Informal employment
Share of employment that is informal
Link with national income-0.88essentially a measure of national income
Links that hold up14of 158 pairs tested
Unit% of employmenthigher is worse
SourceUN_SDGCC BY 3.0 IGO
What this measures. Workers with no contract, no social protection or no registered employer, as the ILO (the UN's labour agency) makes them comparable across national labour force surveys. The World Bank's copy of this series was retired, so it comes from the UN's database for the Sustainable Development Goals.
How it has moved
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Every country, every year
One row per country and one column per year, sorted by the most recent value. Hover over any cell to see the figure. The country names link to each country’s page.
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Links that hold up
r is how closely two measures rise and fall together across countries, from −1 (opposite) to +1 (in step), where 0 means no link. These pairs are ranked by the link after adjusting for national income, which means comparing countries with the same GDP per person. Each pair passed three checks. The link held after that adjustment. It was unlikely to be chance (q of 0.05 or less), even allowing for countries in the same region being alike and for the many pairs tested. And the two are not just two measures of the same thing. Very small q values are written in short form: 8.0e-5 means 0.000080.
| Measure | Before adjusting | After adjusting | q | Countries | Tracks income? |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Informal employment and RedistributionWhere Informal employment is higher, Redistribution tends to be lower: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Redistribution by country | -0.82 | -0.65 | 0.037 | 38 | moderate |
| Informal employment and Gender Inequality IndexWhere Informal employment is higher, Gender Inequality Index tends to be higher: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Gender Inequality Index by country | +0.91 | +0.59 | 0.013 | 133 | proxy |
| Informal employment and Vulnerable employmentWhere Informal employment is higher, Vulnerable employment tends to be higher: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Vulnerable employment by country | +0.88 | +0.53 | 0.020 | 132 | proxy |
| Informal employment and Inequality-adjusted HDIWhere Informal employment is higher, Inequality-adjusted HDI tends to be lower: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Inequality-adjusted HDI by country | -0.90 | -0.50 | 0.046 | 135 | proxy |
| Informal employment and Married by 18Where Informal employment is higher, Married by 18 tends to be higher: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Married by 18 by country | +0.67 | +0.48 | 0.023 | 104 | moderate |
| Informal employment and Male labor participationWhere Informal employment is higher, Male labor participation tends to be higher: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Male labor participation by country | +0.32 | +0.45 | 0.008 | 132 | independent |
| Informal employment and PhysiciansWhere Informal employment is higher, Physicians tends to be lower: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Physicians by country | -0.82 | -0.43 | 0.031 | 140 | proxy |
| Informal employment and HDIWhere Informal employment is higher, HDI tends to be lower: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. HDI by country | -0.89 | -0.41 | 0.034 | 140 | proxy |
| Informal employment and Tobacco useWhere Informal employment is higher, Tobacco use tends to be lower: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Tobacco use by country | -0.46 | -0.41 | 0.034 | 128 | independent |
| Informal employment and Road traffic deathsWhere Informal employment is higher, Road traffic deaths tends to be higher: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Road traffic deaths by country | +0.73 | +0.38 | 0.036 | 138 | high |
| Informal employment and Slum share of urban populationWhere Informal employment is higher, Slum share of urban population tends to be higher: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Slum share of urban population by country | +0.77 | +0.36 | 0.010 | 137 | high |
| Informal employment and Hospital bedsWhere Informal employment is higher, Hospital beds tends to be lower: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Hospital beds by country | -0.64 | -0.32 | 0.019 | 129 | high |
| Informal employment and Religious attendanceWhere Informal employment is higher, Religious attendance tends to be higher: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Religious attendance by country | +0.70 | +0.28 | 0.047 | 79 | high |
| Informal employment and Conflict deathsComparing only countries with similar income, Conflict deaths tends to be lower where Informal employment is higher: the opposite of the unadjusted figure, which only showed the income gap between countries. Conflict deaths by country | +0.08 | -0.17 | 0.028 | 140 | moderate |
Links that don’t count as findings
These go together strongly, but they are built from the same numbers or measure the same thing. So they are bound to match, or their match shows that the measures agree, not something about the world.
