Frequent prayer
Share praying at least several times a week
Link with national income-0.68strongly income-linked
Links that hold up12of 144 pairs tested
Unit% of respondentshigher is neither better nor worse
SourceIVSFree for non-commercial use with attribution
What this measures. Private practice. Attendance is public practice, and importance is belief. The three can differ: a country can pray often and attend rarely. Asked only from the 2014 wave on, so it covers about eighty countries. No "better" direction is set, for the same reason as attendance.
How it has moved
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Every country, every year
One row per country and one column per year, sorted by the most recent value. Hover over any cell to see the figure. The country names link to each country’s page.
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Links that hold up
r is how closely two measures rise and fall together across countries, from −1 (opposite) to +1 (in step), where 0 means no link. These pairs are ranked by the link after adjusting for national income, which means comparing countries with the same GDP per person. Each pair passed three checks. The link held after that adjustment. It was unlikely to be chance (q of 0.05 or less), even allowing for countries in the same region being alike and for the many pairs tested. And the two are not just two measures of the same thing. Very small q values are written in short form: 8.0e-5 means 0.000080.
| Measure | Before adjusting | After adjusting | q | Countries | Tracks income? |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Frequent prayer and Religion very importantWhere Frequent prayer is higher, Religion very important tends to be higher: a strong link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Religion very important by country | +0.91 | +0.85 | 0.017 | 78 | high |
| Frequent prayer and Religious attendanceWhere Frequent prayer is higher, Religious attendance tends to be higher: a strong link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Religious attendance by country | +0.89 | +0.81 | 0.010 | 78 | high |
| Frequent prayer and Interpersonal trustWhere Frequent prayer is higher, Interpersonal trust tends to be lower: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Interpersonal trust by country | -0.75 | -0.61 | 0.012 | 78 | high |
| Frequent prayer and PISA mathsWhere Frequent prayer is higher, PISA maths tends to be lower: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. PISA maths by country | -0.76 | -0.58 | 0.006 | 51 | high |
| Frequent prayer and PISA scienceWhere Frequent prayer is higher, PISA science tends to be lower: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. PISA science by country | -0.75 | -0.57 | 0.018 | 51 | high |
| Frequent prayer and Gender Inequality IndexWhere Frequent prayer is higher, Gender Inequality Index tends to be higher: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Gender Inequality Index by country | +0.77 | +0.55 | 0.044 | 72 | proxy |
| Frequent prayer and Suicide rateWhere Frequent prayer is higher, Suicide rate tends to be lower: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Suicide rate by country | -0.59 | -0.46 | 0.010 | 75 | independent |
| Frequent prayer and Confidence in religious institutionsWhere Frequent prayer is higher, Confidence in religious institutions tends to be higher: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Confidence in religious institutions by country | +0.62 | +0.46 | 0.006 | 78 | moderate |
| Frequent prayer and Wellbeing scoreWhere Frequent prayer is higher, Wellbeing score tends to be lower: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Wellbeing score by country | -0.70 | -0.43 | 0.035 | 78 | high |
| Frequent prayer and Hospital bedsWhere Frequent prayer is higher, Hospital beds tends to be lower: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Hospital beds by country | -0.56 | -0.42 | 0.044 | 73 | high |
| Frequent prayer and HDIWhere Frequent prayer is higher, HDI tends to be lower: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. HDI by country | -0.70 | -0.28 | 0.047 | 76 | proxy |
| Frequent prayer and Secondary enrollmentWhere Frequent prayer is higher, Secondary enrollment tends to be lower: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Secondary enrollment by country | -0.54 | -0.16 | 0.046 | 75 | high |
How much the other measures account for
The 71 most widely reported measures boil down to a few broad patterns. This table shows how much of the differences between countries on this measure those patterns account for, adding one pattern at a time. The patterns are rebuilt without this measure, and without anything built from the same numbers or measuring the same thing. So it never predicts itself under another name. The figures use the 62 countries reporting all of them, and 71 candidate measures.
