Redistribution
Reduction in the Gini coefficient from taxes and transfers
Link with national income+0.50partly income-linked
Links that hold up18of 156 pairs tested
Unit% reduction in the Ginihigher is neither better nor worse
SourceOECDCC BY 4.0 (OECD terms and conditions)
What this measures. The Gini before taxes and payments minus the Gini after them, as a share of the first. It shows how much of the inequality produced by the market the government removes. It is built from the before-tax Gini above, so their pair is built from the same numbers and flagged. No "better" direction is set: a country may redistribute little because its market incomes are already equal.
How it has moved
Loading…
Every country, every year
One row per country and one column per year, sorted by the most recent value. Hover over any cell to see the figure. The country names link to each country’s page.
Loading…
Links that hold up
r is how closely two measures rise and fall together across countries, from −1 (opposite) to +1 (in step), where 0 means no link. These pairs are ranked by the link after adjusting for national income, which means comparing countries with the same GDP per person. Each pair passed three checks. The link held after that adjustment. It was unlikely to be chance (q of 0.05 or less), even allowing for countries in the same region being alike and for the many pairs tested. And the two are not just two measures of the same thing. Very small q values are written in short form: 8.0e-5 means 0.000080.
| Measure | Before adjusting | After adjusting | q | Countries | Tracks income? |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Redistribution and Informal employmentWhere Redistribution is higher, Informal employment tends to be lower: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Informal employment by country | -0.82 | -0.65 | 0.037 | 38 | proxy |
| Redistribution and Government expenseWhere Redistribution is higher, Government expense tends to be higher: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Government expense by country | +0.58 | +0.63 | 0.002 | 44 | moderate |
| Redistribution and Population 65+Where Redistribution is higher, Population 65+ tends to be higher: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Population 65+ by country | +0.71 | +0.58 | 0.003 | 45 | high |
| Redistribution and Male labor participationWhere Redistribution is higher, Male labor participation tends to be lower: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Male labor participation by country | -0.52 | -0.57 | 0.004 | 45 | independent |
| Redistribution and Retirement age, menWhere Redistribution is higher, Retirement age, men tends to be lower: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Retirement age, men by country | -0.58 | -0.57 | 0.021 | 44 | independent |
| Redistribution and Gini indexWhere Redistribution is higher, Gini index tends to be lower: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Gini index by country | -0.68 | -0.56 | 0.029 | 44 | moderate |
| Redistribution and Equality scoreWhere Redistribution is higher, Equality score tends to be higher: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Equality score by country | +0.67 | +0.52 | 0.040 | 44 | high |
| Redistribution and Government consumptionWhere Redistribution is higher, Government consumption tends to be higher: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Government consumption by country | +0.58 | +0.52 | 0.016 | 45 | independent |
| Redistribution and Median ageWhere Redistribution is higher, Median age tends to be higher: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Median age by country | +0.65 | +0.51 | 0.032 | 45 | proxy |
| Redistribution and Retirement age, womenWhere Redistribution is higher, Retirement age, women tends to be lower: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Retirement age, women by country | -0.34 | -0.50 | 0.024 | 44 | independent |
| Redistribution and Pre-trial detainee shareWhere Redistribution is higher, Pre-trial detainee share tends to be lower: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Pre-trial detainee share by country | -0.44 | -0.44 | 0.028 | 43 | independent |
| Redistribution and Alcohol consumptionWhere Redistribution is higher, Alcohol consumption tends to be higher: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Alcohol consumption by country | +0.56 | +0.43 | 0.009 | 45 | moderate |
| Redistribution and Protected landWhere Redistribution is higher, Protected land tends to be higher: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Protected land by country | +0.38 | +0.40 | 0.029 | 45 | independent |
| Redistribution and Tobacco useWhere Redistribution is higher, Tobacco use tends to be higher: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Tobacco use by country | +0.17 | +0.36 | 0.033 | 45 | independent |
| Redistribution and PhysiciansWhere Redistribution is higher, Physicians tends to be higher: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Physicians by country | +0.56 | +0.33 | 0.024 | 45 | proxy |
| Redistribution and Divorce rateWhere Redistribution is higher, Divorce rate tends to be lower: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Divorce rate by country | -0.34 | -0.26 | 0.036 | 42 | independent |
| Redistribution and Rule of lawWhere Redistribution is higher, Rule of law tends to be higher: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Rule of law by country | +0.57 | +0.21 | 0.035 | 45 | high |
| Redistribution and Education scoreWhere Redistribution is higher, Education score tends to be higher: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Education score by country | +0.47 | +0.21 | 0.048 | 45 | proxy |
Links that don’t count as findings
These go together strongly, but they are built from the same numbers or measure the same thing. So they are bound to match, or their match shows that the measures agree, not something about the world.