| Measure | Before adjusting | After adjusting | q | Countries | Tracks income? |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Informal employment and Labour scoreNot an independent finding: one of these indices is built partly from the other, so their agreement is just arithmetic. Labour score by country | -0.64 | -0.10 | 0.692 | 140 | high |
How much the other measures account for
The 71 most widely reported measures boil down to a few broad patterns. This table shows how much of the differences between countries on this measure those patterns account for, adding one pattern at a time. The patterns are rebuilt without this measure, and without anything built from the same numbers or measuring the same thing. So it never predicts itself under another name. The figures use the 104 countries reporting all of them, and 71 candidate measures.
This shows how much it moves with the others. It does not explain anything. Measures that move together end up on the same pattern whether or not anything connects them. And the countries here are the best-documented ones. A high figure means this measure is largely predictable from the others, not that they produce it.
| Patterns used | Share of this measure accounted for | Added by this pattern |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 86% | — |
| 2 | 86% | +0% |
| 3 | 87% | +1% |
| 4 | 87% | +0% |
| 5 | 87% | +0% |
| 6 | 87% | +1% |
How it differs by category
This compares the measure across groups of countries, such as those sharing a main religion, instead of against another number. The figure is the share of the differences between countries on this measure that lies between the groups, on a scale from 0 to 1. It is shown before and after adjusting for national income.
The “between groups” figure runs from 0 (the groups are no different) to 1 (the groups explain all the differences between countries). Groups have no up or down, so this says how much the groups differ, never which way. For that, read the group averages. The figure also tends to rise when there are more groups. So to judge whether it could be chance (q), we shuffle the same labels among the same countries many times and see how often a figure this big turns up. Then we allow for the fact that many measures are checked at once, since with enough checks a few big figures turn up by luck alone. Groups with fewer than 12 countries are left out. And countries that share a label share a lot else. Adjusting for income rules out one third factor, but leaves language, region, legal tradition and history untouched.
| Grouped by | Between groups | After income | q | Groups at each end |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Last European coloniser | 0.38 | 0.30 | 0.081 | worst: France 83.9% · best: Spain 60% % of employment |
| Largest religious group | 0.34 | 0.08 | 0.488 | worst: Muslims 72.2% · best: Christians 45% % of employment |
Every other pair
Everything else this measure was tested against, apart from the links that hold up and the pairs built from the same numbers. Sorted by the link after adjusting. Search by name; every column sorts. A small adjusted figure is a result too. It says the two do not move together once income is set aside.
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| Informal employment and Old-age spendingComparing only countries with similar income it is still -0.58, but that could easily be chance once we allow for countries in the same region being alike. Old-age spending by country | -0.55 | -0.58 | 0.258 | 36 | independent |
| Informal employment and Retirement age, menComparing only countries with similar income it is still +0.57, but that could easily be chance once we allow for countries in the same region being alike. Retirement age, men by country | +0.63 | +0.57 | 0.082 | 41 | independent |
| Informal employment and Public social spendingComparing only countries with similar income it is still -0.54, but that could easily be chance once we allow for countries in the same region being alike. Public social spending by country | -0.69 | -0.54 | 0.294 | 36 | moderate |
| Informal employment and Population 65+Linked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.54) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Population 65+ by country | -0.87 | -0.54 | 0.142 | 140 | high |
| Informal employment and Median ageLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.51) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Median age by country | -0.88 | -0.51 | 0.177 | 140 | proxy |
| Informal employment and Retirement age, womenCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Retirement age, women by country | +0.43 | +0.49 | 0.089 | 41 | independent |
| Informal employment and Health spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Health spending by country | -0.42 | -0.49 | 0.192 | 140 | independent |
| Informal employment and Government expenseComparing only countries with similar income it is still -0.46, but that could easily be chance once we allow for countries in the same region being alike. Government expense by country | -0.52 | -0.46 | 0.156 | 118 | moderate |
| Informal employment and PISA mathsLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.46) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. PISA maths by country | -0.81 | -0.46 | 0.222 | 63 | high |