This shows how much it moves with the others. It does not explain anything. Measures that move together end up on the same pattern whether or not anything connects them. And the countries here are the best-documented ones. A high figure means this measure is largely predictable from the others, not that they produce it.
| Patterns used | Share of this measure accounted for | Added by this pattern |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 50% | — |
| 2 | 50% | +0% |
| 3 | 51% | +1% |
| 4 | 51% | +0% |
| 5 | 54% | +3% |
| 6 | 56% | +3% |
How it differs by category
This compares the measure across groups of countries, such as those sharing a main religion, instead of against another number. The figure is the share of the differences between countries on this measure that lies between the groups, on a scale from 0 to 1. It is shown before and after adjusting for national income.
The “between groups” figure runs from 0 (the groups are no different) to 1 (the groups explain all the differences between countries). Groups have no up or down, so this says how much the groups differ, never which way. For that, read the group averages. The figure also tends to rise when there are more groups. So to judge whether it could be chance (q), we shuffle the same labels among the same countries many times and see how often a figure this big turns up. Then we allow for the fact that many measures are checked at once, since with enough checks a few big figures turn up by luck alone. Groups with fewer than 12 countries are left out. And countries that share a label share a lot else. Adjusting for income rules out one third factor, but leaves language, region, legal tradition and history untouched.
| Grouped by | Between groups | After income | q | Groups at each end |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Last European coloniser | 0.46 | 0.55 | 0.006 | largest: United Kingdom 76.7% · smallest: Never a European colony 49.6% % of respondents |
| Largest religious group | 0.34 | 0.18 | 0.212 | largest: Muslims 78.4% · smallest: Christians 60.5% % of respondents |
Every other pair
Everything else this measure was tested against, apart from the links that hold up and the pairs built from the same numbers. Sorted by the link after adjusting. Search by name; every column sorts. A small adjusted figure is a result too. It says the two do not move together once income is set aside.
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| Frequent prayer and Religiously unaffiliatedComparing only countries with similar income it is still -0.68, but that could easily be chance once we allow for countries in the same region being alike. Religiously unaffiliated by country | -0.79 | -0.68 | 0.079 | 77 | moderate |
| Frequent prayer and PISA readingLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.48) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. PISA reading by country | -0.71 | -0.48 | 0.086 | 51 | high |
| Frequent prayer and Fixed broadbandLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.45) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Fixed broadband by country | -0.74 | -0.45 | 0.103 | 78 | proxy |
| Frequent prayer and Inequality-adjusted HDILinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.44) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Inequality-adjusted HDI by country | -0.75 | -0.44 | 0.064 | 72 | proxy |
| Frequent prayer and Alcohol consumptionLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.43) could easily be chance. Alcohol consumption by country | -0.65 | -0.43 | 0.065 | 74 | moderate |
| Frequent prayer and Median ageLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.37) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Median age by country | -0.71 | -0.37 | 0.069 | 78 | proxy |
| Frequent prayer and Population 65+Linked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.37) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Population 65+ by country | -0.69 | -0.37 | 0.065 | 78 | high |
| Frequent prayer and Adult obesityCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Adult obesity by country | +0.15 | +0.36 | 0.068 | 76 | moderate |
| Frequent prayer and Health scoreCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Health score by country | -0.42 | -0.35 | 0.068 | 75 | moderate |
| Frequent prayer and Infrastructure scoreLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.35) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Infrastructure score by country | -0.71 | -0.35 | 0.114 | 78 | proxy |
| Frequent prayer and Freedom of associationAlmost no link either way. Freedom of association by country | -0.04 | +0.33 | 0.136 | 74 | moderate |
| Frequent prayer and One-person householdsLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.32) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. One-person households by country | -0.63 | -0.32 | 0.224 | 64 | high |
| Frequent prayer and Political stabilityLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.32) could easily be chance. Political stability by country | -0.65 | -0.32 | 0.118 | 78 | moderate |
| Frequent prayer and Food insecurityLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.30) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Food insecurity by country | +0.64 | +0.30 | 0.058 | 64 | proxy |
