Vulnerable employment
Vulnerable employment, total (% of total employment)
Link with national income-0.87essentially a measure of national income
Links that hold up18of 158 pairs tested
Unit% of employmenthigher is worse
SourceWDICC BY 4.0
What this measures. Self-employed workers and unpaid family workers, who have no employer and usually no protection. The ILO estimates it with a model for every country and year, which is why it is complete where surveys are not.
How it has moved
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Every country, every year
One row per country and one column per year, sorted by the most recent value. Hover over any cell to see the figure. The country names link to each country’s page.
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Links that hold up
r is how closely two measures rise and fall together across countries, from −1 (opposite) to +1 (in step), where 0 means no link. These pairs are ranked by the link after adjusting for national income, which means comparing countries with the same GDP per person. Each pair passed three checks. The link held after that adjustment. It was unlikely to be chance (q of 0.05 or less), even allowing for countries in the same region being alike and for the many pairs tested. And the two are not just two measures of the same thing. Very small q values are written in short form: 8.0e-5 means 0.000080.
| Measure | Before adjusting | After adjusting | q | Countries | Tracks income? |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vulnerable employment and Employment in agricultureWhere Vulnerable employment is higher, Employment in agriculture tends to be higher: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Employment in agriculture by country | +0.91 | +0.69 | 0.003 | 177 | proxy |
| Vulnerable employment and Informal employmentWhere Vulnerable employment is higher, Informal employment tends to be higher: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Informal employment by country | +0.88 | +0.53 | 0.020 | 132 | proxy |
| Vulnerable employment and Female labor participationWhere Vulnerable employment is higher, Female labor participation tends to be higher: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Female labor participation by country | +0.19 | +0.46 | 0.013 | 177 | independent |
| Vulnerable employment and UnemploymentWhere Vulnerable employment is higher, Unemployment tends to be lower: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Unemployment by country | -0.14 | -0.40 | 0.022 | 177 | independent |
| Vulnerable employment and Public social spendingWhere Vulnerable employment is higher, Public social spending tends to be lower: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Public social spending by country | -0.59 | -0.40 | 0.043 | 42 | moderate |
| Vulnerable employment and Married by 18Where Vulnerable employment is higher, Married by 18 tends to be higher: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Married by 18 by country | +0.69 | +0.40 | 0.025 | 131 | moderate |
| Vulnerable employment and Adult literacyWhere Vulnerable employment is higher, Adult literacy tends to be lower: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Adult literacy by country | -0.76 | -0.40 | 0.037 | 126 | high |
| Vulnerable employment and Slum share of urban populationWhere Vulnerable employment is higher, Slum share of urban population tends to be higher: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Slum share of urban population by country | +0.78 | +0.39 | 0.013 | 171 | high |
| Vulnerable employment and Health coverage indexWhere Vulnerable employment is higher, Health coverage index tends to be lower: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Health coverage index by country | -0.83 | -0.36 | 0.041 | 173 | proxy |
| Vulnerable employment and Skilled birth attendanceWhere Vulnerable employment is higher, Skilled birth attendance tends to be lower: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Skilled birth attendance by country | -0.72 | -0.35 | 0.032 | 164 | high |
| Vulnerable employment and Mean years of schoolingWhere Vulnerable employment is higher, Mean years of schooling tends to be lower: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Mean years of schooling by country | -0.81 | -0.33 | 0.020 | 174 | proxy |
| Vulnerable employment and Divorce rateWhere Vulnerable employment is higher, Divorce rate tends to be lower: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Divorce rate by country | -0.15 | -0.32 | 0.012 | 45 | independent |
| Vulnerable employment and HDIWhere Vulnerable employment is higher, HDI tends to be lower: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. HDI by country | -0.86 | -0.32 | 0.038 | 174 | proxy |
| Vulnerable employment and Inequality-adjusted HDIWhere Vulnerable employment is higher, Inequality-adjusted HDI tends to be lower: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Inequality-adjusted HDI by country | -0.86 | -0.32 | 0.014 | 160 | proxy |
| Vulnerable employment and Education spendingWhere Vulnerable employment is higher, Education spending tends to be lower: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Education spending by country | -0.32 | -0.28 | 0.042 | 168 | independent |
| Vulnerable employment and Anaemia in womenWhere Vulnerable employment is higher, Anaemia in women tends to be higher: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Anaemia in women by country | +0.66 | +0.23 | 0.045 | 172 | high |
| Vulnerable employment and Road traffic deathsWhere Vulnerable employment is higher, Road traffic deaths tends to be higher: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Road traffic deaths by country | +0.64 | +0.16 | 0.020 | 173 | high |
| Vulnerable employment and Aid givenComparing only countries with similar income, Aid given tends to be higher where Vulnerable employment is higher: the opposite of the unadjusted figure, which only showed the income gap between countries. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Aid given by country | -0.35 | +0.14 | 0.030 | 47 | high |
Links that don’t count as findings
These go together strongly, but they are built from the same numbers or measure the same thing. So they are bound to match, or their match shows that the measures agree, not something about the world.
