Capital per worker
Capital stock per person engaged, at current PPPs (Penn World Table)
Link with national income+0.93essentially a measure of national income
Links that hold up8of 193 pairs tested
Unit2021 international $ per workerhigher is neither better nor worse
SourcePenn World TableCC BY 4.0
What this measures. The value of a country's buildings, machines, roads and other equipment, divided by the number of people working. It is in dollars adjusted for what money buys in each country, and it is best for comparing countries in the same year. The Penn World Table builds it by adding up past investment and taking off wear and tear, so it is linked to the investment share by construction. Where it is used for adjusting, it is measured in percentage terms (on a log scale), like income. No "better" direction is set.
How it has moved
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Countries With the Highest Capital per Worker · Countries With the Lowest Capital per Worker
Every country, every year
One row per country and one column per year, sorted by the most recent value. Hover over any cell to see the figure. The country names link to each country’s page.
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Links that hold up
r is how closely two measures rise and fall together across countries, from −1 (opposite) to +1 (in step), where 0 means no link. These pairs are ranked by the link after adjusting for national income, which means comparing countries with the same GDP per person. Each pair passed three checks. The link held after that adjustment. It was unlikely to be chance (q of 0.05 or less), even allowing for countries in the same region being alike and for the many pairs tested. And the two are not just two measures of the same thing. Very small q values are written in short form: 8.0e-5 means 0.000080.
| Measure | Before adjusting | After adjusting | q | Countries | Tracks income? |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Capital per worker and Women's age at first marriageWhere Capital per worker is higher, Women's age at first marriage tends to be higher: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Women's age at first marriage by country | +0.72 | +0.63 | 0.018 | 40 | moderate |
| Capital per worker and Unemployment benefit spendingWhere Capital per worker is higher, Unemployment benefit spending tends to be higher: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Unemployment benefit spending by country | +0.57 | +0.55 | 0.032 | 39 | moderate |
| Capital per worker and Old-age spendingWhere Capital per worker is higher, Old-age spending tends to be higher: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Old-age spending by country | +0.40 | +0.43 | 0.023 | 42 | independent |
| Capital per worker and Abortion rate (estimate)Where Capital per worker is higher, Abortion rate (estimate) tends to be lower: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Abortion rate (estimate) by country | -0.51 | -0.29 | 0.010 | 133 | moderate |
| Capital per worker and Indigenous American ancestryWhere Capital per worker is higher, Indigenous American ancestry tends to be lower: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Indigenous American ancestry by country | -0.14 | -0.26 | 0.011 | 151 | independent |
| Capital per worker and Corruption Perceptions IndexWhere Capital per worker is higher, Corruption Perceptions Index tends to be higher: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Corruption Perceptions Index by country | +0.68 | +0.24 | 0.046 | 164 | high |
| Capital per worker and Maternal mortalityComparing only countries with similar income, Maternal mortality tends to be higher where Capital per worker is higher: the opposite of the unadjusted figure, which only showed the income gap between countries. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Maternal mortality by country | -0.51 | +0.18 | 0.026 | 165 | proxy |
| Capital per worker and Vulnerable employmentWhere Capital per worker is higher, Vulnerable employment tends to be lower: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Vulnerable employment by country | -0.73 | -0.12 | 0.029 | 165 | proxy |
Links that don’t count as findings
These go together strongly, but they are built from the same numbers or measure the same thing. So they are bound to match, or their match shows that the measures agree, not something about the world.
| Measure | Before adjusting | After adjusting | q | Countries | Tracks income? |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Capital per worker and Investment share of GDPNot an independent finding: one of these indices is built partly from the other, so their agreement is just arithmetic. Investment share of GDP by country | +0.44 | +0.26 | 0.151 | 170 | moderate |
| Capital per worker and Productivity (TFP)Not an independent finding: one of these indices is built partly from the other, so their agreement is just arithmetic. Productivity (TFP) by country | +0.59 | -0.14 | 0.403 | 118 | high |
How much the other measures account for
The 72 most widely reported measures boil down to a few broad patterns. This table shows how much of the differences between countries on this measure those patterns account for, adding one pattern at a time. The patterns are rebuilt without this measure, and without anything built from the same numbers or measuring the same thing. So it never predicts itself under another name. The figures use the 129 countries reporting all of them, and 72 candidate measures.