| Frequent prayer and Female labor participationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Female labor participation by country | -0.43 | -0.30 | 0.270 | 77 | independent |
| Frequent prayer and Informal employmentLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.29) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Informal employment by country | +0.72 | +0.29 | 0.151 | 55 | proxy |
| Frequent prayer and Agricultural landAlmost no link either way. Agricultural land by country | -0.01 | -0.29 | 0.175 | 77 | independent |
| Frequent prayer and Muslim shareCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Muslim share by country | +0.43 | +0.27 | 0.412 | 77 | independent |
| Frequent prayer and Government effectivenessLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.27) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Government effectiveness by country | -0.65 | -0.27 | 0.247 | 78 | proxy |
| Frequent prayer and ResearchersLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.27) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Researchers by country | -0.63 | -0.27 | 0.256 | 68 | proxy |
| Frequent prayer and Birth rateLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.27) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Birth rate by country | +0.66 | +0.27 | 0.130 | 78 | proxy |
| Frequent prayer and Women in parliamentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Women in parliament by country | -0.30 | -0.26 | 0.277 | 74 | independent |
| Frequent prayer and Homicide rateCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Homicide rate by country | +0.36 | +0.26 | 0.450 | 76 | moderate |
| Frequent prayer and Gini indexCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Gini index by country | +0.37 | +0.26 | 0.319 | 69 | moderate |
| Frequent prayer and Gender Development IndexLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.26) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Gender Development Index by country | -0.52 | -0.26 | 0.300 | 75 | high |
| Frequent prayer and Political civil libertiesAlmost no link either way. Political civil liberties by country | -0.07 | +0.26 | 0.188 | 74 | moderate |
| Frequent prayer and Marriage rate (UN)Could easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Marriage rate (UN) by country | +0.37 | +0.24 | 0.330 | 51 | independent |
| Frequent prayer and Freedom of expressionAlmost no link either way. Freedom of expression by country | -0.04 | +0.24 | 0.174 | 74 | moderate |
| Frequent prayer and Control of corruptionLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.24) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Control of corruption by country | -0.61 | -0.24 | 0.331 | 78 | high |
| Frequent prayer and Adolescent fertilityLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.23) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Adolescent fertility by country | +0.58 | +0.23 | 0.305 | 78 | proxy |
| Frequent prayer and Equality scoreLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.23) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Equality score by country | -0.51 | -0.23 | 0.336 | 69 | high |
| Frequent prayer and PhysiciansLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.23) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Physicians by country | -0.60 | -0.23 | 0.060 | 75 | proxy |
| Frequent prayer and Infant mortalityLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.23) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Infant mortality by country | +0.61 | +0.23 | 0.244 | 75 | proxy |
| Frequent prayer and Government consumptionCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Government consumption by country | -0.41 | -0.22 | 0.264 | 73 | independent |
| Frequent prayer and Rule of lawLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.21) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Rule of law by country | -0.61 | -0.21 | 0.322 | 78 | high |
| Frequent prayer and Population 0-14Linked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.21) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Population 0-14 by country | +0.65 | +0.21 | 0.266 | 78 | proxy |
| Frequent prayer and Youth not in work or studyCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Youth not in work or study by country | +0.46 | +0.20 | 0.258 | 73 | high |
| Frequent prayer and Child stuntingLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.20) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Child stunting by country | +0.53 | +0.20 | 0.248 | 65 | proxy |
| Frequent prayer and Armed conflict presentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Armed conflict present by country | +0.47 | +0.20 | 0.275 | 75 | moderate |
| Frequent prayer and Regulatory qualityLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.19) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Regulatory quality by country | -0.60 | -0.19 | 0.465 | 78 | proxy |
| Frequent prayer and Women in a unionAlmost no link either way. Women in a union by country | +0.10 | -0.19 | 0.360 | 77 | moderate |
| Frequent prayer and Adult literacyCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Adult literacy by country | -0.48 | -0.18 | 0.169 | 53 | high |
