Out of school, primary
Children out of school (% of primary school age)
Link with national income-0.45partly income-linked
Links that hold up19of 158 pairs tested
Unit% of primary-age childrenhigher is worse
SourceWDICC BY 4.0
What this measures. Children of primary-school age not enrolled at any level. Treated as measuring the same thing as gross primary enrolment, which is on the site. They are two ways of asking whether children are in school, so their agreement is not a finding.
How it has moved
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Every country, every year
One row per country and one column per year, sorted by the most recent value. Hover over any cell to see the figure. The country names link to each country’s page.
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Links that hold up
r is how closely two measures rise and fall together across countries, from −1 (opposite) to +1 (in step), where 0 means no link. These pairs are ranked by the link after adjusting for national income, which means comparing countries with the same GDP per person. Each pair passed three checks. The link held after that adjustment. It was unlikely to be chance (q of 0.05 or less), even allowing for countries in the same region being alike and for the many pairs tested. And the two are not just two measures of the same thing. Very small q values are written in short form: 8.0e-5 means 0.000080.
| Measure | Before adjusting | After adjusting | q | Countries | Tracks income? |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Out of school, primary and Secondary enrollmentWhere Out of school, primary is higher, Secondary enrollment tends to be lower: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Secondary enrollment by country | -0.62 | -0.42 | 0.003 | 182 | high |
| Out of school, primary and HDIWhere Out of school, primary is higher, HDI tends to be lower: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. HDI by country | -0.58 | -0.39 | 0.032 | 178 | proxy |
| Out of school, primary and Infrastructure scoreWhere Out of school, primary is higher, Infrastructure score tends to be lower: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Infrastructure score by country | -0.57 | -0.37 | 0.032 | 185 | proxy |
| Out of school, primary and Adult literacyWhere Out of school, primary is higher, Adult literacy tends to be lower: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Adult literacy by country | -0.55 | -0.37 | 0.043 | 129 | high |
| Out of school, primary and Public order spendingWhere Out of school, primary is higher, Public order spending tends to be higher: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Public order spending by country | +0.51 | +0.37 | 0.030 | 37 | high |
| Out of school, primary and Under-5 mortalityWhere Out of school, primary is higher, Under-5 mortality tends to be higher: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Under-5 mortality by country | +0.58 | +0.35 | 0.002 | 178 | proxy |
| Out of school, primary and Adolescent fertilityWhere Out of school, primary is higher, Adolescent fertility tends to be higher: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Adolescent fertility by country | +0.56 | +0.35 | 0.003 | 186 | proxy |
| Out of school, primary and Slum share of urban populationWhere Out of school, primary is higher, Slum share of urban population tends to be higher: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Slum share of urban population by country | +0.57 | +0.34 | 0.003 | 175 | high |
| Out of school, primary and Infant mortalityWhere Out of school, primary is higher, Infant mortality tends to be higher: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Infant mortality by country | +0.57 | +0.33 | 0.012 | 178 | proxy |
| Out of school, primary and Primary completionWhere Out of school, primary is higher, Primary completion tends to be lower: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Primary completion by country | -0.55 | -0.33 | 0.004 | 154 | proxy |
| Out of school, primary and Basic water accessWhere Out of school, primary is higher, Basic water access tends to be lower: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Basic water access by country | -0.54 | -0.30 | 0.010 | 185 | proxy |
| Out of school, primary and Maternal mortalityWhere Out of school, primary is higher, Maternal mortality tends to be higher: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Maternal mortality by country | +0.52 | +0.29 | 0.003 | 178 | proxy |
| Out of school, primary and Birth rateWhere Out of school, primary is higher, Birth rate tends to be higher: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Birth rate by country | +0.54 | +0.28 | 0.044 | 186 | proxy |
| Out of school, primary and Health coverage indexWhere Out of school, primary is higher, Health coverage index tends to be lower: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Health coverage index by country | -0.55 | -0.27 | 0.017 | 177 | proxy |
| Out of school, primary and Inequality-adjusted HDIWhere Out of school, primary is higher, Inequality-adjusted HDI tends to be lower: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Inequality-adjusted HDI by country | -0.60 | -0.27 | 0.010 | 160 | proxy |
| Out of school, primary and Electricity accessWhere Out of school, primary is higher, Electricity access tends to be lower: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Electricity access by country | -0.50 | -0.26 | 0.004 | 186 | high |
| Out of school, primary and Rule of lawWhere Out of school, primary is higher, Rule of law tends to be lower: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Rule of law by country | -0.46 | -0.20 | 0.038 | 183 | high |
| Out of school, primary and Government effectivenessWhere Out of school, primary is higher, Government effectiveness tends to be lower: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Government effectiveness by country | -0.50 | -0.19 | 0.036 | 183 | proxy |
| Out of school, primary and Divorce rateWhere Out of school, primary is higher, Divorce rate tends to be lower: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Divorce rate by country | -0.07 | -0.11 | 0.020 | 44 | independent |
Links that don’t count as findings
These go together strongly, but they are built from the same numbers or measure the same thing. So they are bound to match, or their match shows that the measures agree, not something about the world.