| Informal employment and Trust in governmentAlmost no link either way. Trust in government by country | +0.02 | +0.46 | 0.253 | 41 | moderate |
| Informal employment and Rule of lawLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.45) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Rule of law by country | -0.79 | -0.45 | 0.152 | 140 | high |
| Informal employment and Government consumptionCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Government consumption by country | -0.33 | -0.44 | 0.172 | 128 | independent |
| Informal employment and Fixed broadbandLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.42) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Fixed broadband by country | -0.86 | -0.42 | 0.168 | 140 | proxy |
| Informal employment and Mean years of schoolingLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.41) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Mean years of schooling by country | -0.83 | -0.41 | 0.082 | 140 | proxy |
| Informal employment and Voice and accountabilityLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.40) could easily be chance. Voice and accountability by country | -0.75 | -0.40 | 0.202 | 140 | moderate |
| Informal employment and Age at childbearingComparing only countries with similar income it is still -0.38, but that could easily be chance once we allow for countries in the same region being alike. Age at childbearing by country | -0.52 | -0.38 | 0.203 | 140 | moderate |
| Informal employment and Confidence in religious institutionsLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.37) could easily be chance. Confidence in religious institutions by country | +0.63 | +0.37 | 0.134 | 79 | moderate |
| Informal employment and Civil liberties (FH)Linked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.37) could easily be chance. Civil liberties (FH) by country | +0.69 | +0.37 | 0.209 | 139 | moderate |
| Informal employment and PISA scienceLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.37) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. PISA science by country | -0.77 | -0.37 | 0.333 | 63 | high |
| Informal employment and ResearchersLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.36) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Researchers by country | -0.76 | -0.36 | 0.098 | 98 | proxy |
| Informal employment and Out-of-pocket health spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Out-of-pocket health spending by country | +0.47 | +0.36 | 0.058 | 140 | moderate |
| Informal employment and Control of corruptionLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.36) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Control of corruption by country | -0.75 | -0.36 | 0.222 | 140 | high |
| Informal employment and Adolescent fertilityLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.35) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Adolescent fertility by country | +0.78 | +0.35 | 0.141 | 140 | proxy |
| Informal employment and Family benefits spendingLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.35) could easily be chance. Family benefits spending by country | -0.53 | -0.35 | 0.307 | 36 | independent |
| Informal employment and Hours workedLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.35) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Hours worked by country | +0.65 | +0.35 | 0.441 | 32 | high |
| Informal employment and Child stuntingLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.35) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Child stunting by country | +0.76 | +0.35 | 0.065 | 119 | proxy |
| Informal employment and Public order spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Public order spending by country | +0.20 | -0.35 | 0.530 | 33 | high |
| Informal employment and Education spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Education spending by country | -0.28 | -0.35 | 0.378 | 136 | independent |
| Informal employment and Population growthLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.33) could easily be chance. Population growth by country | +0.64 | +0.33 | 0.146 | 140 | moderate |
| Informal employment and One-person householdsLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.33) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. One-person households by country | -0.74 | -0.33 | 0.056 | 118 | high |
| Informal employment and Population 0-14Linked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.33) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Population 0-14 by country | +0.85 | +0.33 | 0.340 | 140 | proxy |
| Informal employment and Marriage rateCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Marriage rate by country | -0.27 | -0.32 | 0.468 | 39 | independent |
| Informal employment and Tax revenueLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.31) could easily be chance. Tax revenue by country | -0.51 | -0.31 | 0.111 | 117 | moderate |
| Informal employment and Employment in agricultureLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.31) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Employment in agriculture by country | +0.82 | +0.31 | 0.114 | 132 | proxy |