| Frequent prayer and Civil society participationAlmost no link either way. Civil society participation by country | -0.06 | +0.18 | 0.326 | 74 | independent |
| Frequent prayer and Fertility rateLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.18) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Fertility rate by country | +0.61 | +0.18 | 0.266 | 78 | proxy |
| Frequent prayer and Health coverage indexLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.18) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Health coverage index by country | -0.62 | -0.18 | 0.219 | 75 | proxy |
| Frequent prayer and Refugees originatingAlmost no link either way. Refugees originating by country | -0.04 | -0.18 | 0.416 | 77 | moderate |
| Frequent prayer and Mean years of schoolingLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.18) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Mean years of schooling by country | -0.59 | -0.18 | 0.505 | 76 | proxy |
| Frequent prayer and Out of school, primaryCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Out of school, primary by country | +0.39 | +0.18 | 0.275 | 74 | moderate |
| Frequent prayer and Under-5 mortalityLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.18) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Under-5 mortality by country | +0.56 | +0.18 | 0.403 | 75 | proxy |
| Frequent prayer and Education scoreLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.17) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Education score by country | -0.61 | -0.17 | 0.053 | 76 | proxy |
| Frequent prayer and Anaemia in womenCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Anaemia in women by country | +0.47 | +0.17 | 0.561 | 74 | high |
| Frequent prayer and Employment in agricultureCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Employment in agriculture by country | +0.44 | -0.17 | 0.350 | 77 | proxy |
| Frequent prayer and Corruption Perceptions IndexLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.16) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Corruption Perceptions Index by country | -0.55 | -0.16 | 0.351 | 75 | high |
| Frequent prayer and Maternal mortalityCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Maternal mortality by country | +0.43 | +0.16 | 0.428 | 76 | proxy |
| Frequent prayer and Life expectancyLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.16) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Life expectancy by country | -0.61 | -0.16 | 0.462 | 78 | proxy |
| Frequent prayer and Labour scoreLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.15) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Labour score by country | -0.57 | -0.15 | 0.246 | 77 | high |
| Frequent prayer and Electoral democracyCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Electoral democracy by country | -0.27 | +0.15 | 0.457 | 74 | moderate |
| Frequent prayer and Primary enrollmentAlmost no link either way. Primary enrollment by country | +0.07 | -0.15 | 0.433 | 76 | independent |
| Frequent prayer and Education spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Education spending by country | -0.26 | -0.14 | 0.411 | 75 | independent |
| Frequent prayer and Slum share of urban populationLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.14) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Slum share of urban population by country | +0.53 | +0.14 | 0.511 | 75 | high |
| Frequent prayer and Life satisfactionLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.14) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Life satisfaction by country | -0.55 | -0.14 | 0.475 | 76 | proxy |
| Frequent prayer and Expected schoolingLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.14) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Expected schooling by country | -0.58 | -0.14 | 0.668 | 76 | proxy |
| Frequent prayer and Political rights (FH)Could easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Political rights (FH) by country | +0.27 | -0.13 | 0.527 | 76 | moderate |
| Frequent prayer and Women's political empowermentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Women's political empowerment by country | -0.47 | -0.13 | 0.629 | 74 | moderate |
| Frequent prayer and Population growthCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Population growth by country | +0.46 | +0.13 | 0.519 | 78 | moderate |
| Frequent prayer and Christian shareAlmost no link either way. Christian share by country | +0.07 | +0.13 | 0.635 | 77 | independent |
| Frequent prayer and Pre-trial detainee shareCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Pre-trial detainee share by country | +0.31 | +0.13 | 0.402 | 71 | independent |
| Frequent prayer and Retirement age, womenCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Retirement age, women by country | +0.12 | +0.13 | 0.359 | 29 | independent |
| Frequent prayer and Single-parent householdsAlmost no link either way. Single-parent households by country | -0.05 | -0.12 | 0.686 | 64 | independent |
| Frequent prayer and Internet usersLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.12) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Internet users by country | -0.57 | -0.12 | 0.343 | 78 | proxy |
| Frequent prayer and Free and fair electionsCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Free and fair elections by country | -0.34 | +0.12 | 0.572 | 74 | high |