| Measure | Before adjusting | After adjusting | q | Countries | Tracks income? |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Out of school, primary and Primary enrollmentTwo ways of measuring the same thing, so their agreement tells you about measurement, not about the world. Primary enrollment by country | -0.62 | -0.72 | 0.002 | 186 | independent |
| Out of school, primary and Education scoreNot an independent finding: one of these indices is built partly from the other, so their agreement is just arithmetic. Education score by country | -0.71 | -0.61 | 0.021 | 184 | proxy |
How much the other measures account for
The 71 most widely reported measures boil down to a few broad patterns. This table shows how much of the differences between countries on this measure those patterns account for, adding one pattern at a time. The patterns are rebuilt without this measure, and without anything built from the same numbers or measuring the same thing. So it never predicts itself under another name. The figures use the 133 countries reporting all of them, and 69 candidate measures.
This shows how much it moves with the others. It does not explain anything. Measures that move together end up on the same pattern whether or not anything connects them. And the countries here are the best-documented ones. A high figure means this measure is largely predictable from the others, not that they produce it.
| Patterns used | Share of this measure accounted for | Added by this pattern |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 36% | — |
| 2 | 36% | +1% |
| 3 | 37% | +1% |
| 4 | 38% | +1% |
| 5 | 41% | +3% |
| 6 | 42% | +0% |
This measure sits on one of the smaller patterns, not on the one all the measures share.
How it differs by category
This compares the measure across groups of countries, such as those sharing a main religion, instead of against another number. The figure is the share of the differences between countries on this measure that lies between the groups, on a scale from 0 to 1. It is shown before and after adjusting for national income.
The “between groups” figure runs from 0 (the groups are no different) to 1 (the groups explain all the differences between countries). Groups have no up or down, so this says how much the groups differ, never which way. For that, read the group averages. The figure also tends to rise when there are more groups. So to judge whether it could be chance (q), we shuffle the same labels among the same countries many times and see how often a figure this big turns up. Then we allow for the fact that many measures are checked at once, since with enough checks a few big figures turn up by luck alone. Groups with fewer than 12 countries are left out. And countries that share a label share a lot else. Adjusting for income rules out one third factor, but leaves language, region, legal tradition and history untouched.
| Grouped by | Between groups | After income | q | Groups at each end |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Last European coloniser | 0.32 | 0.17 | 0.373 | worst: France 16.6% · best: Never a European colony 5.54% % of primary-age children |
| Largest religious group | 0.10 | 0.03 | 0.797 | worst: Muslims 11% · best: Christians 8.34% % of primary-age children |
Every other pair
Everything else this measure was tested against, apart from the links that hold up and the pairs built from the same numbers. Sorted by the link after adjusting. Search by name; every column sorts. A small adjusted figure is a result too. It says the two do not move together once income is set aside.