| Measure | Before adjusting | After adjusting | q | Countries | Tracks income? |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Redistribution and Market-income GiniNot an independent finding: one of these indices is built partly from the other, so their agreement is just arithmetic. Market-income Gini by country | -0.28 | +0.04 | 0.873 | 45 | moderate |
How much the other measures account for
The 71 most widely reported measures boil down to a few broad patterns. This table shows how much of the differences between countries on this measure those patterns account for, adding one pattern at a time. The patterns are rebuilt without this measure, and without anything built from the same numbers or measuring the same thing. So it never predicts itself under another name. The figures use the 43 countries reporting all of them, and 71 candidate measures.
This shows how much it moves with the others. It does not explain anything. Measures that move together end up on the same pattern whether or not anything connects them. And the countries here are the best-documented ones. A high figure means this measure is largely predictable from the others, not that they produce it.
| Patterns used | Share of this measure accounted for | Added by this pattern |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 43% | — |
| 2 | 46% | +3% |
| 3 | 49% | +3% |
| 4 | 52% | +2% |
| 5 | 54% | +2% |
| 6 | 54% | +0% |
Every other pair
Everything else this measure was tested against, apart from the links that hold up and the pairs built from the same numbers. Sorted by the link after adjusting. Search by name; every column sorts. A small adjusted figure is a result too. It says the two do not move together once income is set aside.
137 of 137
| Redistribution and Public social spendingComparing only countries with similar income it is still +0.69, but that could easily be chance once we allow for countries in the same region being alike. Public social spending by country | +0.73 | +0.69 | 0.082 | 40 | moderate |
| Redistribution and Old-age spendingComparing only countries with similar income it is still +0.66, but that could easily be chance once we allow for countries in the same region being alike. Old-age spending by country | +0.60 | +0.66 | 0.085 | 40 | independent |
| Redistribution and Inequality-adjusted HDILinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.50) could easily be chance. Inequality-adjusted HDI by country | +0.75 | +0.50 | 0.073 | 45 | proxy |
| Redistribution and Family benefits spendingComparing only countries with similar income it is still +0.47, but that could easily be chance once we allow for countries in the same region being alike. Family benefits spending by country | +0.53 | +0.47 | 0.157 | 40 | independent |
| Redistribution and UrbanizationAlmost no link either way. Urbanization by country | -0.03 | -0.45 | 0.053 | 45 | high |
| Redistribution and Slum share of urban populationLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.45) could easily be chance. Slum share of urban population by country | -0.66 | -0.45 | 0.054 | 44 | high |
| Redistribution and One-person householdsLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.44) could easily be chance. One-person households by country | +0.68 | +0.44 | 0.057 | 36 | high |
| Redistribution and Road traffic deathsLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.42) could easily be chance. Road traffic deaths by country | -0.71 | -0.42 | 0.188 | 45 | high |
| Redistribution and Environment scoreCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Environment score by country | +0.29 | +0.39 | 0.073 | 45 | moderate |
| Redistribution and Tax revenueCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Tax revenue by country | +0.49 | +0.39 | 0.119 | 44 | moderate |
| Redistribution and Armed conflict presentLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.37) could easily be chance. Armed conflict present by country | -0.62 | -0.37 | 0.221 | 45 | moderate |
| Redistribution and Hours workedLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.35) could easily be chance. Hours worked by country | -0.56 | -0.35 | 0.139 | 38 | high |
| Redistribution and Population 0-14Linked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.35) could easily be chance. Population 0-14 by country | -0.53 | -0.35 | 0.203 | 45 | proxy |
| Redistribution and Youth not in work or studyLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.35) could easily be chance. Youth not in work or study by country | -0.65 | -0.35 | 0.103 | 43 | high |
| Redistribution and Civil liberties (FH)Linked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.34) could easily be chance. Civil liberties (FH) by country | -0.55 | -0.34 | 0.083 | 45 | moderate |
| Redistribution and Population growthCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Population growth by country | -0.12 | -0.34 | 0.064 | 45 | moderate |
| Redistribution and Women's political empowermentLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.34) could easily be chance. Women's political empowerment by country | +0.53 | +0.34 | 0.192 | 45 | moderate |