| Frequent prayer and Married by 18Could easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Married by 18 by country | +0.33 | +0.12 | 0.447 | 55 | moderate |
| Frequent prayer and Military spendingAlmost no link either way. Military spending by country | -0.10 | -0.12 | 0.583 | 72 | independent |
| Frequent prayer and Gender scoreCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Gender score by country | -0.31 | -0.12 | 0.631 | 73 | moderate |
| Frequent prayer and FDI inflowsCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. FDI inflows by country | -0.11 | +0.12 | 0.640 | 77 | independent |
| Frequent prayer and Birth registrationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Birth registration by country | -0.47 | -0.11 | 0.514 | 69 | proxy |
| Frequent prayer and Self-reported happinessCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Self-reported happiness by country | -0.22 | -0.11 | 0.391 | 78 | moderate |
| Frequent prayer and Governance scoreCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Governance score by country | -0.31 | +0.11 | 0.583 | 75 | moderate |
| Frequent prayer and Conflict deathsAlmost no link either way. Conflict deaths by country | +0.05 | -0.11 | 0.454 | 75 | moderate |
| Frequent prayer and Protected landCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Protected land by country | -0.32 | -0.11 | 0.646 | 77 | independent |
| Frequent prayer and Tertiary enrollmentLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.11) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Tertiary enrollment by country | -0.54 | -0.11 | 0.756 | 74 | high |
| Frequent prayer and UnemploymentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Unemployment by country | +0.27 | +0.11 | 0.536 | 77 | independent |
| Frequent prayer and Divorce rateCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Divorce rate by country | -0.13 | -0.11 | 0.722 | 25 | independent |
| Frequent prayer and UrbanizationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Urbanization by country | -0.37 | +0.11 | 0.337 | 78 | high |
| Frequent prayer and Compulsory schoolingAlmost no link either way. Compulsory schooling by country | -0.05 | +0.10 | 0.564 | 78 | moderate |
| Frequent prayer and Market-income GiniCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Market-income Gini by country | +0.34 | +0.10 | 0.748 | 26 | moderate |
| Frequent prayer and Skilled birth attendanceCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Skilled birth attendance by country | -0.45 | -0.09 | 0.657 | 71 | high |
| Frequent prayer and Environment scoreAlmost no link either way. Environment score by country | -0.02 | -0.09 | 0.680 | 77 | moderate |
| Frequent prayer and UndernourishmentLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Undernourishment by country | +0.51 | +0.09 | 0.186 | 72 | proxy |
| Frequent prayer and Tobacco useCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Tobacco use by country | -0.17 | -0.09 | 0.532 | 72 | independent |
| Frequent prayer and Government expenseCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Government expense by country | -0.35 | -0.09 | 0.604 | 65 | moderate |
| Frequent prayer and Mobile subscriptionsCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Mobile subscriptions by country | -0.41 | -0.08 | 0.629 | 78 | moderate |
| Frequent prayer and Regime typeCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Regime type by country | -0.29 | +0.08 | 0.661 | 74 | moderate |
| Frequent prayer and Basic sanitationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Basic sanitation by country | -0.48 | -0.08 | 0.707 | 77 | high |
| Frequent prayer and Tax revenueCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Tax revenue by country | -0.35 | -0.08 | 0.458 | 65 | moderate |
| Frequent prayer and Forest areaCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Forest area by country | -0.30 | -0.07 | 0.831 | 76 | independent |
| Frequent prayer and Participatory democracyCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Participatory democracy by country | -0.30 | +0.07 | 0.734 | 74 | moderate |
| Frequent prayer and Basic water accessCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Basic water access by country | -0.41 | +0.07 | 0.695 | 77 | proxy |
| Frequent prayer and Male labor participationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Male labor participation by country | +0.19 | +0.06 | 0.783 | 77 | independent |
| Frequent prayer and Retirement age, menCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Retirement age, men by country | +0.21 | +0.06 | 0.644 | 29 | independent |
| Frequent prayer and Health spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Health spending by country | -0.41 | -0.06 | 0.717 | 75 | independent |
| Frequent prayer and Trade opennessCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Trade openness by country | -0.33 | -0.06 | 0.567 | 73 | moderate |
| Frequent prayer and Liberal democracyCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Liberal democracy by country | -0.35 | +0.06 | 0.722 | 74 | moderate |
| Frequent prayer and Extreme poverty rateCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Extreme poverty rate by country | +0.48 | +0.06 | 0.747 | 69 | proxy |