| Measure | Before adjusting | After adjusting | q | Countries | Tracks income? |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vulnerable employment and Labour scoreNot an independent finding: one of these indices is built partly from the other, so their agreement is just arithmetic. Labour score by country | -0.66 | -0.11 | 0.693 | 177 | high |
How much the other measures account for
The 71 most widely reported measures boil down to a few broad patterns. This table shows how much of the differences between countries on this measure those patterns account for, adding one pattern at a time. The patterns are rebuilt without this measure, and without anything built from the same numbers or measuring the same thing. So it never predicts itself under another name. The figures use the 131 countries reporting all of them, and 71 candidate measures.
This shows how much it moves with the others. It does not explain anything. Measures that move together end up on the same pattern whether or not anything connects them. And the countries here are the best-documented ones. A high figure means this measure is largely predictable from the others, not that they produce it.
| Patterns used | Share of this measure accounted for | Added by this pattern |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 77% | — |
| 2 | 79% | +2% |
| 3 | 79% | +0% |
| 4 | 83% | +4% |
| 5 | 83% | +0% |
| 6 | 83% | +0% |
How it differs by category
This compares the measure across groups of countries, such as those sharing a main religion, instead of against another number. The figure is the share of the differences between countries on this measure that lies between the groups, on a scale from 0 to 1. It is shown before and after adjusting for national income.
The “between groups” figure runs from 0 (the groups are no different) to 1 (the groups explain all the differences between countries). Groups have no up or down, so this says how much the groups differ, never which way. For that, read the group averages. The figure also tends to rise when there are more groups. So to judge whether it could be chance (q), we shuffle the same labels among the same countries many times and see how often a figure this big turns up. Then we allow for the fact that many measures are checked at once, since with enough checks a few big figures turn up by luck alone. Groups with fewer than 12 countries are left out. And countries that share a label share a lot else. Adjusting for income rules out one third factor, but leaves language, region, legal tradition and history untouched.
| Grouped by | Between groups | After income | q | Groups at each end |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Last European coloniser | 0.43 | 0.21 | 0.222 | worst: France 61.2% · best: United Kingdom 34.6% % of employment |
| Largest religious group | 0.11 | 0.09 | 0.354 | worst: Muslims 39.1% · best: Christians 32.9% % of employment |
Every other pair
Everything else this measure was tested against, apart from the links that hold up and the pairs built from the same numbers. Sorted by the link after adjusting. Search by name; every column sorts. A small adjusted figure is a result too. It says the two do not move together once income is set aside.