| Redistribution and Out-of-pocket health spendingLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.31) could easily be chance. Out-of-pocket health spending by country | -0.56 | -0.31 | 0.226 | 45 | moderate |
| Redistribution and Internet usersCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Internet users by country | +0.39 | -0.30 | 0.298 | 45 | proxy |
| Redistribution and Birth rateCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Birth rate by country | -0.46 | -0.30 | 0.297 | 45 | proxy |
| Redistribution and Conflict deathsCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Conflict deaths by country | -0.40 | -0.30 | 0.423 | 45 | moderate |
| Redistribution and Voice and accountabilityLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.29) could easily be chance. Voice and accountability by country | +0.57 | +0.29 | 0.163 | 45 | moderate |
| Redistribution and Health coverage indexCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Health coverage index by country | +0.21 | -0.29 | 0.332 | 45 | proxy |
| Redistribution and Government spending per capitaLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.29) could easily be chance. Government spending per capita by country | +0.55 | +0.29 | 0.104 | 41 | proxy |
| Redistribution and Free and fair electionsCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Free and fair elections by country | +0.49 | +0.28 | 0.230 | 45 | high |
| Redistribution and Vulnerable employmentLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.28) could easily be chance. Vulnerable employment by country | -0.60 | -0.28 | 0.091 | 45 | proxy |
| Redistribution and Infant mortalityLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.27) could easily be chance. Infant mortality by country | -0.63 | -0.27 | 0.398 | 45 | proxy |
| Redistribution and PISA mathsCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. PISA maths by country | +0.50 | +0.27 | 0.474 | 42 | high |
| Redistribution and Governance scoreCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Governance score by country | +0.49 | +0.27 | 0.251 | 45 | moderate |
| Redistribution and Mean years of schoolingLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.26) could easily be chance. Mean years of schooling by country | +0.58 | +0.26 | 0.080 | 45 | proxy |
| Redistribution and Gender Inequality IndexLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.26) could easily be chance. Gender Inequality Index by country | -0.65 | -0.26 | 0.330 | 45 | proxy |
| Redistribution and Employment in agricultureLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.26) could easily be chance. Employment in agriculture by country | -0.59 | -0.26 | 0.208 | 45 | proxy |
| Redistribution and HDILinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.26) could easily be chance. HDI by country | +0.67 | +0.26 | 0.188 | 45 | proxy |
| Redistribution and Political rights (FH)Could easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Political rights (FH) by country | -0.41 | -0.25 | 0.147 | 45 | moderate |
| Redistribution and Homicide rateLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.25) could easily be chance. Homicide rate by country | -0.53 | -0.25 | 0.319 | 45 | moderate |
| Redistribution and Self-reported happinessCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Self-reported happiness by country | +0.11 | -0.25 | 0.261 | 43 | moderate |
| Redistribution and Political civil libertiesCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Political civil liberties by country | +0.45 | +0.25 | 0.304 | 45 | moderate |
| Redistribution and Unemployment benefit spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Unemployment benefit spending by country | +0.32 | +0.25 | 0.415 | 39 | moderate |
| Redistribution and Women's age at first marriageCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Women's age at first marriage by country | +0.39 | +0.25 | 0.245 | 39 | moderate |
| Redistribution and Christian shareCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Christian share by country | +0.24 | +0.24 | 0.394 | 45 | independent |
| Redistribution and Active labour market spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Active labour market spending by country | +0.40 | +0.24 | 0.386 | 40 | moderate |
| Redistribution and Gender Development IndexCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Gender Development Index by country | +0.40 | +0.24 | 0.102 | 45 | high |
| Redistribution and Gender wage gapCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Gender wage gap by country | -0.27 | -0.23 | 0.405 | 37 | independent |
| Redistribution and Anaemia in womenCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Anaemia in women by country | -0.25 | +0.23 | 0.586 | 45 | high |
| Redistribution and Electoral democracyCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Electoral democracy by country | +0.48 | +0.23 | 0.295 | 45 | moderate |
| Redistribution and Freedom of associationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Freedom of association by country | +0.41 | +0.23 | 0.409 | 45 | moderate |