This shows how much it moves with the others. It does not explain anything. Measures that move together end up on the same pattern whether or not anything connects them. And the countries here are the best-documented ones. A high figure means this measure is largely predictable from the others, not that they produce it.
| Patterns used | Share of this measure accounted for | Added by this pattern |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 60% | — |
| 2 | 62% | +1% |
| 3 | 72% | +11% |
| 4 | 74% | +2% |
| 5 | 75% | +0% |
| 6 | 78% | +4% |
How it differs by category
This compares the measure across groups of countries, such as those sharing a main religion, instead of against another number. The figure is the share of the differences between countries on this measure that lies between the groups, on a scale from 0 to 1. It is shown before and after adjusting for national income.
The “between groups” figure runs from 0 (the groups are no different) to 1 (the groups explain all the differences between countries). Groups have no up or down, so this says how much the groups differ, never which way. For that, read the group averages. The figure also tends to rise when there are more groups. So to judge whether it could be chance (q), we shuffle the same labels among the same countries many times and see how often a figure this big turns up. Then we allow for the fact that many measures are checked at once, since with enough checks a few big figures turn up by luck alone. Groups with fewer than 12 countries are left out. And countries that share a label share a lot else. Adjusting for income rules out one third factor, but leaves language, region, legal tradition and history untouched.
| Grouped by | Between groups | After income | q | Groups at each end |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Last European coloniser | 0.35 | 0.26 | 0.082 | most: United Kingdom $261,100 · least: France $74,500 2021 international $ per worker |
| Largest religious group | 0.10 | 0.08 | 0.430 | most: Christians $283,900 · least: Muslims $227,600 2021 international $ per worker |
| Official ideology | 0.11 | 0.03 | 0.894 | most: No strong official ideology $276,800 · least: Nationalist $208,400 2021 international $ per worker |
| Party system | 0.19 | 0.17 | 0.157 | most: No parties banned $271,600 · least: A few parties banned $161,200 2021 international $ per worker |
Every other pair
Everything else this measure was tested against, apart from the links that hold up and the pairs built from the same numbers. Sorted by the link after adjusting. Search by name; every column sorts. A small adjusted figure is a result too. It says the two do not move together once income is set aside.
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| Capital per worker and Age at childbearingLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.43) could easily be chance. Age at childbearing by country | +0.63 | +0.43 | 0.088 | 170 | moderate |
| Capital per worker and Migrant share of populationLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.35) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Migrant share of population by country | +0.64 | +0.35 | 0.226 | 170 | high |
| Capital per worker and Electricity accessLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.35) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Electricity access by country | +0.50 | -0.35 | 0.122 | 170 | high |
| Capital per worker and Public social spendingLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.35) could easily be chance. Public social spending by country | +0.56 | +0.35 | 0.149 | 42 | moderate |
| Capital per worker and CO2 per capitaLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.35) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. CO2 per capita by country | +0.64 | +0.35 | 0.401 | 167 | proxy |
| Capital per worker and Electricity use per personLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.34) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Electricity use per person by country | +0.67 | +0.34 | 0.243 | 170 | proxy |
| Capital per worker and Population growthCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Population growth by country | -0.24 | +0.34 | 0.119 | 170 | moderate |
| Capital per worker and Extreme poverty rateLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.32) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Extreme poverty rate by country | -0.53 | +0.32 | 0.098 | 152 | proxy |
| Capital per worker and RedistributionLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.30) could easily be chance. Redistribution by country | +0.66 | +0.30 | 0.055 | 45 | moderate |
| Capital per worker and Interpersonal trustLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.27) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Interpersonal trust by country | +0.60 | +0.27 | 0.200 | 103 | high |
| Capital per worker and Informal employmentLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.27) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Informal employment by country | -0.80 | -0.27 | 0.342 | 127 | proxy |
| Capital per worker and Military spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Military spending by country | +0.23 | +0.26 | 0.099 | 152 | independent |