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| Vulnerable employment and Basic sanitationLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.46) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Basic sanitation by country | -0.83 | -0.46 | 0.062 | 176 | high |
| Vulnerable employment and Children with one parentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Children with one parent by country | -0.37 | -0.37 | 0.191 | 38 | independent |
| Vulnerable employment and Adult obesityCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Adult obesity by country | -0.49 | -0.36 | 0.101 | 174 | moderate |
| Vulnerable employment and Women in a unionCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Women in a union by country | +0.48 | +0.33 | 0.086 | 176 | moderate |
| Vulnerable employment and Old-age spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Old-age spending by country | -0.35 | -0.32 | 0.169 | 42 | independent |
| Vulnerable employment and Child stuntingLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.31) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Child stunting by country | +0.75 | +0.31 | 0.075 | 150 | proxy |
| Vulnerable employment and Hours workedLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.31) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Hours worked by country | +0.54 | +0.31 | 0.129 | 38 | high |
| Vulnerable employment and Adolescent fertilityLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.31) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Adolescent fertility by country | +0.76 | +0.31 | 0.102 | 177 | proxy |
| Vulnerable employment and Youth not in work or studyCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Youth not in work or study by country | +0.34 | -0.30 | 0.110 | 162 | high |
| Vulnerable employment and Internet usersLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.30) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Internet users by country | -0.82 | -0.30 | 0.264 | 177 | proxy |
| Vulnerable employment and Government consumptionCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Government consumption by country | -0.32 | -0.29 | 0.169 | 166 | independent |
| Vulnerable employment and Conflict deathsAlmost no link either way. Conflict deaths by country | -0.03 | -0.29 | 0.090 | 173 | moderate |
| Vulnerable employment and Male labor participationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Male labor participation by country | +0.16 | +0.29 | 0.080 | 177 | independent |
| Vulnerable employment and Maternal mortalityLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.29) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Maternal mortality by country | +0.71 | +0.29 | 0.164 | 174 | proxy |
| Vulnerable employment and Women in managementCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Women in management by country | -0.39 | -0.29 | 0.067 | 140 | moderate |
| Vulnerable employment and Family benefits spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Family benefits spending by country | -0.43 | -0.29 | 0.253 | 42 | independent |
| Vulnerable employment and Trust in governmentAlmost no link either way. Trust in government by country | -0.02 | +0.28 | 0.463 | 47 | moderate |
| Vulnerable employment and RedistributionLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.28) could easily be chance. Redistribution by country | -0.60 | -0.28 | 0.091 | 45 | moderate |
| Vulnerable employment and Under-5 mortalityLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.28) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Under-5 mortality by country | +0.76 | +0.28 | 0.066 | 173 | proxy |
| Vulnerable employment and Retirement age, menCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Retirement age, men by country | +0.41 | +0.28 | 0.223 | 49 | independent |
| Vulnerable employment and Basic water accessLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.28) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Basic water access by country | -0.76 | -0.28 | 0.143 | 176 | proxy |
| Vulnerable employment and Pupil-teacher ratioLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.27) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Pupil-teacher ratio by country | +0.78 | +0.27 | 0.142 | 164 | proxy |
| Vulnerable employment and Health spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Health spending by country | -0.38 | -0.27 | 0.164 | 173 | independent |
| Vulnerable employment and Corporate tax rateCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Corporate tax rate by country | +0.43 | +0.27 | 0.223 | 80 | moderate |
| Vulnerable employment and Tobacco useCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Tobacco use by country | -0.32 | -0.26 | 0.217 | 157 | independent |
| Vulnerable employment and Gender wage gapCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Gender wage gap by country | -0.11 | -0.26 | 0.477 | 38 | independent |
| Vulnerable employment and GDP growthCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. GDP growth by country | +0.30 | +0.26 | 0.192 | 177 | moderate |
| Vulnerable employment and Infant mortalityLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.25) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Infant mortality by country | +0.76 | +0.25 | 0.130 | 173 | proxy |