| Frequent prayer and Age at childbearingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Age at childbearing by country | -0.39 | -0.05 | 0.879 | 78 | moderate |
| Frequent prayer and Political corruptionLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Political corruption by country | +0.51 | +0.05 | 0.786 | 74 | high |
| Frequent prayer and Pupil-teacher ratioCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Pupil-teacher ratio by country | +0.46 | -0.05 | 0.722 | 71 | proxy |
| Frequent prayer and Marriage rateAlmost no link either way. Marriage rate by country | -0.06 | -0.05 | 0.951 | 26 | independent |
| Frequent prayer and RedistributionCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Redistribution by country | -0.31 | +0.05 | 0.918 | 26 | moderate |
| Frequent prayer and Electricity accessCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Electricity access by country | -0.42 | -0.04 | 0.732 | 78 | high |
| Frequent prayer and InflationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Inflation by country | +0.11 | +0.04 | 0.450 | 76 | independent |
| Frequent prayer and DTP3 immunisationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. DTP3 immunisation by country | -0.26 | -0.04 | 0.884 | 75 | moderate |
| Frequent prayer and Trust in governmentAlmost no link either way. Trust in government by country | +0.07 | -0.04 | 0.896 | 28 | moderate |
| Frequent prayer and Primary completionCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Primary completion by country | -0.47 | -0.04 | 0.804 | 70 | proxy |
| Frequent prayer and GDP growthCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. GDP growth by country | +0.14 | -0.04 | 0.819 | 78 | moderate |
| Frequent prayer and Women ministersCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Women ministers by country | -0.19 | -0.03 | 0.857 | 74 | independent |
| Frequent prayer and Tuberculosis incidenceCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Tuberculosis incidence by country | +0.29 | -0.03 | 0.851 | 78 | high |
| Frequent prayer and Women in managementCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Women in management by country | -0.11 | +0.03 | 0.911 | 62 | moderate |
| Frequent prayer and Corporate tax rateCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Corporate tax rate by country | +0.31 | +0.03 | 0.906 | 42 | moderate |
| Frequent prayer and HIV prevalenceCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. HIV prevalence by country | +0.18 | +0.03 | 0.800 | 57 | moderate |
| Frequent prayer and Vulnerable employmentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Vulnerable employment by country | +0.48 | -0.03 | 0.908 | 77 | proxy |
| Frequent prayer and Premature NCD mortalityCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Premature NCD mortality by country | +0.34 | -0.03 | 0.871 | 75 | high |
| Frequent prayer and Out-of-pocket health spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Out-of-pocket health spending by country | +0.34 | +0.02 | 0.833 | 75 | moderate |
| Frequent prayer and Road traffic deathsCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Road traffic deaths by country | +0.44 | +0.02 | 0.962 | 75 | high |
| Frequent prayer and CO2 per capitaCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. CO2 per capita by country | -0.40 | +0.02 | 0.943 | 75 | proxy |
| Frequent prayer and Civil liberties (FH)Could easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Civil liberties (FH) by country | +0.38 | -0.01 | 0.953 | 76 | moderate |
| Frequent prayer and Voice and accountabilityCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Voice and accountability by country | -0.45 | -0.01 | 0.955 | 78 | moderate |
| Frequent prayer and Divorce rate (UN)Almost no link either way. Divorce rate (UN) by country | -0.04 | +0.01 | 0.982 | 47 | independent |
| Frequent prayer and Migrant share of populationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Migrant share of population by country | -0.37 | +0.01 | 0.970 | 78 | high |
| Frequent prayer and GDP per capita (PPP)One side of this pair is national income itself, the thing the other figures adjust for. Adjusting income for income leaves nothing, so there is no adjusted figure. The unadjusted link shows how closely the other measure follows income. GDP per capita (PPP) by country | -0.58 | — | — | 78 | proxy |
| Frequent prayer and GNI per capita (PPP)One side of this pair is national income itself, the thing the other figures adjust for. Adjusting income for income leaves nothing, so there is no adjusted figure. The unadjusted link shows how closely the other measure follows income. GNI per capita (PPP) by country | -0.61 | — | — | 78 | proxy |
| Frequent prayer and GDP per capita (market)One side of this pair is national income itself, the thing the other figures adjust for. Adjusting income for income leaves nothing, so there is no adjusted figure. The unadjusted link shows how closely the other measure follows income. GDP per capita (market) by country | -0.55 | — | — | 78 | proxy |
Source
World Values Survey Association and European Values Study · via Our World in Data
Free for non-commercial use with attribution · licence terms · updated irregular (survey waves, roughly every 5 years)
Haerpfer, C. et al., World Values Survey; EVS, European Values Study