| Capital per worker and Basic water accessLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.25) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Basic water access by country | +0.56 | -0.25 | 0.078 | 169 | proxy |
| Capital per worker and Gini indexCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Gini index by country | -0.39 | -0.25 | 0.272 | 152 | moderate |
| Capital per worker and ResearchersLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.25) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Researchers by country | +0.67 | +0.25 | 0.477 | 129 | proxy |
| Capital per worker and Primary completionLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.25) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Primary completion by country | +0.55 | -0.25 | 0.105 | 150 | proxy |
| Capital per worker and Women's age at first marriage (census-based)Linked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.24) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Women's age at first marriage (census-based) by country | +0.70 | +0.24 | 0.206 | 159 | high |
| Capital per worker and Political corruptionLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.23) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Political corruption by country | -0.66 | -0.23 | 0.175 | 159 | high |
| Capital per worker and Control of corruptionLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.23) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Control of corruption by country | +0.70 | +0.23 | 0.108 | 170 | high |
| Capital per worker and UndernourishmentLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.23) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Undernourishment by country | -0.52 | +0.23 | 0.092 | 151 | proxy |
| Capital per worker and Regulatory qualityLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.22) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Regulatory quality by country | +0.73 | +0.22 | 0.139 | 170 | proxy |
| Capital per worker and Infrastructure scoreLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.22) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Infrastructure score by country | +0.69 | -0.22 | 0.091 | 170 | proxy |
| Capital per worker and Conflict deathsAlmost no link either way. Conflict deaths by country | +0.00 | +0.22 | 0.176 | 165 | moderate |
| Capital per worker and Retirement age, menCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Retirement age, men by country | -0.38 | -0.22 | 0.061 | 49 | independent |
| Capital per worker and Small government (Fraser)Could easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Small government (Fraser) by country | -0.36 | -0.21 | 0.261 | 157 | moderate |
| Capital per worker and Unintended pregnancy rateLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.20) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Unintended pregnancy rate by country | -0.66 | -0.20 | 0.069 | 133 | high |
| Capital per worker and Price levelLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.20) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Price level by country | +0.63 | +0.20 | 0.442 | 170 | high |
| Capital per worker and Government consumptionCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Government consumption by country | +0.36 | +0.20 | 0.270 | 160 | independent |
| Capital per worker and Abortion rate (legal, reported)Could easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Abortion rate (legal, reported) by country | -0.17 | -0.20 | 0.178 | 45 | independent |
| Capital per worker and Rule of lawLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.20) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Rule of law by country | +0.70 | +0.20 | 0.329 | 170 | high |
| Capital per worker and Public order spendingLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.19) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Public order spending by country | -0.58 | -0.19 | 0.422 | 37 | high |
| Capital per worker and Active labour market spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Active labour market spending by country | +0.48 | +0.19 | 0.416 | 42 | moderate |
| Capital per worker and Basic sanitationLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.18) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Basic sanitation by country | +0.59 | -0.18 | 0.051 | 169 | high |
| Capital per worker and African ancestryLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.18) could easily be chance. African ancestry by country | -0.55 | +0.18 | 0.488 | 151 | moderate |
| Capital per worker and Inequality-adjusted HDILinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.18) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Inequality-adjusted HDI by country | +0.80 | +0.18 | 0.565 | 153 | proxy |
| Capital per worker and Unintended pregnancies ending in abortionAlmost no link either way. Unintended pregnancies ending in abortion by country | +0.00 | -0.18 | 0.114 | 133 | independent |
| Capital per worker and Under-5 mortalityLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.18) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Under-5 mortality by country | -0.59 | +0.18 | 0.103 | 165 | proxy |
| Capital per worker and Wellbeing scoreLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.18) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Wellbeing score by country | +0.68 | +0.18 | 0.388 | 103 | high |
