Rule of law
Rule of Law (estimate)
Link with national income+0.72strongly income-linked
Links that hold up28of 158 pairs tested
Unitindex (approx. -2.5 to 2.5)higher is better
SourceWGICC BY 4.0
How it has moved
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Every country, every year
One row per country and one column per year, sorted by the most recent value. Hover over any cell to see the figure. The country names link to each country’s page.
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Links that hold up
r is how closely two measures rise and fall together across countries, from −1 (opposite) to +1 (in step), where 0 means no link. These pairs are ranked by the link after adjusting for national income, which means comparing countries with the same GDP per person. Each pair passed three checks. The link held after that adjustment. It was unlikely to be chance (q of 0.05 or less), even allowing for countries in the same region being alike and for the many pairs tested. And the two are not just two measures of the same thing. Very small q values are written in short form: 8.0e-5 means 0.000080.
| Measure | Before adjusting | After adjusting | q | Countries | Tracks income? |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rule of law and Corruption Perceptions IndexWhere Rule of law is higher, Corruption Perceptions Index tends to be higher: a strong link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Corruption Perceptions Index by country | +0.95 | +0.90 | 0.000 | 175 | high |
| Rule of law and Political corruptionWhere Rule of law is higher, Political corruption tends to be lower: a strong link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Political corruption by country | -0.87 | -0.77 | 0.001 | 168 | high |
| Rule of law and Civil liberties (FH)Where Rule of law is higher, Civil liberties (FH) tends to be lower: a strong link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Civil liberties (FH) by country | -0.79 | -0.74 | 0.008 | 188 | moderate |
| Rule of law and Liberal democracyWhere Rule of law is higher, Liberal democracy tends to be higher: a strong link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Liberal democracy by country | +0.81 | +0.73 | 0.016 | 168 | moderate |
| Rule of law and Political rights (FH)Where Rule of law is higher, Political rights (FH) tends to be lower: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Political rights (FH) by country | -0.76 | -0.69 | 0.013 | 188 | moderate |
| Rule of law and Free and fair electionsWhere Rule of law is higher, Free and fair elections tends to be higher: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Free and fair elections by country | +0.78 | +0.65 | 0.026 | 168 | high |
| Rule of law and Electoral democracyWhere Rule of law is higher, Electoral democracy tends to be higher: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Electoral democracy by country | +0.73 | +0.65 | 0.047 | 168 | moderate |
| Rule of law and Participatory democracyWhere Rule of law is higher, Participatory democracy tends to be higher: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Participatory democracy by country | +0.73 | +0.64 | 0.047 | 168 | moderate |
| Rule of law and Civil society participationWhere Rule of law is higher, Civil society participation tends to be higher: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Civil society participation by country | +0.54 | +0.61 | 0.026 | 168 | independent |
| Rule of law and Political civil libertiesWhere Rule of law is higher, Political civil liberties tends to be higher: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Political civil liberties by country | +0.57 | +0.57 | 0.048 | 168 | moderate |
| Rule of law and ResearchersWhere Rule of law is higher, Researchers tends to be higher: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Researchers by country | +0.79 | +0.56 | 0.016 | 131 | proxy |
| Rule of law and Women's political empowermentWhere Rule of law is higher, Women's political empowerment tends to be higher: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Women's political empowerment by country | +0.66 | +0.55 | 0.032 | 168 | moderate |
| Rule of law and Family benefits spendingWhere Rule of law is higher, Family benefits spending tends to be higher: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Family benefits spending by country | +0.57 | +0.52 | 0.002 | 42 | independent |
| Rule of law and Interpersonal trustWhere Rule of law is higher, Interpersonal trust tends to be higher: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Interpersonal trust by country | +0.68 | +0.46 | 0.040 | 107 | high |