| Vulnerable employment and Environment scoreCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Environment score by country | +0.43 | +0.25 | 0.276 | 176 | moderate |
| Vulnerable employment and Electricity accessLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.25) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Electricity access by country | -0.73 | -0.25 | 0.171 | 177 | high |
| Vulnerable employment and Marriage rateCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Marriage rate by country | -0.14 | -0.25 | 0.566 | 46 | independent |
| Vulnerable employment and Birth registrationLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.24) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Birth registration by country | -0.68 | -0.24 | 0.092 | 159 | proxy |
| Vulnerable employment and Government expenseCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Government expense by country | -0.48 | -0.23 | 0.148 | 144 | moderate |
| Vulnerable employment and Life expectancyLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.23) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Life expectancy by country | -0.80 | -0.23 | 0.060 | 177 | proxy |
| Vulnerable employment and Forest areaAlmost no link either way. Forest area by country | +0.06 | +0.23 | 0.272 | 175 | independent |
| Vulnerable employment and Gender Inequality IndexLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.23) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Gender Inequality Index by country | +0.81 | +0.23 | 0.058 | 167 | proxy |
| Vulnerable employment and Extreme poverty rateLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.22) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Extreme poverty rate by country | +0.73 | +0.22 | 0.298 | 155 | proxy |
| Vulnerable employment and UrbanizationLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.22) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Urbanization by country | -0.67 | -0.22 | 0.376 | 177 | high |
| Vulnerable employment and Health scoreCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Health score by country | -0.11 | +0.22 | 0.328 | 173 | moderate |
| Vulnerable employment and Primary completionLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.22) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Primary completion by country | -0.72 | -0.22 | 0.286 | 158 | proxy |
| Vulnerable employment and Tax revenueCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Tax revenue by country | -0.38 | -0.22 | 0.382 | 143 | moderate |
| Vulnerable employment and PISA mathsLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.21) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. PISA maths by country | -0.64 | -0.21 | 0.471 | 86 | high |
| Vulnerable employment and Protected landAlmost no link either way. Protected land by country | -0.07 | +0.21 | 0.243 | 176 | independent |
| Vulnerable employment and Retirement age, womenCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Retirement age, women by country | +0.23 | +0.21 | 0.223 | 49 | independent |
| Vulnerable employment and Pre-trial detainee shareCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Pre-trial detainee share by country | +0.38 | +0.20 | 0.304 | 158 | independent |
| Vulnerable employment and Primary enrollmentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Primary enrollment by country | +0.14 | +0.19 | 0.209 | 173 | independent |
| Vulnerable employment and Market-income GiniCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Market-income Gini by country | +0.21 | -0.19 | 0.723 | 45 | moderate |
| Vulnerable employment and Military spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Military spending by country | -0.18 | -0.19 | 0.173 | 154 | independent |
| Vulnerable employment and Birth rateLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.19) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Birth rate by country | +0.79 | +0.19 | 0.351 | 177 | proxy |
| Vulnerable employment and Food insecurityLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.19) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Food insecurity by country | +0.78 | +0.19 | 0.327 | 147 | proxy |
| Vulnerable employment and PISA scienceLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.18) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. PISA science by country | -0.62 | -0.18 | 0.467 | 86 | high |
| Vulnerable employment and Infrastructure scoreLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.18) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Infrastructure score by country | -0.81 | -0.18 | 0.056 | 177 | proxy |
| Vulnerable employment and Recycling rateCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Recycling rate by country | -0.43 | -0.18 | 0.761 | 35 | moderate |
| Vulnerable employment and Tuberculosis incidenceLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.18) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Tuberculosis incidence by country | +0.52 | +0.18 | 0.393 | 176 | high |
| Vulnerable employment and Muslim shareCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Muslim share by country | +0.12 | -0.17 | 0.494 | 177 | independent |