| Capital per worker and Health scoreCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Health score by country | +0.20 | +0.18 | 0.406 | 165 | independent |
| Capital per worker and Single-parent householdsCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Single-parent households by country | -0.18 | -0.18 | 0.511 | 138 | independent |
| Capital per worker and Refugees originatingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Refugees originating by country | -0.11 | +0.17 | 0.203 | 169 | moderate |
| Capital per worker and Births outside marriageAlmost no link either way. Births outside marriage by country | -0.08 | +0.17 | 0.414 | 43 | independent |
| Capital per worker and Fertility rateLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.17) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Fertility rate by country | -0.62 | +0.17 | 0.166 | 170 | proxy |
| Capital per worker and Internet usersLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.16) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Internet users by country | +0.67 | -0.16 | 0.130 | 170 | proxy |
| Capital per worker and Out-of-pocket health spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Out-of-pocket health spending by country | -0.45 | -0.16 | 0.082 | 165 | moderate |
| Capital per worker and Compulsory schoolingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Compulsory schooling by country | +0.26 | -0.16 | 0.511 | 163 | moderate |
| Capital per worker and East Asian ancestryAlmost no link either way. East Asian ancestry by country | +0.00 | -0.16 | 0.152 | 151 | independent |
| Capital per worker and Light regulation (Fraser)Linked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.16) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Light regulation (Fraser) by country | +0.57 | +0.16 | 0.064 | 157 | high |
| Capital per worker and Hours workedLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.16) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Hours worked by country | -0.59 | -0.16 | 0.258 | 38 | high |
| Capital per worker and Religious attendanceLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.16) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Religious attendance by country | -0.61 | -0.16 | 0.363 | 101 | high |
| Capital per worker and Adult obesityCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Adult obesity by country | +0.29 | -0.15 | 0.600 | 166 | moderate |
| Capital per worker and Recycling rateCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Recycling rate by country | +0.45 | +0.15 | 0.357 | 35 | moderate |
| Capital per worker and Labour scoreLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.15) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Labour score by country | +0.66 | +0.15 | 0.534 | 167 | high |
| Capital per worker and Birth rateLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.15) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Birth rate by country | -0.66 | +0.15 | 0.220 | 170 | proxy |
| Capital per worker and Adult literacyLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.15) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Adult literacy by country | +0.53 | -0.15 | 0.186 | 120 | high |
| Capital per worker and Gender Inequality IndexLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.15) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Gender Inequality Index by country | -0.77 | -0.15 | 0.655 | 158 | proxy |
| Capital per worker and Premature NCD mortalityLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.14) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Premature NCD mortality by country | -0.60 | -0.14 | 0.536 | 165 | high |
| Capital per worker and Homicide rateCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Homicide rate by country | -0.23 | -0.14 | 0.347 | 149 | moderate |
| Capital per worker and Education scoreLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.14) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Education score by country | +0.64 | -0.14 | 0.400 | 168 | proxy |
| Capital per worker and Confidence in religious institutionsCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Confidence in religious institutions by country | -0.47 | -0.14 | 0.273 | 103 | moderate |
| Capital per worker and Legal system and property rights (Fraser)Linked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.14) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Legal system and property rights (Fraser) by country | +0.69 | +0.14 | 0.536 | 157 | proxy |
| Capital per worker and Retirement age, womenCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Retirement age, women by country | -0.18 | -0.14 | 0.255 | 49 | independent |
| Capital per worker and Trust in governmentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Trust in government by country | +0.31 | +0.13 | 0.262 | 47 | moderate |
| Capital per worker and Hours worked (PWT)Could easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Hours worked (PWT) by country | -0.36 | -0.13 | 0.662 | 127 | moderate |
| Capital per worker and Trade opennessCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Trade openness by country | +0.44 | +0.13 | 0.280 | 159 | moderate |
