Unemployment benefit spending
Public spending on unemployment benefits
Link with national income+0.38partly income-linked
Links that hold up1of 154 pairs tested
Unit% of GDPhigher is neither better nor worse
SourceOECDCC BY 4.0 (OECD terms and conditions)
What this measures. It rises with unemployment as well as with how generous benefits are. So read it beside the unemployment rate, not instead of it.
How it has moved
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Every country, every year
One row per country and one column per year, sorted by the most recent value. Hover over any cell to see the figure. The country names link to each country’s page.
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Links that hold up
r is how closely two measures rise and fall together across countries, from −1 (opposite) to +1 (in step), where 0 means no link. These pairs are ranked by the link after adjusting for national income, which means comparing countries with the same GDP per person. Each pair passed three checks. The link held after that adjustment. It was unlikely to be chance (q of 0.05 or less), even allowing for countries in the same region being alike and for the many pairs tested. And the two are not just two measures of the same thing. Very small q values are written in short form: 8.0e-5 means 0.000080.
| Measure | Before adjusting | After adjusting | q | Countries | Tracks income? |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unemployment benefit spending and Adolescent fertilityWhere Unemployment benefit spending is higher, Adolescent fertility tends to be lower: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Adolescent fertility by country | -0.41 | -0.33 | 0.031 | 39 | proxy |
Links that don’t count as findings
These go together strongly, but they are built from the same numbers or measure the same thing. So they are bound to match, or their match shows that the measures agree, not something about the world.
| Measure | Before adjusting | After adjusting | q | Countries | Tracks income? |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unemployment benefit spending and Public social spendingNot an independent finding: one of these indices is built partly from the other, so their agreement is just arithmetic. Public social spending by country | +0.33 | +0.28 | 0.263 | 39 | moderate |
Every other pair
Everything else this measure was tested against, apart from the links that hold up and the pairs built from the same numbers. Sorted by the link after adjusting. Search by name; every column sorts. A small adjusted figure is a result too. It says the two do not move together once income is set aside.
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| Unemployment benefit spending and Adult obesityCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Adult obesity by country | -0.47 | -0.43 | 0.214 | 39 | moderate |
| Unemployment benefit spending and Infant mortalityCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Infant mortality by country | -0.49 | -0.42 | 0.128 | 39 | proxy |
| Unemployment benefit spending and Gender Inequality IndexCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Gender Inequality Index by country | -0.50 | -0.42 | 0.065 | 39 | proxy |
| Unemployment benefit spending and Under-5 mortalityCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Under-5 mortality by country | -0.48 | -0.41 | 0.125 | 39 | proxy |
| Unemployment benefit spending and Age at childbearingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Age at childbearing by country | +0.48 | +0.40 | 0.067 | 39 | moderate |
| Unemployment benefit spending and Suicide rateCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Suicide rate by country | +0.40 | +0.38 | 0.210 | 39 | independent |
| Unemployment benefit spending and Population 0-14Could easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Population 0-14 by country | -0.35 | -0.38 | 0.219 | 39 | proxy |
| Unemployment benefit spending and Women's age at first marriageCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Women's age at first marriage by country | +0.43 | +0.38 | 0.065 | 38 | moderate |
| Unemployment benefit spending and Recycling rateCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Recycling rate by country | +0.39 | +0.35 | 0.376 | 34 | moderate |
| Unemployment benefit spending and Birth rateCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Birth rate by country | -0.27 | -0.34 | 0.331 | 39 | proxy |
| Unemployment benefit spending and Median ageCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Median age by country | +0.31 | +0.34 | 0.192 | 39 | proxy |
| Unemployment benefit spending and Regime typeCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Regime type by country | +0.39 | +0.32 | 0.202 | 39 | moderate |
| Unemployment benefit spending and One-person householdsCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. One-person households by country | +0.38 | +0.32 | 0.191 | 31 | high |
| Unemployment benefit spending and Food insecurityCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Food insecurity by country | -0.40 | -0.31 | 0.185 | 38 | proxy |
| Unemployment benefit spending and Fertility rateCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Fertility rate by country | -0.28 | -0.30 | 0.381 | 39 | proxy |
| Unemployment benefit spending and Skilled birth attendanceCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Skilled birth attendance by country | +0.28 | +0.29 | 0.164 | 32 | high |
| Unemployment benefit spending and Inequality-adjusted HDICould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Inequality-adjusted HDI by country | +0.39 | +0.28 | 0.158 | 39 | proxy |