| Redistribution and GDP growthCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. GDP growth by country | -0.23 | -0.23 | 0.065 | 45 | moderate |
| Redistribution and Birth registrationLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.22) could easily be chance. Birth registration by country | +0.59 | +0.22 | 0.544 | 43 | proxy |
| Redistribution and Migrant share of populationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Migrant share of population by country | +0.33 | -0.22 | 0.374 | 45 | high |
| Redistribution and Maternal mortalityLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.22) could easily be chance. Maternal mortality by country | -0.59 | -0.22 | 0.520 | 45 | proxy |
| Redistribution and Freedom of expressionCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Freedom of expression by country | +0.43 | +0.22 | 0.319 | 45 | moderate |
| Redistribution and Food insecurityCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Food insecurity by country | -0.49 | -0.22 | 0.417 | 42 | proxy |
| Redistribution and Trust in governmentAlmost no link either way. Trust in government by country | +0.06 | -0.22 | 0.453 | 42 | moderate |
| Redistribution and Under-5 mortalityLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.21) could easily be chance. Under-5 mortality by country | -0.60 | -0.21 | 0.514 | 45 | proxy |
| Redistribution and Primary completionLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.21) could easily be chance. Primary completion by country | +0.52 | +0.21 | 0.344 | 44 | proxy |
| Redistribution and Female labor participationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Female labor participation by country | +0.24 | -0.21 | 0.158 | 45 | independent |
| Redistribution and Hospital bedsCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Hospital beds by country | +0.24 | +0.21 | 0.465 | 45 | high |
| Redistribution and ResearchersLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.20) could easily be chance. Researchers by country | +0.58 | +0.20 | 0.475 | 44 | proxy |
| Redistribution and Premature NCD mortalityCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Premature NCD mortality by country | -0.27 | +0.20 | 0.452 | 45 | high |
| Redistribution and Liberal democracyCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Liberal democracy by country | +0.47 | +0.20 | 0.252 | 45 | moderate |
| Redistribution and CO2 per capitaAlmost no link either way. CO2 per capita by country | +0.08 | -0.20 | 0.601 | 45 | proxy |
| Redistribution and Political stabilityCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Political stability by country | +0.48 | +0.19 | 0.254 | 45 | moderate |
| Redistribution and PISA scienceCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. PISA science by country | +0.42 | +0.19 | 0.543 | 42 | high |
| Redistribution and Children with one parentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Children with one parent by country | -0.14 | -0.18 | 0.541 | 36 | independent |
| Redistribution and Regime typeCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Regime type by country | +0.48 | +0.18 | 0.401 | 45 | moderate |
| Redistribution and DTP3 immunisationAlmost no link either way. DTP3 immunisation by country | +0.06 | -0.18 | 0.141 | 45 | moderate |
| Redistribution and Pupil-teacher ratioLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.17) could easily be chance. Pupil-teacher ratio by country | -0.57 | -0.17 | 0.121 | 43 | proxy |
| Redistribution and Participatory democracyCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Participatory democracy by country | +0.45 | +0.16 | 0.448 | 45 | moderate |
| Redistribution and Forest areaAlmost no link either way. Forest area by country | +0.07 | +0.16 | 0.230 | 45 | independent |
| Redistribution and Interpersonal trustCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Interpersonal trust by country | +0.24 | -0.15 | 0.433 | 43 | high |
| Redistribution and Political corruptionLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.15) could easily be chance. Political corruption by country | -0.53 | -0.15 | 0.497 | 45 | high |
| Redistribution and FDI inflowsAlmost no link either way. FDI inflows by country | -0.10 | +0.14 | 0.419 | 45 | independent |
| Redistribution and Compulsory schoolingAlmost no link either way. Compulsory schooling by country | -0.05 | -0.14 | 0.655 | 45 | moderate |
| Redistribution and Suicide rateCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Suicide rate by country | +0.13 | +0.14 | 0.564 | 45 | independent |
| Redistribution and Trade opennessCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Trade openness by country | +0.41 | +0.14 | 0.543 | 45 | moderate |
| Redistribution and Muslim shareCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Muslim share by country | -0.16 | -0.14 | 0.609 | 45 | independent |
| Redistribution and Corporate tax rateCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Corporate tax rate by country | -0.34 | -0.14 | 0.254 | 44 | moderate |
| Redistribution and Expected schoolingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Expected schooling by country | +0.39 | +0.13 | 0.339 | 45 | proxy |