| Capital per worker and Road traffic deathsLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.13) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Road traffic deaths by country | -0.65 | -0.13 | 0.286 | 165 | high |
| Capital per worker and Contraceptive use (any method)Could easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Contraceptive use (any method) by country | +0.41 | -0.13 | 0.665 | 134 | moderate |
| Capital per worker and Infant mortalityLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.12) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Infant mortality by country | -0.63 | +0.12 | 0.329 | 165 | proxy |
| Capital per worker and Official ideology, strengthCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Official ideology, strength by country | -0.15 | -0.12 | 0.560 | 160 | independent |
| Capital per worker and South Asian ancestryCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. South Asian ancestry by country | -0.10 | -0.12 | 0.255 | 151 | independent |
| Capital per worker and Health spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Health spending by country | +0.34 | +0.12 | 0.689 | 165 | independent |
| Capital per worker and Divorce rateAlmost no link either way. Divorce rate by country | -0.01 | +0.12 | 0.604 | 45 | independent |
| Capital per worker and Women ministersCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Women ministers by country | +0.18 | +0.12 | 0.603 | 164 | independent |
| Capital per worker and Market-income GiniCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Market-income Gini by country | -0.32 | +0.12 | 0.324 | 45 | moderate |
| Capital per worker and Property rightsCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Property rights by country | +0.33 | -0.12 | 0.716 | 160 | moderate |
| Capital per worker and Skilled birth attendanceCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Skilled birth attendance by country | +0.50 | -0.12 | 0.193 | 157 | high |
| Capital per worker and Frequent prayerLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.12) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Frequent prayer by country | -0.60 | -0.12 | 0.644 | 75 | high |
| Capital per worker and Muslim shareCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Muslim share by country | -0.13 | +0.12 | 0.648 | 168 | independent |
| Capital per worker and Government expenseCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Government expense by country | +0.47 | +0.12 | 0.710 | 136 | moderate |
| Capital per worker and Government effectivenessLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.11) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Government effectiveness by country | +0.72 | +0.11 | 0.533 | 170 | proxy |
| Capital per worker and Gender Development IndexCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Gender Development Index by country | +0.48 | -0.11 | 0.272 | 162 | high |
| Capital per worker and Political rights (FH)Could easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Political rights (FH) by country | -0.35 | +0.11 | 0.705 | 165 | moderate |
| Capital per worker and Pupil-teacher ratioLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.11) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Pupil-teacher ratio by country | -0.63 | +0.11 | 0.226 | 160 | proxy |
| Capital per worker and Food insecurityLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.11) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Food insecurity by country | -0.65 | +0.11 | 0.383 | 141 | proxy |
| Capital per worker and Government spending per capitaLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.11) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Government spending per capita by country | +0.72 | +0.11 | 0.494 | 43 | proxy |
| Capital per worker and Mobile subscriptionsCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Mobile subscriptions by country | +0.27 | -0.11 | 0.258 | 170 | moderate |
| Capital per worker and European ancestryLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.11) could easily be chance. European ancestry by country | +0.55 | +0.11 | 0.640 | 151 | moderate |
| Capital per worker and Freedom from party bansAlmost no link either way. Freedom from party bans by country | +0.08 | -0.11 | 0.660 | 160 | independent |
| Capital per worker and Self-reported happinessCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Self-reported happiness by country | +0.33 | +0.11 | 0.594 | 103 | moderate |
| Capital per worker and Fixed broadbandLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.10) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Fixed broadband by country | +0.71 | +0.10 | 0.665 | 170 | proxy |
| Capital per worker and PISA readingLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.10) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. PISA reading by country | +0.56 | -0.10 | 0.768 | 86 | high |
| Capital per worker and Child stuntingLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Child stunting by country | -0.58 | +0.10 | 0.088 | 141 | proxy |
| Capital per worker and Tertiary enrollmentLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Tertiary enrollment by country | +0.63 | +0.09 | 0.718 | 161 | high |