| Rule of law and Education spendingWhere Rule of law is higher, Education spending tends to be higher: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Education spending by country | +0.34 | +0.45 | 0.034 | 184 | independent |
| Rule of law and Tax revenueWhere Rule of law is higher, Tax revenue tends to be higher: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Tax revenue by country | +0.52 | +0.44 | 0.006 | 151 | moderate |
| Rule of law and Women's age at first marriageWhere Rule of law is higher, Women's age at first marriage tends to be higher: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Women's age at first marriage by country | +0.59 | +0.42 | 0.035 | 40 | moderate |
| Rule of law and Health spendingWhere Rule of law is higher, Health spending tends to be higher: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Health spending by country | +0.40 | +0.41 | 0.043 | 186 | independent |
| Rule of law and Gender Inequality IndexWhere Rule of law is higher, Gender Inequality Index tends to be lower: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Gender Inequality Index by country | -0.77 | -0.39 | 0.029 | 169 | proxy |
| Rule of law and Public social spendingWhere Rule of law is higher, Public social spending tends to be higher: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Public social spending by country | +0.57 | +0.37 | 0.019 | 42 | moderate |
| Rule of law and Government consumptionWhere Rule of law is higher, Government consumption tends to be higher: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Government consumption by country | +0.32 | +0.35 | 0.048 | 176 | independent |
| Rule of law and Government expenseWhere Rule of law is higher, Government expense tends to be higher: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Government expense by country | +0.43 | +0.34 | 0.036 | 151 | moderate |
| Rule of law and Hours workedWhere Rule of law is higher, Hours worked tends to be lower: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Hours worked by country | -0.65 | -0.33 | 0.023 | 38 | high |
| Rule of law and Expected schoolingWhere Rule of law is higher, Expected schooling tends to be higher: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Expected schooling by country | +0.70 | +0.33 | 0.040 | 187 | proxy |
| Rule of law and Female labor participationWhere Rule of law is higher, Female labor participation tends to be higher: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Female labor participation by country | +0.26 | +0.31 | 0.047 | 177 | independent |
Links that don’t count as findings
These go together strongly, but they are built from the same numbers or measure the same thing. So they are bound to match, or their match shows that the measures agree, not something about the world.
| Measure | Before adjusting | After adjusting | q | Countries | Tracks income? |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rule of law and Control of corruptionNot an independent finding: one of these indices is built partly from the other, so their agreement is just arithmetic. Control of corruption by country | +0.95 | +0.89 | 0.000 | 195 | high |
| Rule of law and Voice and accountabilityNot an independent finding: one of these indices is built partly from the other, so their agreement is just arithmetic. Voice and accountability by country | +0.89 | +0.84 | 0.003 | 195 | moderate |
| Rule of law and Regulatory qualityNot an independent finding: one of these indices is built partly from the other, so their agreement is just arithmetic. Regulatory quality by country | +0.90 | +0.79 | 0.036 | 195 | proxy |
| Rule of law and Government effectivenessNot an independent finding: one of these indices is built partly from the other, so their agreement is just arithmetic. Government effectiveness by country | +0.90 | +0.78 | 0.018 | 195 | proxy |
| Rule of law and Governance scoreNot an independent finding: one of these indices is built partly from the other, so their agreement is just arithmetic. Governance score by country | +0.78 | +0.71 | 0.016 | 171 | moderate |
| Rule of law and Political stabilityNot an independent finding: one of these indices is built partly from the other, so their agreement is just arithmetic. Political stability by country | +0.80 | +0.66 | 0.056 | 195 | moderate |
How much the other measures account for
The 71 most widely reported measures boil down to a few broad patterns. This table shows how much of the differences between countries on this measure those patterns account for, adding one pattern at a time. The patterns are rebuilt without this measure, and without anything built from the same numbers or measuring the same thing. So it never predicts itself under another name. The figures use the 133 countries reporting all of them, and 65 candidate measures.