| Informal employment and Religion very importantLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.31) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Religion very important by country | +0.75 | +0.31 | 0.136 | 79 | high |
| Informal employment and Political rights (FH)Linked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.30) could easily be chance. Political rights (FH) by country | +0.65 | +0.30 | 0.307 | 139 | moderate |
| Informal employment and Adult literacyLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.30) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Adult literacy by country | -0.71 | -0.30 | 0.300 | 104 | high |
| Informal employment and Frequent prayerLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.29) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Frequent prayer by country | +0.72 | +0.29 | 0.151 | 55 | high |
| Informal employment and Birth rateLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.29) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Birth rate by country | +0.83 | +0.29 | 0.273 | 140 | proxy |
| Informal employment and Regulatory qualityLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.29) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Regulatory quality by country | -0.79 | -0.29 | 0.190 | 140 | proxy |
| Informal employment and Expected schoolingLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.28) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Expected schooling by country | -0.77 | -0.28 | 0.051 | 140 | proxy |
| Informal employment and Tertiary enrollmentLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.27) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Tertiary enrollment by country | -0.74 | -0.27 | 0.055 | 131 | high |
| Informal employment and PISA readingLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.27) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. PISA reading by country | -0.74 | -0.27 | 0.288 | 63 | high |
| Informal employment and Political corruptionLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.27) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Political corruption by country | +0.69 | +0.27 | 0.262 | 127 | high |
| Informal employment and Liberal democracyLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.27) could easily be chance. Liberal democracy by country | -0.71 | -0.27 | 0.135 | 127 | moderate |
| Informal employment and Food insecurityLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.27) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Food insecurity by country | +0.80 | +0.27 | 0.232 | 126 | proxy |
| Informal employment and Trade opennessLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.26) could easily be chance. Trade openness by country | -0.52 | -0.26 | 0.296 | 129 | moderate |
| Informal employment and Pre-trial detainee shareCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Pre-trial detainee share by country | +0.40 | +0.26 | 0.160 | 127 | independent |
| Informal employment and Corruption Perceptions IndexLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.26) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Corruption Perceptions Index by country | -0.72 | -0.26 | 0.386 | 131 | high |
| Informal employment and Secondary enrollmentLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.26) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Secondary enrollment by country | -0.75 | -0.26 | 0.147 | 135 | high |
| Informal employment and Political stabilityLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.26) could easily be chance. Political stability by country | -0.62 | -0.26 | 0.298 | 140 | moderate |
| Informal employment and GDP growthCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. GDP growth by country | +0.30 | +0.26 | 0.139 | 140 | moderate |
| Informal employment and Anaemia in womenLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.25) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Anaemia in women by country | +0.69 | +0.25 | 0.361 | 139 | high |
| Informal employment and Armed conflict presentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Armed conflict present by country | +0.48 | +0.25 | 0.267 | 140 | moderate |
| Informal employment and Migrant share of populationLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.24) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Migrant share of population by country | -0.60 | -0.24 | 0.316 | 140 | high |
| Informal employment and Participatory democracyLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.23) could easily be chance. Participatory democracy by country | -0.70 | -0.23 | 0.111 | 127 | moderate |
| Informal employment and Education scoreLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.23) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Education score by country | -0.78 | -0.23 | 0.214 | 139 | proxy |
| Informal employment and Pupil-teacher ratioLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.22) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Pupil-teacher ratio by country | +0.77 | +0.22 | 0.145 | 133 | proxy |
| Informal employment and Gini indexCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Gini index by country | +0.35 | +0.22 | 0.343 | 132 | moderate |
| Informal employment and Infant mortalityLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.21) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Infant mortality by country | +0.77 | +0.21 | 0.227 | 140 | proxy |