| Vulnerable employment and PhysiciansLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.17) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Physicians by country | -0.72 | -0.17 | 0.121 | 173 | proxy |
| Vulnerable employment and Out-of-pocket health spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Out-of-pocket health spending by country | +0.41 | +0.17 | 0.223 | 173 | moderate |
| Vulnerable employment and HIV prevalenceCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. HIV prevalence by country | +0.11 | -0.17 | 0.178 | 144 | moderate |
| Vulnerable employment and Confidence in religious institutionsCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Confidence in religious institutions by country | +0.48 | +0.17 | 0.377 | 105 | moderate |
| Vulnerable employment and Median ageLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.16) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Median age by country | -0.77 | -0.16 | 0.417 | 177 | proxy |
| Vulnerable employment and Population 0-14Linked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.16) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Population 0-14 by country | +0.79 | +0.16 | 0.480 | 177 | proxy |
| Vulnerable employment and Secondary enrollmentLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.16) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Secondary enrollment by country | -0.72 | -0.16 | 0.212 | 169 | high |
| Vulnerable employment and Fertility rateLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.15) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Fertility rate by country | +0.75 | +0.15 | 0.509 | 177 | proxy |
| Vulnerable employment and Hospital bedsLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.15) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Hospital beds by country | -0.51 | -0.15 | 0.396 | 161 | high |
| Vulnerable employment and Migrant share of populationLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.15) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Migrant share of population by country | -0.56 | -0.15 | 0.465 | 177 | high |
| Vulnerable employment and Refugees originatingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Refugees originating by country | +0.14 | -0.15 | 0.315 | 175 | moderate |
| Vulnerable employment and PISA readingLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.14) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. PISA reading by country | -0.60 | -0.14 | 0.529 | 86 | high |
| Vulnerable employment and Public order spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Public order spending by country | +0.32 | -0.14 | 0.512 | 37 | high |
| Vulnerable employment and Armed conflict presentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Armed conflict present by country | +0.42 | +0.14 | 0.190 | 173 | moderate |
| Vulnerable employment and Single-parent householdsAlmost no link either way. Single-parent households by country | -0.02 | -0.14 | 0.465 | 143 | independent |
| Vulnerable employment and Women's political empowermentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Women's political empowerment by country | -0.32 | +0.13 | 0.369 | 166 | moderate |
| Vulnerable employment and Age at childbearingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Age at childbearing by country | -0.43 | -0.12 | 0.421 | 177 | moderate |
| Vulnerable employment and Religious attendanceLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.12) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Religious attendance by country | +0.58 | +0.12 | 0.367 | 103 | high |
| Vulnerable employment and DTP3 immunisationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. DTP3 immunisation by country | -0.50 | -0.12 | 0.524 | 173 | moderate |
| Vulnerable employment and Civil society participationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Civil society participation by country | -0.11 | +0.12 | 0.389 | 166 | independent |
| Vulnerable employment and Self-reported happinessCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Self-reported happiness by country | -0.33 | -0.11 | 0.450 | 105 | moderate |
| Vulnerable employment and Gender Development IndexLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.11) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Gender Development Index by country | -0.59 | -0.11 | 0.693 | 170 | high |
| Vulnerable employment and Equality scoreLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.11) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Equality score by country | -0.61 | -0.11 | 0.594 | 155 | high |
| Vulnerable employment and One-person householdsLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.11) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. One-person households by country | -0.61 | -0.11 | 0.539 | 143 | high |
| Vulnerable employment and Tertiary enrollmentLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.10) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Tertiary enrollment by country | -0.68 | -0.10 | 0.360 | 163 | high |
| Vulnerable employment and Fixed broadbandLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.10) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Fixed broadband by country | -0.73 | -0.10 | 0.485 | 177 | proxy |