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| Out of school, primary and Expected schoolingLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.34) could easily be chance. Expected schooling by country | -0.57 | -0.34 | 0.073 | 178 | proxy |
| Out of school, primary and Skilled birth attendanceLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.33) could easily be chance. Skilled birth attendance by country | -0.54 | -0.33 | 0.088 | 167 | high |
| Out of school, primary and Fertility rateLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.30) could easily be chance. Fertility rate by country | +0.55 | +0.30 | 0.053 | 186 | proxy |
| Out of school, primary and Aid givenCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Aid given by country | -0.31 | -0.30 | 0.181 | 47 | high |
| Out of school, primary and DTP3 immunisationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. DTP3 immunisation by country | -0.46 | -0.29 | 0.192 | 177 | moderate |
| Out of school, primary and Women's age at first marriageCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Women's age at first marriage by country | -0.31 | -0.27 | 0.086 | 40 | moderate |
| Out of school, primary and Anaemia in womenCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Anaemia in women by country | +0.49 | +0.27 | 0.256 | 176 | high |
| Out of school, primary and Married by 18Could easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Married by 18 by country | +0.45 | +0.27 | 0.171 | 128 | moderate |
| Out of school, primary and Mean years of schoolingLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.25) could easily be chance. Mean years of schooling by country | -0.53 | -0.25 | 0.073 | 178 | proxy |
| Out of school, primary and Trust in governmentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Trust in government by country | -0.30 | -0.25 | 0.168 | 47 | moderate |
| Out of school, primary and Life expectancyLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.25) could easily be chance. Life expectancy by country | -0.52 | -0.25 | 0.123 | 186 | proxy |
| Out of school, primary and Unemployment benefit spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Unemployment benefit spending by country | -0.30 | -0.24 | 0.121 | 39 | moderate |
| Out of school, primary and Tobacco useCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Tobacco use by country | -0.29 | -0.24 | 0.139 | 158 | independent |
| Out of school, primary and UndernourishmentLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.23) could easily be chance. Undernourishment by country | +0.51 | +0.23 | 0.180 | 155 | proxy |
| Out of school, primary and Population growthCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Population growth by country | +0.38 | +0.23 | 0.166 | 186 | moderate |
| Out of school, primary and Religious attendanceCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Religious attendance by country | +0.49 | +0.22 | 0.082 | 100 | high |
| Out of school, primary and Population 0-14Linked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.21) could easily be chance. Population 0-14 by country | +0.51 | +0.21 | 0.148 | 186 | proxy |
| Out of school, primary and Recycling rateCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Recycling rate by country | -0.23 | -0.21 | 0.661 | 35 | moderate |
| Out of school, primary and Basic sanitationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Basic sanitation by country | -0.48 | -0.20 | 0.059 | 185 | high |
| Out of school, primary and Gender Inequality IndexLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.19) could easily be chance. Gender Inequality Index by country | +0.54 | +0.19 | 0.123 | 161 | proxy |
| Out of school, primary and Birth registrationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Birth registration by country | -0.45 | -0.18 | 0.109 | 161 | proxy |
| Out of school, primary and Agricultural landAlmost no link either way. Agricultural land by country | -0.01 | -0.18 | 0.096 | 183 | independent |
| Out of school, primary and Tax revenueCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Tax revenue by country | -0.29 | -0.18 | 0.352 | 145 | moderate |
| Out of school, primary and Food insecurityLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.18) could easily be chance. Food insecurity by country | +0.54 | +0.18 | 0.434 | 148 | proxy |
| Out of school, primary and Frequent prayerCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Frequent prayer by country | +0.39 | +0.18 | 0.275 | 74 | high |
| Out of school, primary and Regulatory qualityCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Regulatory quality by country | -0.48 | -0.17 | 0.053 | 183 | proxy |
| Out of school, primary and Pre-trial detainee shareCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Pre-trial detainee share by country | +0.28 | +0.17 | 0.365 | 163 | independent |
