 2025