| Vulnerable employment and Alcohol consumptionCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Alcohol consumption by country | -0.37 | +0.10 | 0.670 | 172 | moderate |
| Vulnerable employment and Government effectivenessLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Government effectiveness by country | -0.68 | +0.10 | 0.506 | 177 | proxy |
| Vulnerable employment and CO2 per capitaLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. CO2 per capita by country | -0.54 | -0.10 | 0.140 | 174 | proxy |
| Vulnerable employment and Population 65+Linked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Population 65+ by country | -0.65 | -0.09 | 0.686 | 177 | high |
| Vulnerable employment and Education scoreLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Education score by country | -0.73 | -0.09 | 0.398 | 174 | proxy |
| Vulnerable employment and Trade opennessCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Trade openness by country | -0.41 | -0.09 | 0.670 | 165 | moderate |
| Vulnerable employment and Gender scoreCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Gender score by country | -0.24 | +0.08 | 0.626 | 171 | moderate |
| Vulnerable employment and InflationAlmost no link either way. Inflation by country | +0.07 | -0.08 | 0.584 | 173 | independent |
| Vulnerable employment and Population growthCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Population growth by country | +0.48 | +0.08 | 0.686 | 177 | moderate |
| Vulnerable employment and Freedom of associationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Freedom of association by country | -0.20 | +0.07 | 0.673 | 166 | moderate |
| Vulnerable employment and Unemployment benefit spendingAlmost no link either way. Unemployment benefit spending by country | -0.09 | +0.07 | 0.825 | 39 | moderate |
| Vulnerable employment and Government spending per capitaLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Government spending per capita by country | -0.63 | +0.07 | 0.786 | 43 | proxy |
| Vulnerable employment and Wellbeing scoreLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Wellbeing score by country | -0.62 | -0.07 | 0.816 | 105 | high |
| Vulnerable employment and Births outside marriageAlmost no link either way. Births outside marriage by country | +0.01 | -0.06 | 0.911 | 42 | independent |
| Vulnerable employment and Homicide rateAlmost no link either way. Homicide rate by country | +0.07 | -0.06 | 0.701 | 153 | moderate |
| Vulnerable employment and Religiously unaffiliatedCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Religiously unaffiliated by country | -0.36 | +0.05 | 0.698 | 177 | moderate |
| Vulnerable employment and Political corruptionLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Political corruption by country | +0.58 | +0.05 | 0.766 | 166 | high |
| Vulnerable employment and Religion very importantCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Religion very important by country | +0.48 | -0.05 | 0.867 | 105 | high |
| Vulnerable employment and Life satisfactionLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Life satisfaction by country | -0.70 | -0.05 | 0.771 | 159 | proxy |
| Vulnerable employment and Political civil libertiesCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Political civil liberties by country | -0.21 | +0.05 | 0.798 | 166 | moderate |
| Vulnerable employment and Women ministersCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Women ministers by country | -0.14 | +0.04 | 0.778 | 172 | independent |
| Vulnerable employment and Freedom of expressionCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Freedom of expression by country | -0.18 | +0.04 | 0.792 | 166 | moderate |
| Vulnerable employment and Compulsory schoolingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Compulsory schooling by country | -0.34 | -0.04 | 0.806 | 166 | moderate |
| Vulnerable employment and Corruption Perceptions IndexLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Corruption Perceptions Index by country | -0.59 | +0.04 | 0.804 | 171 | high |
| Vulnerable employment and Participatory democracyCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Participatory democracy by country | -0.39 | +0.04 | 0.857 | 166 | moderate |
| Vulnerable employment and Regulatory qualityLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Regulatory quality by country | -0.66 | +0.04 | 0.792 | 177 | proxy |
| Vulnerable employment and Suicide rateCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Suicide rate by country | -0.22 | -0.04 | 0.903 | 174 | independent |
| Vulnerable employment and Political stabilityLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Political stability by country | -0.55 | -0.04 | 0.882 | 177 | moderate |
| Vulnerable employment and Interpersonal trustCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Interpersonal trust by country | -0.48 | -0.04 | 0.597 | 105 | high |
| Vulnerable employment and Out of school, primaryCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Out of school, primary by country | +0.40 | -0.04 | 0.516 | 168 | moderate |
| Vulnerable employment and Marriage rate (UN)Could easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Marriage rate (UN) by country | +0.16 | -0.04 | 0.857 | 92 | independent |