| Out of school, primary and Median ageCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Median age by country | -0.49 | -0.17 | 0.167 | 186 | proxy |
| Out of school, primary and Out-of-pocket health spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Out-of-pocket health spending by country | +0.30 | +0.17 | 0.549 | 177 | moderate |
| Out of school, primary and Government expenseCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Government expense by country | -0.27 | -0.17 | 0.320 | 146 | moderate |
| Out of school, primary and Tertiary enrollmentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Tertiary enrollment by country | -0.47 | -0.17 | 0.113 | 173 | high |
| Out of school, primary and Corporate tax rateCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Corporate tax rate by country | +0.12 | -0.16 | 0.347 | 84 | moderate |
| Out of school, primary and Education spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Education spending by country | -0.13 | -0.16 | 0.343 | 180 | independent |
| Out of school, primary and Religion very importantCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Religion very important by country | +0.44 | +0.16 | 0.386 | 102 | high |
| Out of school, primary and Informal employmentLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.15) could easily be chance. Informal employment by country | +0.51 | +0.15 | 0.182 | 134 | proxy |
| Out of school, primary and Road traffic deathsCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Road traffic deaths by country | +0.43 | +0.15 | 0.218 | 175 | high |
| Out of school, primary and Internet usersCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Internet users by country | -0.48 | -0.15 | 0.139 | 184 | proxy |
| Out of school, primary and Refugees originatingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Refugees originating by country | +0.22 | +0.15 | 0.143 | 183 | moderate |
| Out of school, primary and Marriage rateCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Marriage rate by country | +0.11 | +0.14 | 0.308 | 45 | independent |
| Out of school, primary and Migrant share of populationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Migrant share of population by country | -0.18 | +0.14 | 0.285 | 186 | high |
| Out of school, primary and Political stabilityCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Political stability by country | -0.37 | -0.14 | 0.157 | 183 | moderate |
| Out of school, primary and Free and fair electionsCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Free and fair elections by country | -0.38 | -0.14 | 0.430 | 159 | high |
| Out of school, primary and Health spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Health spending by country | -0.20 | -0.13 | 0.052 | 177 | independent |
| Out of school, primary and Child stuntingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Child stunting by country | +0.43 | +0.13 | 0.247 | 148 | proxy |
| Out of school, primary and Voice and accountabilityCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Voice and accountability by country | -0.36 | -0.13 | 0.115 | 183 | moderate |
| Out of school, primary and PISA readingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. PISA reading by country | -0.34 | -0.13 | 0.504 | 86 | high |
| Out of school, primary and UrbanizationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Urbanization by country | -0.24 | +0.12 | 0.456 | 186 | high |
| Out of school, primary and Mobile subscriptionsCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Mobile subscriptions by country | -0.30 | -0.12 | 0.413 | 185 | moderate |
| Out of school, primary and Political rights (FH)Could easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Political rights (FH) by country | +0.30 | +0.12 | 0.569 | 178 | moderate |
| Out of school, primary and Male labor participationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Male labor participation by country | +0.12 | +0.12 | 0.290 | 168 | independent |
| Out of school, primary and Forest areaAlmost no link either way. Forest area by country | +0.09 | +0.11 | 0.295 | 184 | independent |
| Out of school, primary and Civil liberties (FH)Could easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Civil liberties (FH) by country | +0.31 | +0.11 | 0.663 | 178 | moderate |
| Out of school, primary and PISA scienceCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. PISA science by country | -0.33 | -0.11 | 0.505 | 86 | high |
| Out of school, primary and Employment in agricultureCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Employment in agriculture by country | +0.47 | +0.11 | 0.237 | 168 | proxy |