| Capital per worker and Divorce rate (UN)Almost no link either way. Divorce rate (UN) by country | +0.07 | +0.09 | 0.241 | 86 | independent |
| Capital per worker and Human capital (PWT)Linked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Human capital (PWT) by country | +0.66 | -0.09 | 0.485 | 141 | proxy |
| Capital per worker and Tobacco useCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Tobacco use by country | +0.22 | -0.09 | 0.535 | 149 | independent |
| Capital per worker and GDP growthCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. GDP growth by country | -0.26 | -0.09 | 0.220 | 170 | moderate |
| Capital per worker and Married by 18Linked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Married by 18 by country | -0.57 | -0.09 | 0.644 | 122 | moderate |
| Capital per worker and Civil liberties (FH)Could easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Civil liberties (FH) by country | -0.38 | +0.08 | 0.761 | 165 | moderate |
| Capital per worker and Freedom of associationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Freedom of association by country | +0.19 | -0.08 | 0.781 | 159 | moderate |
| Capital per worker and One-person householdsLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. One-person households by country | +0.57 | +0.08 | 0.784 | 138 | high |
| Capital per worker and Ease of forming a partyCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Ease of forming a party by country | +0.12 | -0.08 | 0.831 | 160 | moderate |
| Capital per worker and Agricultural landCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Agricultural land by country | -0.32 | -0.07 | 0.321 | 169 | moderate |
| Capital per worker and Life expectancyLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Life expectancy by country | +0.73 | +0.07 | 0.784 | 170 | proxy |
| Capital per worker and Out of school, primaryCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Out of school, primary by country | -0.39 | +0.07 | 0.065 | 165 | moderate |
| Capital per worker and Aid givenLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Aid given by country | +0.53 | +0.07 | 0.890 | 47 | high |
| Capital per worker and Freedom to trade (Fraser)Linked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Freedom to trade (Fraser) by country | +0.60 | +0.07 | 0.510 | 157 | high |
| Capital per worker and Religion very importantLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Religion very important by country | -0.55 | -0.06 | 0.672 | 103 | high |
| Capital per worker and Birth registrationLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Birth registration by country | +0.53 | -0.06 | 0.515 | 150 | proxy |
| Capital per worker and Population 0-14Linked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Population 0-14 by country | -0.70 | +0.06 | 0.672 | 170 | proxy |
| Capital per worker and Middle Eastern ancestryCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Middle Eastern ancestry by country | +0.14 | +0.06 | 0.620 | 151 | independent |
| Capital per worker and PISA scienceLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. PISA science by country | +0.57 | -0.06 | 0.857 | 86 | high |
| Capital per worker and Health coverage indexLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Health coverage index by country | +0.69 | -0.06 | 0.774 | 165 | proxy |
| Capital per worker and Labor share of incomeAlmost no link either way. Labor share of income by country | +0.05 | +0.06 | 0.745 | 136 | independent |
| Capital per worker and Female labor participationAlmost no link either way. Female labor participation by country | +0.06 | +0.06 | 0.683 | 165 | independent |
| Capital per worker and PhysiciansLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Physicians by country | +0.65 | +0.06 | 0.783 | 165 | proxy |
| Capital per worker and Alcohol consumptionCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Alcohol consumption by country | +0.34 | -0.06 | 0.781 | 164 | moderate |
| Capital per worker and Women in a unionCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Women in a union by country | -0.28 | +0.06 | 0.786 | 168 | moderate |
| Capital per worker and Youth not in work or studyLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Youth not in work or study by country | -0.50 | -0.06 | 0.739 | 157 | high |
| Capital per worker and FDI inflowsAlmost no link either way. FDI inflows by country | -0.03 | -0.06 | 0.458 | 170 | independent |
| Capital per worker and Gender wage gapCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Gender wage gap by country | -0.11 | -0.05 | 0.724 | 38 | independent |
| Capital per worker and Freedom of expressionCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Freedom of expression by country | +0.18 | -0.05 | 0.875 | 159 | moderate |
| Capital per worker and Political civil libertiesCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Political civil liberties by country | +0.21 | -0.05 | 0.862 | 159 | moderate |
| Capital per worker and UnemploymentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Unemployment by country | -0.10 | -0.05 | 0.837 | 165 | independent |
| Capital per worker and Tuberculosis incidenceCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Tuberculosis incidence by country | -0.46 | -0.05 | 0.676 | 170 | high |