| Vulnerable employment and Women in parliamentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Women in parliament by country | -0.17 | +0.03 | 0.851 | 172 | independent |
| Vulnerable employment and Governance scoreCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Governance score by country | -0.41 | +0.03 | 0.894 | 168 | moderate |
| Vulnerable employment and Women's age at first marriageCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Women's age at first marriage by country | -0.28 | -0.03 | 0.939 | 40 | moderate |
| Vulnerable employment and Agricultural landCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Agricultural land by country | +0.22 | -0.03 | 0.841 | 176 | independent |
| Vulnerable employment and Frequent prayerCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Frequent prayer by country | +0.48 | -0.03 | 0.908 | 77 | high |
| Vulnerable employment and Expected schoolingLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Expected schooling by country | -0.68 | -0.03 | 0.862 | 174 | proxy |
| Vulnerable employment and Gini indexCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Gini index by country | +0.24 | -0.03 | 0.892 | 155 | moderate |
| Vulnerable employment and Active labour market spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Active labour market spending by country | -0.34 | +0.03 | 0.935 | 42 | moderate |
| Vulnerable employment and Free and fair electionsLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Free and fair elections by country | -0.50 | -0.02 | 0.918 | 166 | high |
| Vulnerable employment and Regime typeCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Regime type by country | -0.40 | +0.02 | 0.935 | 166 | moderate |
| Vulnerable employment and UndernourishmentLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Undernourishment by country | +0.64 | +0.02 | 0.873 | 160 | proxy |
| Vulnerable employment and Electoral democracyCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Electoral democracy by country | -0.39 | +0.02 | 0.935 | 166 | moderate |
| Vulnerable employment and Christian shareAlmost no link either way. Christian share by country | -0.03 | -0.02 | 0.955 | 177 | independent |
| Vulnerable employment and ResearchersLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Researchers by country | -0.58 | +0.02 | 0.867 | 131 | proxy |
| Vulnerable employment and Divorce rate (UN)Almost no link either way. Divorce rate (UN) by country | -0.01 | -0.01 | 0.959 | 83 | independent |
| Vulnerable employment and Voice and accountabilityCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Voice and accountability by country | -0.50 | +0.01 | 0.961 | 177 | moderate |
| Vulnerable employment and Liberal democracyCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Liberal democracy by country | -0.45 | -0.01 | 0.964 | 166 | moderate |
| Vulnerable employment and FDI inflowsAlmost no link either way. FDI inflows by country | -0.03 | -0.01 | 0.856 | 175 | independent |
| Vulnerable employment and Mobile subscriptionsCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Mobile subscriptions by country | -0.36 | +0.01 | 0.915 | 177 | moderate |
| Vulnerable employment and Premature NCD mortalityLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Premature NCD mortality by country | +0.56 | -0.01 | 0.972 | 174 | high |
| Vulnerable employment and Civil liberties (FH)Could easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Civil liberties (FH) by country | +0.42 | -0.01 | 0.976 | 174 | moderate |
| Vulnerable employment and Control of corruptionLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Control of corruption by country | -0.62 | -0.00 | 0.986 | 177 | high |
| Vulnerable employment and Rule of lawLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Rule of law by country | -0.63 | +0.00 | 0.993 | 177 | high |
| Vulnerable employment and Political rights (FH)Could easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Political rights (FH) by country | +0.41 | +0.00 | 0.996 | 174 | moderate |
| Vulnerable employment and GDP per capita (PPP)One side of this pair is national income itself, the thing the other figures adjust for. Adjusting income for income leaves nothing, so there is no adjusted figure. The unadjusted link shows how closely the other measure follows income. GDP per capita (PPP) by country | -0.70 | — | — | 177 | proxy |
| Vulnerable employment and GNI per capita (PPP)One side of this pair is national income itself, the thing the other figures adjust for. Adjusting income for income leaves nothing, so there is no adjusted figure. The unadjusted link shows how closely the other measure follows income. GNI per capita (PPP) by country | -0.72 | — | — | 176 | proxy |
| Vulnerable employment and GDP per capita (market)One side of this pair is national income itself, the thing the other figures adjust for. Adjusting income for income leaves nothing, so there is no adjusted figure. The unadjusted link shows how closely the other measure follows income. GDP per capita (market) by country | -0.62 | — | — | 177 | proxy |
Source
International Labour Organization
CC BY 4.0 · licence terms · updated quarterly
World Bank, World Development Indicators