| Out of school, primary and HIV prevalenceAlmost no link either way. HIV prevalence by country | +0.04 | -0.11 | 0.417 | 140 | moderate |
| Out of school, primary and Women in managementCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Women in management by country | -0.22 | -0.11 | 0.665 | 144 | moderate |
| Out of school, primary and Hours workedCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Hours worked by country | +0.29 | +0.11 | 0.569 | 38 | high |
| Out of school, primary and Population 65+Could easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Population 65+ by country | -0.41 | -0.10 | 0.260 | 186 | high |
| Out of school, primary and Pupil-teacher ratioCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Pupil-teacher ratio by country | +0.42 | +0.10 | 0.424 | 175 | proxy |
| Out of school, primary and Active labour market spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Active labour market spending by country | -0.19 | -0.10 | 0.531 | 42 | moderate |
| Out of school, primary and Control of corruptionCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Control of corruption by country | -0.40 | -0.10 | 0.216 | 183 | high |
| Out of school, primary and Fixed broadbandCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Fixed broadband by country | -0.44 | -0.10 | 0.262 | 184 | proxy |
| Out of school, primary and Marriage rate (UN)Almost no link either way. Marriage rate (UN) by country | +0.00 | -0.09 | 0.428 | 102 | independent |
| Out of school, primary and Gender Development IndexCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Gender Development Index by country | -0.39 | -0.09 | 0.668 | 172 | high |
| Out of school, primary and Conflict deathsCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Conflict deaths by country | +0.15 | +0.09 | 0.544 | 177 | moderate |
| Out of school, primary and Health scoreCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Health score by country | -0.22 | -0.09 | 0.417 | 177 | moderate |
| Out of school, primary and PhysiciansCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Physicians by country | -0.43 | -0.09 | 0.487 | 177 | proxy |
| Out of school, primary and Female labor participationAlmost no link either way. Female labor participation by country | +0.07 | +0.08 | 0.342 | 168 | independent |
| Out of school, primary and Market-income GiniCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Market-income Gini by country | +0.16 | +0.08 | 0.802 | 44 | moderate |
| Out of school, primary and Confidence in religious institutionsCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Confidence in religious institutions by country | +0.35 | +0.08 | 0.432 | 102 | moderate |
| Out of school, primary and Public social spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Public social spending by country | -0.18 | -0.08 | 0.668 | 42 | moderate |
| Out of school, primary and Women's political empowermentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Women's political empowerment by country | -0.27 | -0.08 | 0.642 | 159 | moderate |
| Out of school, primary and RedistributionAlmost no link either way. Redistribution by country | -0.07 | +0.07 | 0.547 | 44 | moderate |
| Out of school, primary and PISA mathsCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. PISA maths by country | -0.31 | -0.07 | 0.703 | 86 | high |
| Out of school, primary and Gender scoreCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Gender score by country | -0.21 | -0.07 | 0.598 | 171 | moderate |
| Out of school, primary and Gender wage gapAlmost no link either way. Gender wage gap by country | -0.03 | -0.07 | 0.877 | 38 | independent |
| Out of school, primary and Governance scoreCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Governance score by country | -0.30 | -0.07 | 0.576 | 162 | moderate |
| Out of school, primary and Corruption Perceptions IndexCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Corruption Perceptions Index by country | -0.39 | -0.07 | 0.719 | 166 | high |
| Out of school, primary and Participatory democracyCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Participatory democracy by country | -0.29 | -0.07 | 0.695 | 159 | moderate |
| Out of school, primary and Armed conflict presentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Armed conflict present by country | +0.24 | +0.07 | 0.530 | 177 | moderate |
| Out of school, primary and Retirement age, womenAlmost no link either way. Retirement age, women by country | +0.09 | +0.07 | 0.842 | 48 | independent |
| Out of school, primary and Suicide rateAlmost no link either way. Suicide rate by country | -0.04 | +0.07 | 0.168 | 171 | independent |
| Out of school, primary and Extreme poverty rateCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Extreme poverty rate by country | +0.42 | +0.06 | 0.837 | 157 | proxy |