This shows how much it moves with the others. It does not explain anything. Measures that move together end up on the same pattern whether or not anything connects them. And the countries here are the best-documented ones. A high figure means this measure is largely predictable from the others, not that they produce it.
| Patterns used | Share of this measure accounted for | Added by this pattern |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 60% | — |
| 2 | 65% | +5% |
| 3 | 77% | +12% |
| 4 | 78% | +1% |
| 5 | 82% | +4% |
| 6 | 82% | +0% |
This measure sits on one of the smaller patterns, not on the one all the measures share.
How it differs by category
This compares the measure across groups of countries, such as those sharing a main religion, instead of against another number. The figure is the share of the differences between countries on this measure that lies between the groups, on a scale from 0 to 1. It is shown before and after adjusting for national income.
The “between groups” figure runs from 0 (the groups are no different) to 1 (the groups explain all the differences between countries). Groups have no up or down, so this says how much the groups differ, never which way. For that, read the group averages. The figure also tends to rise when there are more groups. So to judge whether it could be chance (q), we shuffle the same labels among the same countries many times and see how often a figure this big turns up. Then we allow for the fact that many measures are checked at once, since with enough checks a few big figures turn up by luck alone. Groups with fewer than 12 countries are left out. And countries that share a label share a lot else. Adjusting for income rules out one third factor, but leaves language, region, legal tradition and history untouched.
| Grouped by | Between groups | After income | q | Groups at each end |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Last European coloniser | 0.45 | 0.37 | 0.006 | best: United Kingdom 0.0231 · worst: France -0.968 index (approx. -2.5 to 2.5) |
| Largest religious group | 0.37 | 0.34 | 0.003 | best: Christians 0.0786 · worst: Muslims -0.685 index (approx. -2.5 to 2.5) |
Every other pair
Everything else this measure was tested against, apart from the links that hold up and the pairs built from the same numbers. Sorted by the link after adjusting. Search by name; every column sorts. A small adjusted figure is a result too. It says the two do not move together once income is set aside.
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| Rule of law and Regime typeComparing only countries with similar income it is still +0.58, but that could easily be chance once we allow for countries in the same region being alike. Regime type by country | +0.69 | +0.58 | 0.057 | 168 | moderate |
| Rule of law and Freedom of expressionComparing only countries with similar income it is still +0.57, but that could easily be chance once we allow for countries in the same region being alike. Freedom of expression by country | +0.55 | +0.57 | 0.054 | 168 | moderate |
| Rule of law and Freedom of associationComparing only countries with similar income it is still +0.53, but that could easily be chance once we allow for countries in the same region being alike. Freedom of association by country | +0.54 | +0.53 | 0.058 | 168 | moderate |
| Rule of law and Out-of-pocket health spendingComparing only countries with similar income it is still -0.51, but that could easily be chance once we allow for countries in the same region being alike. Out-of-pocket health spending by country | -0.58 | -0.51 | 0.055 | 186 | moderate |
| Rule of law and Informal employmentLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.45) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Informal employment by country | -0.79 | -0.45 | 0.152 | 140 | proxy |
| Rule of law and Public order spendingLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.36) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Public order spending by country | -0.66 | -0.36 | 0.085 | 37 | high |
| Rule of law and Wellbeing scoreLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.35) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Wellbeing score by country | +0.73 | +0.35 | 0.168 | 107 | high |
| Rule of law and Marriage rateCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Marriage rate by country | -0.28 | -0.35 | 0.050 | 46 | independent |
| Rule of law and Muslim shareCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Muslim share by country | -0.40 | -0.34 | 0.129 | 183 | independent |
| Rule of law and PISA scienceLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.34) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. PISA science by country | +0.74 | +0.34 | 0.196 | 87 | high |
| Rule of law and HDILinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.34) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. HDI by country | +0.74 | +0.34 | 0.170 | 187 | proxy |