| Informal employment and Governance scoreLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.21) could easily be chance. Governance score by country | -0.69 | -0.21 | 0.282 | 128 | moderate |
| Informal employment and CO2 per capitaCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. CO2 per capita by country | -0.38 | -0.20 | 0.346 | 138 | proxy |
| Informal employment and Suicide rateCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Suicide rate by country | -0.34 | -0.20 | 0.132 | 136 | independent |
| Informal employment and Skilled birth attendanceLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.20) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Skilled birth attendance by country | -0.65 | -0.20 | 0.310 | 132 | high |
| Informal employment and Alcohol consumptionLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.20) could easily be chance. Alcohol consumption by country | -0.60 | -0.20 | 0.308 | 137 | moderate |
| Informal employment and Government effectivenessLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.20) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Government effectiveness by country | -0.78 | -0.20 | 0.363 | 140 | proxy |
| Informal employment and Infrastructure scoreLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.19) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Infrastructure score by country | -0.84 | -0.19 | 0.179 | 140 | proxy |
| Informal employment and Women in a unionCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Women in a union by country | +0.45 | +0.19 | 0.316 | 138 | moderate |
| Informal employment and Market-income GiniCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Market-income Gini by country | +0.25 | -0.19 | 0.713 | 38 | moderate |
| Informal employment and Aid givenCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Aid given by country | -0.23 | +0.18 | 0.225 | 35 | high |
| Informal employment and Adult obesityCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Adult obesity by country | -0.32 | -0.18 | 0.724 | 140 | moderate |
| Informal employment and Life expectancyLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.18) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Life expectancy by country | -0.79 | -0.18 | 0.517 | 140 | proxy |
| Informal employment and Health coverage indexLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.17) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Health coverage index by country | -0.81 | -0.17 | 0.555 | 140 | proxy |
| Informal employment and Electoral democracyLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.17) could easily be chance. Electoral democracy by country | -0.67 | -0.17 | 0.347 | 127 | moderate |
| Informal employment and Homicide rateCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Homicide rate by country | +0.19 | +0.17 | 0.403 | 121 | moderate |
| Informal employment and Religiously unaffiliatedLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.17) could easily be chance. Religiously unaffiliated by country | -0.50 | -0.17 | 0.170 | 135 | moderate |
| Informal employment and UnemploymentAlmost no link either way. Unemployment by country | -0.07 | -0.17 | 0.464 | 132 | independent |
| Informal employment and Self-reported happinessCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Self-reported happiness by country | -0.19 | +0.17 | 0.414 | 79 | moderate |
| Informal employment and Free and fair electionsLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.17) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Free and fair elections by country | -0.70 | -0.17 | 0.255 | 127 | high |
| Informal employment and Regime typeLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.17) could easily be chance. Regime type by country | -0.67 | -0.17 | 0.415 | 127 | moderate |
| Informal employment and Corporate tax rateCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Corporate tax rate by country | +0.35 | +0.16 | 0.207 | 64 | moderate |
| Informal employment and Out of school, primaryLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.15) could easily be chance. Out of school, primary by country | +0.51 | +0.15 | 0.182 | 134 | moderate |
| Informal employment and DTP3 immunisationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. DTP3 immunisation by country | -0.49 | -0.15 | 0.502 | 140 | moderate |
| Informal employment and Women's political empowermentLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.15) could easily be chance. Women's political empowerment by country | -0.59 | -0.15 | 0.190 | 127 | moderate |
| Informal employment and Under-5 mortalityLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.15) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Under-5 mortality by country | +0.74 | +0.15 | 0.412 | 140 | proxy |
| Informal employment and Maternal mortalityLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.14) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Maternal mortality by country | +0.66 | +0.14 | 0.521 | 140 | proxy |
| Informal employment and Basic sanitationLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.14) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Basic sanitation by country | -0.73 | -0.14 | 0.492 | 139 | high |