| Out of school, primary and Liberal democracyCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Liberal democracy by country | -0.31 | -0.06 | 0.667 | 159 | moderate |
| Out of school, primary and Christian shareAlmost no link either way. Christian share by country | +0.06 | +0.06 | 0.544 | 174 | independent |
| Out of school, primary and Alcohol consumptionCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Alcohol consumption by country | -0.19 | +0.06 | 0.190 | 173 | moderate |
| Out of school, primary and Hospital bedsCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Hospital beds by country | -0.30 | -0.06 | 0.410 | 163 | high |
| Out of school, primary and Protected landCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Protected land by country | -0.13 | -0.06 | 0.450 | 184 | independent |
| Out of school, primary and Births outside marriageAlmost no link either way. Births outside marriage by country | +0.08 | +0.06 | 0.703 | 42 | independent |
| Out of school, primary and Electoral democracyCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Electoral democracy by country | -0.27 | -0.05 | 0.706 | 159 | moderate |
| Out of school, primary and Family benefits spendingAlmost no link either way. Family benefits spending by country | -0.03 | +0.05 | 0.817 | 42 | independent |
| Out of school, primary and Equality scoreCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Equality score by country | -0.36 | -0.05 | 0.873 | 157 | high |
| Out of school, primary and ResearchersCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Researchers by country | -0.41 | -0.05 | 0.491 | 128 | proxy |
| Out of school, primary and Adult obesityCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Adult obesity by country | -0.17 | -0.05 | 0.677 | 178 | moderate |
| Out of school, primary and Interpersonal trustCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Interpersonal trust by country | -0.27 | +0.05 | 0.726 | 102 | high |
| Out of school, primary and One-person householdsCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. One-person households by country | -0.32 | +0.05 | 0.562 | 144 | high |
| Out of school, primary and Wellbeing scoreCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Wellbeing score by country | -0.35 | +0.05 | 0.829 | 102 | high |
| Out of school, primary and Homicide rateAlmost no link either way. Homicide rate by country | +0.08 | +0.05 | 0.526 | 162 | moderate |
| Out of school, primary and Civil society participationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Civil society participation by country | -0.13 | -0.05 | 0.865 | 159 | independent |
| Out of school, primary and Old-age spendingAlmost no link either way. Old-age spending by country | -0.09 | -0.05 | 0.793 | 42 | independent |
| Out of school, primary and InflationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Inflation by country | +0.10 | +0.04 | 0.745 | 180 | independent |
| Out of school, primary and Divorce rate (UN)Almost no link either way. Divorce rate (UN) by country | +0.03 | +0.04 | 0.818 | 93 | independent |
| Out of school, primary and Single-parent householdsAlmost no link either way. Single-parent households by country | +0.04 | +0.04 | 0.872 | 144 | independent |
| Out of school, primary and Environment scoreCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Environment score by country | +0.16 | -0.04 | 0.687 | 184 | moderate |
| Out of school, primary and Vulnerable employmentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Vulnerable employment by country | +0.40 | -0.04 | 0.516 | 168 | proxy |
| Out of school, primary and GDP growthAlmost no link either way. GDP growth by country | +0.07 | -0.03 | 0.849 | 186 | moderate |
| Out of school, primary and Political corruptionCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Political corruption by country | +0.35 | +0.03 | 0.818 | 159 | high |
| Out of school, primary and Tuberculosis incidenceCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Tuberculosis incidence by country | +0.23 | -0.03 | 0.825 | 186 | high |
| Out of school, primary and Compulsory schoolingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Compulsory schooling by country | -0.20 | -0.03 | 0.701 | 176 | moderate |
| Out of school, primary and Youth not in work or studyCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Youth not in work or study by country | +0.29 | +0.03 | 0.857 | 168 | high |
| Out of school, primary and Age at childbearingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Age at childbearing by country | -0.22 | +0.03 | 0.789 | 186 | moderate |
| Out of school, primary and Self-reported happinessCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Self-reported happiness by country | -0.15 | +0.03 | 0.906 | 102 | moderate |