| Rule of law and Armed conflict presentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Armed conflict present by country | -0.50 | -0.33 | 0.149 | 188 | moderate |
| Rule of law and Age at childbearingLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.33) could easily be chance. Age at childbearing by country | +0.52 | +0.33 | 0.149 | 195 | moderate |
| Rule of law and Secondary enrollmentLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.31) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Secondary enrollment by country | +0.68 | +0.31 | 0.100 | 184 | high |
| Rule of law and Births outside marriageCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Births outside marriage by country | +0.15 | +0.31 | 0.429 | 42 | independent |
| Rule of law and Inequality-adjusted HDILinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.31) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Inequality-adjusted HDI by country | +0.76 | +0.31 | 0.282 | 167 | proxy |
| Rule of law and One-person householdsLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.30) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. One-person households by country | +0.65 | +0.30 | 0.069 | 148 | high |
| Rule of law and Retirement age, womenCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Retirement age, women by country | +0.11 | +0.29 | 0.107 | 49 | independent |
| Rule of law and Anaemia in womenLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.29) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Anaemia in women by country | -0.61 | -0.29 | 0.231 | 185 | high |
| Rule of law and Recycling rateLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.29) could easily be chance. Recycling rate by country | +0.53 | +0.29 | 0.341 | 35 | moderate |
| Rule of law and Population 65+Linked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.29) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Population 65+ by country | +0.66 | +0.29 | 0.051 | 195 | high |
| Rule of law and PISA readingLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.28) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. PISA reading by country | +0.72 | +0.28 | 0.262 | 87 | high |
| Rule of law and PISA mathsLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.28) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. PISA maths by country | +0.72 | +0.28 | 0.227 | 87 | high |
| Rule of law and Suicide rateCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Suicide rate by country | +0.33 | +0.28 | 0.215 | 179 | independent |
| Rule of law and Corporate tax rateCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Corporate tax rate by country | -0.13 | +0.27 | 0.199 | 84 | moderate |
| Rule of law and Gender wage gapCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Gender wage gap by country | +0.10 | +0.27 | 0.560 | 38 | independent |
| Rule of law and Road traffic deathsLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.26) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Road traffic deaths by country | -0.60 | -0.26 | 0.227 | 183 | high |
| Rule of law and DTP3 immunisationLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.26) could easily be chance. DTP3 immunisation by country | +0.52 | +0.26 | 0.248 | 186 | moderate |
| Rule of law and Education scoreLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.26) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Education score by country | +0.68 | +0.26 | 0.402 | 189 | proxy |
| Rule of law and Women ministersCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Women ministers by country | +0.32 | +0.26 | 0.476 | 185 | independent |
| Rule of law and Religiously unaffiliatedCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Religiously unaffiliated by country | +0.48 | +0.25 | 0.318 | 183 | moderate |
| Rule of law and Environment scoreAlmost no link either way. Environment score by country | -0.08 | +0.25 | 0.266 | 192 | moderate |
| Rule of law and Confidence in religious institutionsLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.25) could easily be chance. Confidence in religious institutions by country | -0.52 | -0.25 | 0.085 | 107 | moderate |
| Rule of law and Christian shareCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Christian share by country | +0.17 | +0.23 | 0.369 | 183 | independent |
| Rule of law and Gender scoreCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Gender score by country | +0.39 | +0.23 | 0.576 | 180 | moderate |
| Rule of law and Mean years of schoolingLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.23) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Mean years of schooling by country | +0.67 | +0.23 | 0.479 | 187 | proxy |
| Rule of law and Aid givenLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.23) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Aid given by country | +0.55 | +0.23 | 0.065 | 47 | high |
| Rule of law and Married by 18Could easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Married by 18 by country | -0.49 | -0.22 | 0.240 | 135 | moderate |