| Unemployment benefit spending and Health scoreCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Health score by country | +0.36 | +0.28 | 0.085 | 39 | moderate |
| Unemployment benefit spending and Life expectancyCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Life expectancy by country | +0.37 | +0.27 | 0.234 | 39 | proxy |
| Unemployment benefit spending and Old-age spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Old-age spending by country | +0.25 | +0.27 | 0.203 | 39 | independent |
| Unemployment benefit spending and Out-of-pocket health spendingAlmost no link either way. Out-of-pocket health spending by country | +0.04 | +0.27 | 0.446 | 39 | moderate |
| Unemployment benefit spending and ResearchersCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Researchers by country | +0.37 | +0.26 | 0.467 | 38 | proxy |
| Unemployment benefit spending and Tertiary enrollmentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Tertiary enrollment by country | +0.20 | +0.26 | 0.107 | 39 | high |
| Unemployment benefit spending and RedistributionCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Redistribution by country | +0.32 | +0.25 | 0.415 | 39 | moderate |
| Unemployment benefit spending and Military spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Military spending by country | -0.29 | -0.24 | 0.393 | 37 | independent |
| Unemployment benefit spending and Road traffic deathsCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Road traffic deaths by country | -0.36 | -0.24 | 0.498 | 39 | high |
| Unemployment benefit spending and Out of school, primaryCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Out of school, primary by country | -0.30 | -0.24 | 0.121 | 39 | moderate |
| Unemployment benefit spending and Homicide rateCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Homicide rate by country | -0.32 | -0.24 | 0.517 | 39 | moderate |
| Unemployment benefit spending and HDICould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. HDI by country | +0.37 | +0.24 | 0.196 | 39 | proxy |
| Unemployment benefit spending and Population 65+Could easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Population 65+ by country | +0.21 | +0.24 | 0.309 | 39 | high |
| Unemployment benefit spending and Extreme poverty rateCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Extreme poverty rate by country | -0.30 | -0.23 | 0.542 | 38 | proxy |
| Unemployment benefit spending and Hospital bedsCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Hospital beds by country | +0.18 | +0.23 | 0.516 | 39 | high |
| Unemployment benefit spending and Religion very importantCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Religion very important by country | -0.28 | -0.23 | 0.146 | 37 | high |
| Unemployment benefit spending and Equality scoreCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Equality score by country | +0.31 | +0.23 | 0.479 | 38 | high |
| Unemployment benefit spending and Women's political empowermentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Women's political empowerment by country | +0.27 | +0.22 | 0.173 | 39 | moderate |
| Unemployment benefit spending and PhysiciansCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Physicians by country | +0.25 | +0.22 | 0.266 | 39 | proxy |
| Unemployment benefit spending and Gini indexCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Gini index by country | -0.30 | -0.22 | 0.483 | 38 | moderate |
| Unemployment benefit spending and Gender scoreCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Gender score by country | +0.26 | +0.22 | 0.513 | 39 | moderate |
| Unemployment benefit spending and Public order spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Public order spending by country | -0.34 | -0.22 | 0.124 | 36 | high |
| Unemployment benefit spending and PISA mathsCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. PISA maths by country | +0.32 | +0.21 | 0.089 | 39 | high |
| Unemployment benefit spending and Education scoreCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Education score by country | +0.26 | +0.21 | 0.322 | 39 | proxy |
| Unemployment benefit spending and Government expenseCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Government expense by country | +0.14 | +0.21 | 0.412 | 39 | moderate |
| Unemployment benefit spending and Free and fair electionsCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Free and fair elections by country | +0.29 | +0.21 | 0.391 | 39 | high |
| Unemployment benefit spending and Aid givenAlmost no link either way. Aid given by country | -0.01 | -0.20 | 0.602 | 37 | high |
| Unemployment benefit spending and Tobacco useAlmost no link either way. Tobacco use by country | +0.07 | +0.20 | 0.402 | 39 | independent |
| Unemployment benefit spending and Forest areaCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Forest area by country | +0.11 | +0.20 | 0.175 | 39 | independent |
| Unemployment benefit spending and Maternal mortalityCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Maternal mortality by country | -0.27 | -0.19 | 0.512 | 39 | proxy |
| Unemployment benefit spending and Armed conflict presentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Armed conflict present by country | -0.27 | -0.19 | 0.349 | 39 | moderate |
| Unemployment benefit spending and Women ministersCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Women ministers by country | +0.24 | +0.18 | 0.538 | 39 | independent |
| Unemployment benefit spending and Premature NCD mortalityCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Premature NCD mortality by country | -0.29 | -0.18 | 0.423 | 39 | high |