| Capital per worker and Ethnic diversityCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Ethnic diversity by country | -0.32 | +0.05 | 0.801 | 142 | moderate |
| Capital per worker and Economic freedom (Fraser)Linked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Economic freedom (Fraser) by country | +0.58 | +0.05 | 0.545 | 157 | high |
| Capital per worker and Life satisfactionLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Life satisfaction by country | +0.66 | -0.05 | 0.899 | 154 | proxy |
| Capital per worker and Employment in agricultureLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Employment in agriculture by country | -0.67 | +0.04 | 0.746 | 165 | proxy |
| Capital per worker and Christian shareAlmost no link either way. Christian share by country | +0.00 | -0.04 | 0.809 | 168 | independent |
| Capital per worker and Armed conflict presentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Armed conflict present by country | -0.32 | +0.04 | 0.717 | 165 | moderate |
| Capital per worker and Women's political empowermentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Women's political empowerment by country | +0.32 | -0.04 | 0.880 | 159 | moderate |
| Capital per worker and UrbanizationLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Urbanization by country | +0.59 | +0.04 | 0.771 | 170 | high |
| Capital per worker and Primary enrollmentAlmost no link either way. Primary enrollment by country | -0.06 | +0.04 | 0.673 | 168 | independent |
| Capital per worker and Independent oppositionCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Independent opposition by country | +0.29 | +0.04 | 0.904 | 158 | moderate |
| Capital per worker and Economy free of state ownershipCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Economy free of state ownership by country | +0.16 | +0.04 | 0.863 | 160 | independent |
| Capital per worker and Women in managementCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Women in management by country | +0.22 | -0.04 | 0.826 | 134 | moderate |
| Capital per worker and Governance scoreLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Governance score by country | +0.55 | +0.04 | 0.914 | 161 | high |
| Capital per worker and Protected landCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Protected land by country | +0.14 | +0.04 | 0.827 | 169 | independent |
| Capital per worker and Sound money (Fraser)Could easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Sound money (Fraser) by country | +0.43 | +0.04 | 0.731 | 157 | moderate |
| Capital per worker and Religiously unaffiliatedCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Religiously unaffiliated by country | +0.38 | +0.04 | 0.906 | 168 | moderate |
| Capital per worker and Suicide rateCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Suicide rate by country | +0.22 | +0.03 | 0.854 | 165 | independent |
| Capital per worker and Electoral democracyCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Electoral democracy by country | +0.39 | -0.03 | 0.938 | 159 | moderate |
| Capital per worker and Adolescent fertilityLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Adolescent fertility by country | -0.66 | -0.03 | 0.819 | 170 | proxy |
| Capital per worker and Participatory democracyCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Participatory democracy by country | +0.42 | +0.03 | 0.943 | 159 | moderate |
| Capital per worker and Liberal democracyCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Liberal democracy by country | +0.47 | +0.03 | 0.941 | 159 | moderate |
| Capital per worker and Family benefits spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Family benefits spending by country | +0.25 | -0.03 | 0.914 | 42 | independent |
| Capital per worker and Population 65+Linked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Population 65+ by country | +0.60 | +0.03 | 0.940 | 170 | high |
| Capital per worker and Forest areaAlmost no link either way. Forest area by country | +0.03 | -0.03 | 0.839 | 168 | independent |
| Capital per worker and InflationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Inflation by country | -0.14 | -0.03 | 0.751 | 168 | independent |
| Capital per worker and Mean years of schoolingLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Mean years of schooling by country | +0.68 | -0.03 | 0.862 | 166 | proxy |
| Capital per worker and Contraceptive use (modern methods)Could easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Contraceptive use (modern methods) by country | +0.37 | -0.03 | 0.949 | 131 | moderate |
| Capital per worker and Secondary enrollmentLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Secondary enrollment by country | +0.64 | -0.03 | 0.887 | 164 | high |
| Capital per worker and Free and fair electionsCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Free and fair elections by country | +0.49 | -0.02 | 0.943 | 159 | high |
| Capital per worker and Median ageLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Median age by country | +0.70 | +0.02 | 0.930 | 170 | proxy |
| Capital per worker and Civil society participationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Civil society participation by country | +0.18 | +0.02 | 0.950 | 159 | independent |
| Capital per worker and Political stabilityLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Political stability by country | +0.55 | -0.02 | 0.769 | 170 | moderate |