| Rule of law and Fixed broadbandLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.22) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Fixed broadband by country | +0.67 | +0.22 | 0.093 | 194 | proxy |
| Rule of law and Alcohol consumptionCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Alcohol consumption by country | +0.48 | +0.21 | 0.281 | 182 | moderate |
| Rule of law and Frequent prayerLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.21) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Frequent prayer by country | -0.61 | -0.21 | 0.322 | 78 | high |
| Rule of law and Slum share of urban populationLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.21) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Slum share of urban population by country | -0.63 | -0.21 | 0.433 | 182 | high |
| Rule of law and Trust in governmentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Trust in government by country | +0.34 | +0.20 | 0.308 | 47 | moderate |
| Rule of law and Gender Development IndexLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.20) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Gender Development Index by country | +0.56 | +0.20 | 0.363 | 180 | high |
| Rule of law and Marriage rate (UN)Could easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Marriage rate (UN) by country | -0.31 | -0.20 | 0.368 | 100 | independent |
| Rule of law and Population growthCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Population growth by country | -0.45 | -0.20 | 0.331 | 195 | moderate |
| Rule of law and Adolescent fertilityLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.20) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Adolescent fertility by country | -0.63 | -0.20 | 0.410 | 195 | proxy |
| Rule of law and Median ageLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.20) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Median age by country | +0.68 | +0.20 | 0.323 | 195 | proxy |
| Rule of law and Refugees originatingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Refugees originating by country | -0.30 | -0.18 | 0.101 | 190 | moderate |
| Rule of law and Children with one parentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Children with one parent by country | +0.20 | +0.18 | 0.642 | 38 | independent |
| Rule of law and Active labour market spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Active labour market spending by country | +0.47 | +0.18 | 0.214 | 42 | moderate |
| Rule of law and Life expectancyLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.17) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Life expectancy by country | +0.67 | +0.17 | 0.221 | 195 | proxy |
| Rule of law and Skilled birth attendanceLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.17) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Skilled birth attendance by country | +0.56 | +0.17 | 0.486 | 176 | high |
| Rule of law and Divorce rate (UN)Almost no link either way. Divorce rate (UN) by country | -0.07 | -0.16 | 0.317 | 91 | independent |
| Rule of law and Trade opennessCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Trade openness by country | +0.40 | +0.15 | 0.108 | 178 | moderate |
| Rule of law and Primary enrollmentAlmost no link either way. Primary enrollment by country | +0.08 | +0.15 | 0.233 | 189 | independent |
| Rule of law and Government spending per capitaLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.15) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Government spending per capita by country | +0.73 | +0.15 | 0.471 | 43 | proxy |
| Rule of law and Military spendingAlmost no link either way. Military spending by country | -0.02 | -0.15 | 0.164 | 156 | independent |
| Rule of law and Infant mortalityLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.15) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Infant mortality by country | -0.63 | -0.15 | 0.470 | 187 | proxy |
| Rule of law and InflationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Inflation by country | -0.20 | -0.15 | 0.208 | 187 | independent |
| Rule of law and Youth not in work or studyCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Youth not in work or study by country | -0.48 | -0.15 | 0.456 | 174 | high |
| Rule of law and Pupil-teacher ratioLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.15) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Pupil-teacher ratio by country | -0.62 | -0.15 | 0.420 | 178 | proxy |
| Rule of law and Gini indexCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Gini index by country | -0.30 | -0.15 | 0.472 | 163 | moderate |
| Rule of law and Protected landCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Protected land by country | +0.25 | +0.15 | 0.417 | 192 | independent |
| Rule of law and Unemployment benefit spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Unemployment benefit spending by country | +0.30 | +0.15 | 0.510 | 39 | moderate |
| Rule of law and Extreme poverty rateCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Extreme poverty rate by country | -0.46 | +0.14 | 0.595 | 163 | proxy |