| Unemployment benefit spending and Participatory democracyCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Participatory democracy by country | +0.28 | +0.17 | 0.411 | 39 | moderate |
| Unemployment benefit spending and Youth not in work or studyCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Youth not in work or study by country | -0.28 | -0.17 | 0.335 | 38 | high |
| Unemployment benefit spending and Political rights (FH)Could easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Political rights (FH) by country | -0.25 | -0.17 | 0.567 | 39 | moderate |
| Unemployment benefit spending and Infrastructure scoreCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Infrastructure score by country | +0.30 | +0.17 | 0.527 | 39 | proxy |
| Unemployment benefit spending and Slum share of urban populationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Slum share of urban population by country | -0.21 | -0.16 | 0.568 | 38 | high |
| Unemployment benefit spending and Tax revenueCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Tax revenue by country | -0.12 | -0.16 | 0.622 | 38 | moderate |
| Unemployment benefit spending and Civil society participationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Civil society participation by country | +0.29 | +0.16 | 0.504 | 39 | independent |
| Unemployment benefit spending and GDP growthCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. GDP growth by country | -0.10 | -0.16 | 0.152 | 39 | moderate |
| Unemployment benefit spending and Basic water accessCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Basic water access by country | +0.18 | +0.16 | 0.173 | 39 | proxy |
| Unemployment benefit spending and UrbanizationAlmost no link either way. Urbanization by country | -0.06 | -0.16 | 0.369 | 39 | high |
| Unemployment benefit spending and Education spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Education spending by country | +0.19 | +0.16 | 0.250 | 39 | independent |
| Unemployment benefit spending and Agricultural landCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Agricultural land by country | -0.12 | -0.16 | 0.315 | 39 | independent |
| Unemployment benefit spending and Primary enrollmentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Primary enrollment by country | +0.13 | +0.15 | 0.224 | 39 | independent |
| Unemployment benefit spending and Corporate tax rateCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Corporate tax rate by country | +0.17 | +0.15 | 0.532 | 38 | moderate |
| Unemployment benefit spending and Governance scoreCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Governance score by country | +0.25 | +0.15 | 0.562 | 39 | moderate |
| Unemployment benefit spending and Male labor participationAlmost no link either way. Male labor participation by country | -0.09 | -0.15 | 0.171 | 39 | independent |
| Unemployment benefit spending and Women in parliamentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Women in parliament by country | +0.21 | +0.15 | 0.636 | 39 | independent |
| Unemployment benefit spending and Rule of lawCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Rule of law by country | +0.30 | +0.15 | 0.510 | 39 | high |
| Unemployment benefit spending and Electoral democracyCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Electoral democracy by country | +0.25 | +0.15 | 0.435 | 39 | moderate |
| Unemployment benefit spending and Liberal democracyCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Liberal democracy by country | +0.25 | +0.14 | 0.446 | 39 | moderate |
| Unemployment benefit spending and Expected schoolingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Expected schooling by country | +0.18 | +0.14 | 0.396 | 39 | proxy |
| Unemployment benefit spending and Conflict deathsCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Conflict deaths by country | -0.22 | -0.14 | 0.557 | 39 | moderate |
| Unemployment benefit spending and Primary completionAlmost no link either way. Primary completion by country | -0.06 | -0.14 | 0.481 | 38 | proxy |
| Unemployment benefit spending and Basic sanitationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Basic sanitation by country | +0.14 | +0.14 | 0.509 | 39 | high |
| Unemployment benefit spending and Electricity accessCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Electricity access by country | +0.22 | +0.14 | 0.592 | 39 | high |
| Unemployment benefit spending and Political civil libertiesCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Political civil liberties by country | +0.23 | +0.14 | 0.390 | 39 | moderate |
| Unemployment benefit spending and Birth registrationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Birth registration by country | +0.22 | +0.13 | 0.177 | 38 | proxy |
| Unemployment benefit spending and Fixed broadbandCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Fixed broadband by country | +0.24 | +0.13 | 0.613 | 39 | proxy |
| Unemployment benefit spending and FDI inflowsAlmost no link either way. FDI inflows by country | -0.01 | +0.13 | 0.407 | 39 | independent |
| Unemployment benefit spending and Voice and accountabilityCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Voice and accountability by country | +0.27 | +0.13 | 0.626 | 39 | moderate |
| Unemployment benefit spending and Retirement age, menCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Retirement age, men by country | -0.14 | -0.12 | 0.523 | 38 | independent |
| Unemployment benefit spending and InflationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Inflation by country | -0.18 | -0.12 | 0.385 | 39 | independent |