| Capital per worker and Hospital bedsCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Hospital beds by country | +0.40 | -0.02 | 0.922 | 156 | high |
| Capital per worker and Voice and accountabilityCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Voice and accountability by country | +0.47 | -0.02 | 0.954 | 170 | moderate |
| Capital per worker and Education spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Education spending by country | +0.18 | +0.02 | 0.922 | 163 | independent |
| Capital per worker and HIV prevalenceCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. HIV prevalence by country | -0.23 | -0.02 | 0.915 | 136 | moderate |
| Capital per worker and Tax revenueCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Tax revenue by country | +0.28 | +0.02 | 0.953 | 135 | moderate |
| Capital per worker and Expected schoolingLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Expected schooling by country | +0.65 | -0.02 | 0.952 | 166 | proxy |
| Capital per worker and Women in parliamentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Women in parliament by country | +0.13 | -0.02 | 0.943 | 164 | independent |
| Capital per worker and Governing party, economic left to rightAlmost no link either way. Governing party, economic left to right by country | +0.06 | -0.01 | 0.845 | 147 | independent |
| Capital per worker and Anaemia in womenLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Anaemia in women by country | -0.56 | -0.01 | 0.968 | 164 | high |
| Capital per worker and HDILinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. HDI by country | +0.78 | -0.01 | 0.958 | 166 | proxy |
| Capital per worker and Equality scoreLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Equality score by country | +0.56 | -0.01 | 0.926 | 152 | high |
| Capital per worker and Marriage rateAlmost no link either way. Marriage rate by country | -0.05 | -0.01 | 0.927 | 46 | independent |
| Capital per worker and PISA mathsLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. PISA maths by country | +0.59 | -0.01 | 0.977 | 86 | high |
| Capital per worker and Corporate tax rateCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Corporate tax rate by country | -0.30 | +0.01 | 0.981 | 83 | moderate |
| Capital per worker and Regime typeCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Regime type by country | +0.40 | -0.01 | 0.985 | 159 | moderate |
| Capital per worker and Slum share of urban populationLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Slum share of urban population by country | -0.64 | +0.01 | 0.979 | 164 | high |
| Capital per worker and Gender scoreCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Gender score by country | +0.22 | -0.00 | 0.985 | 163 | moderate |
| Capital per worker and DTP3 immunisationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. DTP3 immunisation by country | +0.42 | +0.00 | 0.961 | 165 | moderate |
| Capital per worker and Pre-trial detainee shareCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Pre-trial detainee share by country | -0.29 | -0.00 | 0.968 | 153 | independent |
| Capital per worker and Marriage rate (UN)Could easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Marriage rate (UN) by country | -0.18 | -0.00 | 0.981 | 94 | independent |
| Capital per worker and Children with one parentAlmost no link either way. Children with one parent by country | +0.07 | -0.00 | 0.987 | 38 | independent |
| Capital per worker and Male labor participationAlmost no link either way. Male labor participation by country | -0.01 | +0.00 | 0.992 | 165 | independent |
| Capital per worker and Environment scoreCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Environment score by country | -0.19 | +0.00 | 0.991 | 169 | independent |
| Capital per worker and GDP per capita (PPP)One side of this pair is national income itself, the thing the other figures adjust for. Adjusting income for income leaves nothing, so there is no adjusted figure. The unadjusted link shows how closely the other measure follows income. GDP per capita (PPP) by country | +0.84 | — | — | 170 | proxy |
| Capital per worker and GNI per capita (PPP)One side of this pair is national income itself, the thing the other figures adjust for. Adjusting income for income leaves nothing, so there is no adjusted figure. The unadjusted link shows how closely the other measure follows income. GNI per capita (PPP) by country | +0.86 | — | — | 170 | proxy |
| Capital per worker and GDP per capita (market)One side of this pair is national income itself, the thing the other figures adjust for. Adjusting income for income leaves nothing, so there is no adjusted figure. The unadjusted link shows how closely the other measure follows income. GDP per capita (market) by country | +0.74 | — | — | 170 | proxy |
Source
Groningen Growth and Development Centre, University of Groningen · via DataverseNL
CC BY 4.0 · licence terms · updated irregular (new versions every few years)
Feenstra, Robert C., Robert Inklaar and Marcel P. Timmer (2015), "The Next Generation of the Penn World Table", American Economic Review, 105(10), 3150-3182, www.ggdc.net/pwt. Data: Penn World Table version 11.0, Groningen Growth and Development Centre, doi:10.34894/FABVLR.