| Rule of law and Homicide rateCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Homicide rate by country | -0.16 | -0.13 | 0.171 | 169 | moderate |
| Rule of law and Market-income GiniCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Market-income Gini by country | -0.25 | +0.13 | 0.527 | 45 | moderate |
| Rule of law and Adult literacyLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.13) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Adult literacy by country | +0.51 | +0.13 | 0.640 | 135 | high |
| Rule of law and Women in a unionCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Women in a union by country | -0.38 | -0.13 | 0.363 | 189 | moderate |
| Rule of law and Life satisfactionLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.13) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Life satisfaction by country | +0.67 | +0.13 | 0.563 | 160 | proxy |
| Rule of law and Under-5 mortalityLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.13) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Under-5 mortality by country | -0.60 | -0.13 | 0.576 | 187 | proxy |
| Rule of law and Old-age spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Old-age spending by country | +0.22 | +0.13 | 0.531 | 42 | independent |
| Rule of law and Health coverage indexLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.13) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Health coverage index by country | +0.65 | +0.13 | 0.650 | 186 | proxy |
| Rule of law and Population 0-14Linked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.12) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Population 0-14 by country | -0.67 | -0.12 | 0.483 | 195 | proxy |
| Rule of law and UnemploymentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Unemployment by country | -0.14 | -0.12 | 0.254 | 177 | independent |
| Rule of law and Birth rateLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.11) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Birth rate by country | -0.65 | -0.11 | 0.587 | 195 | proxy |
| Rule of law and Forest areaCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Forest area by country | +0.11 | +0.11 | 0.710 | 192 | independent |
| Rule of law and Retirement age, menCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Retirement age, men by country | -0.15 | +0.11 | 0.641 | 49 | independent |
| Rule of law and Migrant share of populationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Migrant share of population by country | +0.47 | +0.11 | 0.555 | 194 | high |
| Rule of law and Self-reported happinessCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Self-reported happiness by country | +0.32 | +0.10 | 0.407 | 107 | moderate |
| Rule of law and Divorce rateCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Divorce rate by country | -0.15 | -0.10 | 0.792 | 45 | independent |
| Rule of law and Conflict deathsCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Conflict deaths by country | -0.17 | -0.10 | 0.320 | 188 | moderate |
| Rule of law and Health scoreCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Health score by country | +0.27 | +0.09 | 0.852 | 186 | moderate |
| Rule of law and Child stuntingLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Child stunting by country | -0.54 | -0.09 | 0.561 | 155 | proxy |
| Rule of law and UrbanizationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Urbanization by country | +0.43 | -0.09 | 0.527 | 195 | high |
| Rule of law and Labour scoreLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Labour score by country | +0.55 | +0.08 | 0.681 | 185 | high |
| Rule of law and Tobacco useCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Tobacco use by country | +0.19 | +0.08 | 0.723 | 164 | independent |
| Rule of law and Food insecurityLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Food insecurity by country | -0.66 | -0.08 | 0.768 | 155 | proxy |
| Rule of law and PhysiciansLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Physicians by country | +0.58 | +0.08 | 0.413 | 186 | proxy |
| Rule of law and UndernourishmentLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Undernourishment by country | -0.56 | -0.08 | 0.695 | 163 | proxy |
| Rule of law and Adult obesityCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Adult obesity by country | +0.25 | +0.08 | 0.890 | 188 | moderate |
| Rule of law and Fertility rateLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Fertility rate by country | -0.62 | -0.08 | 0.724 | 195 | proxy |
| Rule of law and Religious attendanceLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Religious attendance by country | -0.56 | -0.08 | 0.722 | 105 | high |
| Rule of law and Internet usersLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Internet users by country | +0.59 | -0.07 | 0.450 | 195 | proxy |
| Rule of law and Basic sanitationLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Basic sanitation by country | +0.52 | -0.07 | 0.801 | 193 | high |