| Redistribution and Divorce rate (UN)Could easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Divorce rate (UN) by country | -0.20 | -0.13 | 0.592 | 39 | independent |
| Redistribution and Marriage rateCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Marriage rate by country | -0.24 | -0.11 | 0.754 | 42 | independent |
| Redistribution and Adult obesityCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Adult obesity by country | -0.17 | -0.11 | 0.799 | 45 | moderate |
| Redistribution and Civil society participationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Civil society participation by country | +0.38 | +0.11 | 0.514 | 45 | independent |
| Redistribution and Aid givenCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Aid given by country | +0.17 | +0.10 | 0.833 | 38 | high |
| Redistribution and Recycling rateCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Recycling rate by country | +0.28 | +0.10 | 0.818 | 35 | moderate |
| Redistribution and Secondary enrollmentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Secondary enrollment by country | +0.34 | +0.10 | 0.563 | 45 | high |
| Redistribution and UnemploymentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Unemployment by country | -0.16 | +0.10 | 0.680 | 45 | independent |
| Redistribution and Marriage rate (UN)Could easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Marriage rate (UN) by country | -0.11 | -0.10 | 0.685 | 41 | independent |
| Redistribution and Fixed broadbandCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Fixed broadband by country | +0.50 | +0.09 | 0.806 | 45 | proxy |
| Redistribution and Adolescent fertilityCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Adolescent fertility by country | -0.46 | -0.09 | 0.705 | 45 | proxy |
| Redistribution and Religion very importantCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Religion very important by country | -0.42 | -0.09 | 0.762 | 43 | high |
| Redistribution and Government effectivenessCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Government effectiveness by country | +0.44 | -0.08 | 0.527 | 45 | proxy |
| Redistribution and Labour scoreCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Labour score by country | +0.49 | +0.08 | 0.716 | 45 | high |
| Redistribution and Women in a unionCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Women in a union by country | -0.14 | -0.08 | 0.738 | 45 | moderate |
| Redistribution and Religiously unaffiliatedAlmost no link either way. Religiously unaffiliated by country | +0.09 | -0.08 | 0.847 | 45 | moderate |
| Redistribution and Out of school, primaryAlmost no link either way. Out of school, primary by country | -0.07 | +0.07 | 0.547 | 44 | moderate |
| Redistribution and InflationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Inflation by country | -0.14 | -0.07 | 0.761 | 45 | independent |
| Redistribution and Single-parent householdsCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Single-parent households by country | -0.17 | -0.07 | 0.584 | 36 | independent |
| Redistribution and Tertiary enrollmentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Tertiary enrollment by country | +0.22 | +0.07 | 0.820 | 45 | high |
| Redistribution and Wellbeing scoreCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Wellbeing score by country | +0.40 | -0.07 | 0.693 | 43 | high |
| Redistribution and Child stuntingLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Child stunting by country | -0.60 | -0.06 | 0.884 | 27 | proxy |
| Redistribution and PISA readingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. PISA reading by country | +0.34 | +0.06 | 0.821 | 42 | high |
| Redistribution and Public order spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Public order spending by country | -0.14 | +0.06 | 0.814 | 36 | high |
| Redistribution and Fertility rateCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Fertility rate by country | -0.23 | -0.06 | 0.867 | 45 | proxy |
| Redistribution and Confidence in religious institutionsCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Confidence in religious institutions by country | -0.31 | -0.06 | 0.784 | 43 | moderate |
| Redistribution and Primary enrollmentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Primary enrollment by country | -0.12 | +0.05 | 0.699 | 45 | independent |
| Redistribution and Tuberculosis incidenceCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Tuberculosis incidence by country | -0.44 | -0.05 | 0.900 | 45 | high |
| Redistribution and Infrastructure scoreLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Infrastructure score by country | +0.52 | +0.05 | 0.913 | 45 | proxy |
| Redistribution and Frequent prayerCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Frequent prayer by country | -0.31 | +0.05 | 0.918 | 26 | high |
| Redistribution and Women ministersCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Women ministers by country | +0.14 | -0.04 | 0.862 | 45 | independent |
| Redistribution and Gender scoreCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Gender score by country | +0.22 | +0.04 | 0.893 | 45 | moderate |