| Informal employment and Female labor participationAlmost no link either way. Female labor participation by country | +0.02 | +0.14 | 0.375 | 132 | independent |
| Informal employment and Military spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Military spending by country | -0.12 | -0.13 | 0.216 | 119 | independent |
| Informal employment and Equality scoreLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.13) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Equality score by country | -0.62 | -0.13 | 0.341 | 132 | high |
| Informal employment and Recycling rateCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Recycling rate by country | -0.39 | -0.12 | 0.875 | 30 | moderate |
| Informal employment and Women's age at first marriageCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Women's age at first marriage by country | -0.36 | -0.12 | 0.301 | 34 | moderate |
| Informal employment and Fertility rateLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.12) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Fertility rate by country | +0.77 | +0.12 | 0.629 | 140 | proxy |
| Informal employment and Birth registrationLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.12) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Birth registration by country | -0.64 | -0.12 | 0.419 | 130 | proxy |
| Informal employment and Life satisfactionLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.12) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Life satisfaction by country | -0.74 | -0.12 | 0.708 | 121 | proxy |
| Informal employment and Refugees originatingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Refugees originating by country | +0.22 | -0.12 | 0.498 | 139 | moderate |
| Informal employment and Political civil libertiesCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Political civil liberties by country | -0.48 | -0.11 | 0.590 | 127 | moderate |
| Informal employment and Internet usersLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.11) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Internet users by country | -0.79 | -0.11 | 0.481 | 140 | proxy |
| Informal employment and UrbanizationLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.10) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Urbanization by country | -0.56 | -0.10 | 0.668 | 140 | high |
| Informal employment and Interpersonal trustLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.10) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Interpersonal trust by country | -0.56 | -0.10 | 0.774 | 79 | high |
| Informal employment and Single-parent householdsAlmost no link either way. Single-parent households by country | +0.04 | +0.10 | 0.666 | 118 | independent |
| Informal employment and Freedom of expressionCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Freedom of expression by country | -0.45 | -0.10 | 0.618 | 127 | moderate |
| Informal employment and Christian shareCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Christian share by country | -0.21 | -0.10 | 0.765 | 135 | independent |
| Informal employment and Births outside marriageCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Births outside marriage by country | +0.14 | +0.09 | 0.882 | 36 | independent |
| Informal employment and Gender Development IndexLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Gender Development Index by country | -0.60 | -0.09 | 0.635 | 140 | high |
| Informal employment and Mobile subscriptionsCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Mobile subscriptions by country | -0.29 | +0.09 | 0.315 | 140 | moderate |
| Informal employment and Women in managementCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Women in management by country | -0.32 | -0.09 | 0.784 | 128 | moderate |
| Informal employment and Civil society participationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Civil society participation by country | -0.37 | -0.09 | 0.555 | 127 | independent |
| Informal employment and Forest areaCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Forest area by country | -0.15 | +0.08 | 0.668 | 140 | independent |
| Informal employment and Health scoreCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Health score by country | -0.19 | +0.08 | 0.876 | 140 | moderate |
| Informal employment and Women in parliamentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Women in parliament by country | -0.17 | +0.08 | 0.766 | 139 | independent |
| Informal employment and Agricultural landCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Agricultural land by country | +0.22 | -0.08 | 0.554 | 140 | independent |
| Informal employment and Protected landCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Protected land by country | -0.27 | -0.08 | 0.431 | 140 | independent |
| Informal employment and InflationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Inflation by country | +0.14 | +0.08 | 0.424 | 138 | independent |
| Informal employment and Unemployment benefit spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Unemployment benefit spending by country | -0.21 | -0.07 | 0.891 | 33 | moderate |
| Informal employment and Freedom of associationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Freedom of association by country | -0.50 | -0.07 | 0.737 | 127 | moderate |