| Rule of law and Male labor participationAlmost no link either way. Male labor participation by country | -0.05 | -0.07 | 0.596 | 177 | independent |
| Rule of law and HIV prevalenceCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. HIV prevalence by country | -0.13 | +0.07 | 0.477 | 148 | moderate |
| Rule of law and Mobile subscriptionsCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Mobile subscriptions by country | +0.27 | -0.07 | 0.496 | 195 | moderate |
| Rule of law and Agricultural landCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Agricultural land by country | -0.26 | -0.06 | 0.751 | 193 | independent |
| Rule of law and Women in managementCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Women in management by country | +0.24 | +0.06 | 0.830 | 149 | moderate |
| Rule of law and Pre-trial detainee shareCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Pre-trial detainee share by country | -0.26 | -0.06 | 0.798 | 171 | independent |
| Rule of law and Electricity accessCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Electricity access by country | +0.50 | -0.05 | 0.866 | 194 | high |
| Rule of law and Tertiary enrollmentLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Tertiary enrollment by country | +0.55 | +0.05 | 0.426 | 175 | high |
| Rule of law and Tuberculosis incidenceCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Tuberculosis incidence by country | -0.34 | +0.05 | 0.751 | 193 | high |
| Rule of law and GDP growthCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. GDP growth by country | -0.16 | -0.04 | 0.803 | 195 | moderate |
| Rule of law and Women in parliamentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Women in parliament by country | +0.20 | +0.04 | 0.906 | 185 | independent |
| Rule of law and Infrastructure scoreLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Infrastructure score by country | +0.66 | +0.04 | 0.748 | 194 | proxy |
| Rule of law and Birth registrationLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Birth registration by country | +0.50 | +0.04 | 0.882 | 165 | proxy |
| Rule of law and FDI inflowsAlmost no link either way. FDI inflows by country | +0.01 | -0.03 | 0.680 | 192 | independent |
| Rule of law and Single-parent householdsAlmost no link either way. Single-parent households by country | -0.05 | -0.03 | 0.895 | 148 | independent |
| Rule of law and Hospital bedsCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Hospital beds by country | +0.39 | +0.03 | 0.943 | 171 | high |
| Rule of law and Maternal mortalityLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Maternal mortality by country | -0.51 | -0.03 | 0.924 | 187 | proxy |
| Rule of law and Compulsory schoolingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Compulsory schooling by country | +0.29 | +0.02 | 0.898 | 182 | moderate |
| Rule of law and Equality scoreCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Equality score by country | +0.46 | +0.02 | 0.952 | 163 | high |
| Rule of law and Premature NCD mortalityCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Premature NCD mortality by country | -0.47 | +0.02 | 0.973 | 179 | high |
| Rule of law and Employment in agricultureLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Employment in agriculture by country | -0.62 | -0.01 | 0.959 | 177 | proxy |
| Rule of law and Basic water accessLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Basic water access by country | +0.56 | +0.01 | 0.975 | 193 | proxy |
| Rule of law and CO2 per capitaCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. CO2 per capita by country | +0.29 | -0.01 | 0.974 | 189 | proxy |
| Rule of law and Primary completionLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Primary completion by country | +0.54 | +0.00 | 0.996 | 161 | proxy |
| Rule of law and Vulnerable employmentLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Vulnerable employment by country | -0.63 | +0.00 | 0.993 | 177 | proxy |
| Rule of law and GDP per capita (PPP)One side of this pair is national income itself, the thing the other figures adjust for. Adjusting income for income leaves nothing, so there is no adjusted figure. The unadjusted link shows how closely the other measure follows income. GDP per capita (PPP) by country | +0.70 | — | — | 195 | proxy |
| Rule of law and GNI per capita (PPP)One side of this pair is national income itself, the thing the other figures adjust for. Adjusting income for income leaves nothing, so there is no adjusted figure. The unadjusted link shows how closely the other measure follows income. GNI per capita (PPP) by country | +0.70 | — | — | 193 | proxy |
| Rule of law and GDP per capita (market)One side of this pair is national income itself, the thing the other figures adjust for. Adjusting income for income leaves nothing, so there is no adjusted figure. The unadjusted link shows how closely the other measure follows income. GDP per capita (market) by country | +0.70 | — | — | 195 | proxy |
Source
World Bank
CC BY 4.0 · licence terms · updated annual
Kaufmann, D. and A. Kraay, Worldwide Governance Indicators, World Bank