| Redistribution and Age at childbearingLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Age at childbearing by country | +0.50 | +0.04 | 0.860 | 45 | moderate |
| Redistribution and Mobile subscriptionsAlmost no link either way. Mobile subscriptions by country | -0.01 | -0.04 | 0.805 | 45 | moderate |
| Redistribution and Health scoreCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Health score by country | +0.29 | +0.04 | 0.912 | 45 | moderate |
| Redistribution and Basic water accessCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Basic water access by country | +0.25 | -0.04 | 0.881 | 45 | proxy |
| Redistribution and Education spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Education spending by country | +0.10 | +0.03 | 0.769 | 45 | independent |
| Redistribution and Women in managementAlmost no link either way. Women in management by country | +0.02 | -0.03 | 0.909 | 41 | moderate |
| Redistribution and Women in parliamentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Women in parliament by country | +0.13 | -0.03 | 0.912 | 45 | independent |
| Redistribution and Health spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Health spending by country | +0.29 | +0.02 | 0.945 | 45 | independent |
| Redistribution and Religious attendanceCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Religious attendance by country | -0.33 | -0.02 | 0.927 | 43 | high |
| Redistribution and Life expectancyCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Life expectancy by country | +0.47 | -0.02 | 0.950 | 45 | proxy |
| Redistribution and Life satisfactionCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Life satisfaction by country | +0.41 | -0.02 | 0.968 | 45 | proxy |
| Redistribution and Skilled birth attendanceCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Skilled birth attendance by country | +0.27 | -0.02 | 0.950 | 38 | high |
| Redistribution and Births outside marriageAlmost no link either way. Births outside marriage by country | -0.02 | +0.01 | 0.977 | 40 | independent |
| Redistribution and Basic sanitationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Basic sanitation by country | +0.37 | +0.01 | 0.972 | 45 | high |
| Redistribution and Agricultural landCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Agricultural land by country | -0.11 | +0.01 | 0.944 | 45 | independent |
| Redistribution and HIV prevalenceCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. HIV prevalence by country | -0.29 | +0.01 | 0.974 | 33 | moderate |
| Redistribution and Corruption Perceptions IndexCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Corruption Perceptions Index by country | +0.46 | -0.01 | 0.812 | 45 | high |
| Redistribution and Regulatory qualityCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Regulatory quality by country | +0.49 | +0.01 | 0.844 | 45 | proxy |
| Redistribution and Extreme poverty rateCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Extreme poverty rate by country | -0.37 | -0.01 | 0.984 | 44 | proxy |
| Redistribution and UndernourishmentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Undernourishment by country | -0.41 | -0.00 | 0.991 | 44 | proxy |
| Redistribution and Control of corruptionCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Control of corruption by country | +0.47 | +0.00 | 0.959 | 45 | high |
| Redistribution and Electricity accessCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Electricity access by country | +0.27 | -0.00 | 0.988 | 45 | high |
| Redistribution and Refugees originatingAlmost no link either way. Refugees originating by country | -0.05 | +0.00 | 0.978 | 45 | moderate |
| Redistribution and Military spendingAlmost no link either way. Military spending by country | -0.02 | +0.00 | 0.995 | 43 | independent |
| Redistribution and GDP per capita (PPP)One side of this pair is national income itself, the thing the other figures adjust for. Adjusting income for income leaves nothing, so there is no adjusted figure. The unadjusted link shows how closely the other measure follows income. GDP per capita (PPP) by country | +0.50 | — | — | 45 | proxy |
| Redistribution and GNI per capita (PPP)One side of this pair is national income itself, the thing the other figures adjust for. Adjusting income for income leaves nothing, so there is no adjusted figure. The unadjusted link shows how closely the other measure follows income. GNI per capita (PPP) by country | +0.56 | — | — | 45 | proxy |
| Redistribution and GDP per capita (market)One side of this pair is national income itself, the thing the other figures adjust for. Adjusting income for income leaves nothing, so there is no adjusted figure. The unadjusted link shows how closely the other measure follows income. GDP per capita (market) by country | +0.35 | — | — | 45 | proxy |
Source
OECD · via Our World in Data
CC BY 4.0 (OECD terms and conditions) · licence terms · updated annual, except the snapshots noted per indicator
OECD databases as named on each indicator: PISA, Social Expenditure Database (SOCX), Income Distribution Database, Development Assistance Committee statistics, Family Database, Government at a Glance, Corporate Tax Statistics, employment and environment statistics