| Informal employment and Basic water accessLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Basic water access by country | -0.70 | -0.07 | 0.712 | 139 | proxy |
| Informal employment and Premature NCD mortalityLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Premature NCD mortality by country | +0.55 | -0.06 | 0.736 | 136 | high |
| Informal employment and Environment scoreCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Environment score by country | +0.25 | -0.06 | 0.576 | 140 | moderate |
| Informal employment and Gender wage gapCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Gender wage gap by country | +0.12 | +0.05 | 0.930 | 32 | independent |
| Informal employment and Government spending per capitaLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Government spending per capita by country | -0.63 | +0.05 | 0.466 | 37 | proxy |
| Informal employment and Primary completionLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Primary completion by country | -0.68 | -0.05 | 0.800 | 130 | proxy |
| Informal employment and Wellbeing scoreLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Wellbeing score by country | -0.67 | -0.05 | 0.546 | 79 | high |
| Informal employment and Youth not in work or studyLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Youth not in work or study by country | +0.52 | +0.05 | 0.851 | 138 | high |
| Informal employment and Active labour market spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Active labour market spending by country | -0.42 | -0.04 | 0.691 | 36 | moderate |
| Informal employment and Marriage rate (UN)Could easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Marriage rate (UN) by country | +0.27 | -0.04 | 0.887 | 69 | independent |
| Informal employment and Compulsory schoolingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Compulsory schooling by country | -0.37 | +0.03 | 0.910 | 133 | moderate |
| Informal employment and Extreme poverty rateLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Extreme poverty rate by country | +0.65 | -0.03 | 0.893 | 132 | proxy |
| Informal employment and FDI inflowsAlmost no link either way. FDI inflows by country | -0.02 | -0.03 | 0.817 | 140 | independent |
| Informal employment and Women ministersCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Women ministers by country | -0.22 | +0.02 | 0.913 | 139 | independent |
| Informal employment and Gender scoreCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Gender score by country | -0.35 | +0.02 | 0.935 | 138 | moderate |
| Informal employment and Divorce rateAlmost no link either way. Divorce rate by country | +0.08 | -0.02 | 0.954 | 38 | independent |
| Informal employment and Primary enrollmentAlmost no link either way. Primary enrollment by country | +0.04 | +0.02 | 0.875 | 138 | independent |
| Informal employment and UndernourishmentLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Undernourishment by country | +0.65 | +0.01 | 0.909 | 125 | proxy |
| Informal employment and Divorce rate (UN)Almost no link either way. Divorce rate (UN) by country | -0.05 | -0.01 | 0.978 | 64 | independent |
| Informal employment and Muslim shareCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Muslim share by country | +0.32 | -0.01 | 0.978 | 135 | independent |
| Informal employment and Children with one parentAlmost no link either way. Children with one parent by country | -0.02 | +0.01 | 0.990 | 34 | independent |
| Informal employment and Tuberculosis incidenceCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Tuberculosis incidence by country | +0.43 | +0.00 | 0.981 | 140 | high |
| Informal employment and Electricity accessLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Electricity access by country | -0.65 | -0.00 | 0.987 | 140 | high |
| Informal employment and HIV prevalenceCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. HIV prevalence by country | +0.18 | +0.00 | 0.979 | 117 | moderate |
| Informal employment and GDP per capita (PPP)One side of this pair is national income itself, the thing the other figures adjust for. Adjusting income for income leaves nothing, so there is no adjusted figure. The unadjusted link shows how closely the other measure follows income. GDP per capita (PPP) by country | -0.78 | — | — | 140 | proxy |
| Informal employment and GNI per capita (PPP)One side of this pair is national income itself, the thing the other figures adjust for. Adjusting income for income leaves nothing, so there is no adjusted figure. The unadjusted link shows how closely the other measure follows income. GNI per capita (PPP) by country | -0.82 | — | — | 140 | proxy |
| Informal employment and GDP per capita (market)One side of this pair is national income itself, the thing the other figures adjust for. Adjusting income for income leaves nothing, so there is no adjusted figure. The unadjusted link shows how closely the other measure follows income. GDP per capita (market) by country | -0.69 | — | — | 140 | proxy |
Source
International Labour Organization · via Our World in Data
CC BY 3.0 IGO · licence terms · updated annual
United Nations Global SDG Indicators Database; series compiled by the International Labour Organization (8.3.1) and the UN Office on Drugs and Crime (16.3.2)