| Out of school, primary and Gini indexCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Gini index by country | +0.16 | +0.02 | 0.902 | 157 | moderate |
| Out of school, primary and Religiously unaffiliatedCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Religiously unaffiliated by country | -0.24 | -0.02 | 0.809 | 174 | moderate |
| Out of school, primary and FDI inflowsAlmost no link either way. FDI inflows by country | -0.00 | +0.02 | 0.772 | 185 | independent |
| Out of school, primary and Retirement age, menAlmost no link either way. Retirement age, men by country | +0.06 | +0.02 | 0.956 | 48 | independent |
| Out of school, primary and Freedom of associationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Freedom of association by country | -0.15 | -0.02 | 0.898 | 159 | moderate |
| Out of school, primary and Women ministersCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Women ministers by country | -0.11 | -0.02 | 0.942 | 176 | independent |
| Out of school, primary and Muslim shareCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Muslim share by country | +0.12 | +0.02 | 0.935 | 174 | independent |
| Out of school, primary and Women in a unionCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Women in a union by country | +0.18 | -0.02 | 0.936 | 180 | moderate |
| Out of school, primary and Regime typeCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Regime type by country | -0.25 | -0.01 | 0.880 | 159 | moderate |
| Out of school, primary and Government consumptionAlmost no link either way. Government consumption by country | -0.05 | -0.01 | 0.956 | 166 | independent |
| Out of school, primary and Labour scoreCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Labour score by country | -0.35 | -0.01 | 0.802 | 176 | high |
| Out of school, primary and Military spendingAlmost no link either way. Military spending by country | -0.03 | +0.01 | 0.698 | 148 | independent |
| Out of school, primary and Government spending per capitaCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Government spending per capita by country | -0.21 | -0.01 | 0.925 | 43 | proxy |
| Out of school, primary and Premature NCD mortalityCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Premature NCD mortality by country | +0.32 | -0.01 | 0.929 | 171 | high |
| Out of school, primary and UnemploymentAlmost no link either way. Unemployment by country | +0.02 | +0.01 | 0.908 | 168 | independent |
| Out of school, primary and Women in parliamentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Women in parliament by country | -0.10 | +0.01 | 0.943 | 176 | independent |
| Out of school, primary and Political civil libertiesCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Political civil liberties by country | -0.13 | +0.01 | 0.938 | 159 | moderate |
| Out of school, primary and Trade opennessCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Trade openness by country | -0.21 | +0.01 | 0.912 | 168 | moderate |
| Out of school, primary and Freedom of expressionCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Freedom of expression by country | -0.11 | +0.01 | 0.950 | 159 | moderate |
| Out of school, primary and CO2 per capitaCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. CO2 per capita by country | -0.21 | -0.01 | 0.920 | 179 | proxy |
| Out of school, primary and Children with one parentAlmost no link either way. Children with one parent by country | -0.02 | -0.00 | 0.984 | 38 | independent |
| Out of school, primary and Life satisfactionCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Life satisfaction by country | -0.46 | -0.00 | 0.999 | 151 | proxy |
| Out of school, primary and GDP per capita (PPP)One side of this pair is national income itself, the thing the other figures adjust for. Adjusting income for income leaves nothing, so there is no adjusted figure. The unadjusted link shows how closely the other measure follows income. GDP per capita (PPP) by country | -0.35 | — | — | 186 | proxy |
| Out of school, primary and GNI per capita (PPP)One side of this pair is national income itself, the thing the other figures adjust for. Adjusting income for income leaves nothing, so there is no adjusted figure. The unadjusted link shows how closely the other measure follows income. GNI per capita (PPP) by country | -0.37 | — | — | 186 | proxy |
| Out of school, primary and GDP per capita (market)One side of this pair is national income itself, the thing the other figures adjust for. Adjusting income for income leaves nothing, so there is no adjusted figure. The unadjusted link shows how closely the other measure follows income. GDP per capita (market) by country | -0.31 | — | — | 186 | proxy |
Source
UNESCO Institute for Statistics
CC BY 4.0 · licence terms · updated quarterly
World Bank, World Development Indicators