| Unemployment benefit spending and Active labour market spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Active labour market spending by country | +0.23 | +0.12 | 0.643 | 39 | moderate |
| Unemployment benefit spending and Freedom of expressionCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Freedom of expression by country | +0.21 | +0.12 | 0.337 | 39 | moderate |
| Unemployment benefit spending and UnemploymentAlmost no link either way. Unemployment by country | +0.04 | +0.12 | 0.437 | 39 | independent |
| Unemployment benefit spending and Family benefits spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Family benefits spending by country | +0.16 | +0.11 | 0.660 | 39 | independent |
| Unemployment benefit spending and Self-reported happinessCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Self-reported happiness by country | +0.23 | +0.11 | 0.389 | 37 | moderate |
| Unemployment benefit spending and Divorce rate (UN)Almost no link either way. Divorce rate (UN) by country | +0.02 | +0.10 | 0.300 | 37 | independent |
| Unemployment benefit spending and Gender wage gapAlmost no link either way. Gender wage gap by country | +0.07 | +0.10 | 0.741 | 36 | independent |
| Unemployment benefit spending and Civil liberties (FH)Could easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Civil liberties (FH) by country | -0.19 | -0.10 | 0.668 | 39 | moderate |
| Unemployment benefit spending and PISA scienceCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. PISA science by country | +0.20 | +0.10 | 0.385 | 39 | high |
| Unemployment benefit spending and Hours workedAlmost no link either way. Hours worked by country | -0.03 | +0.10 | 0.736 | 35 | high |
| Unemployment benefit spending and Political corruptionCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Political corruption by country | -0.23 | -0.10 | 0.749 | 39 | high |
| Unemployment benefit spending and Freedom of associationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Freedom of association by country | +0.20 | +0.10 | 0.736 | 39 | moderate |
| Unemployment benefit spending and Refugees originatingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Refugees originating by country | -0.14 | -0.09 | 0.420 | 39 | moderate |
| Unemployment benefit spending and Regulatory qualityCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Regulatory quality by country | +0.14 | -0.09 | 0.689 | 39 | proxy |
| Unemployment benefit spending and Women in managementAlmost no link either way. Women in management by country | +0.05 | +0.09 | 0.650 | 36 | moderate |
| Unemployment benefit spending and Christian shareAlmost no link either way. Christian share by country | +0.08 | +0.09 | 0.413 | 39 | independent |
| Unemployment benefit spending and Anaemia in womenCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Anaemia in women by country | -0.20 | -0.09 | 0.783 | 39 | high |
| Unemployment benefit spending and CO2 per capitaAlmost no link either way. CO2 per capita by country | +0.04 | -0.09 | 0.786 | 39 | proxy |
| Unemployment benefit spending and Religious attendanceCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Religious attendance by country | -0.11 | -0.09 | 0.447 | 37 | high |
| Unemployment benefit spending and DTP3 immunisationAlmost no link either way. DTP3 immunisation by country | -0.07 | -0.09 | 0.403 | 39 | moderate |
| Unemployment benefit spending and Market-income GiniCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Market-income Gini by country | -0.15 | -0.08 | 0.823 | 39 | moderate |
| Unemployment benefit spending and Government consumptionAlmost no link either way. Government consumption by country | +0.09 | +0.08 | 0.703 | 39 | independent |
| Unemployment benefit spending and Marriage rateCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Marriage rate by country | -0.12 | -0.08 | 0.492 | 39 | independent |
| Unemployment benefit spending and Single-parent householdsCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Single-parent households by country | -0.16 | -0.08 | 0.515 | 31 | independent |
| Unemployment benefit spending and Wellbeing scoreCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Wellbeing score by country | +0.21 | +0.07 | 0.766 | 37 | high |
| Unemployment benefit spending and Informal employmentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Informal employment by country | -0.21 | -0.07 | 0.891 | 33 | proxy |
| Unemployment benefit spending and Government spending per capitaCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Government spending per capita by country | +0.28 | +0.07 | 0.569 | 39 | proxy |
| Unemployment benefit spending and Retirement age, womenAlmost no link either way. Retirement age, women by country | -0.07 | -0.07 | 0.780 | 38 | independent |
| Unemployment benefit spending and Political stabilityCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Political stability by country | +0.14 | +0.07 | 0.719 | 39 | moderate |
| Unemployment benefit spending and Vulnerable employmentAlmost no link either way. Vulnerable employment by country | -0.09 | +0.07 | 0.825 | 39 | proxy |
| Unemployment benefit spending and Muslim shareCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Muslim share by country | -0.10 | -0.07 | 0.450 | 39 | independent |
| Unemployment benefit spending and Health spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Health spending by country | +0.14 | +0.07 | 0.900 | 39 | independent |
| Unemployment benefit spending and Pupil-teacher ratioCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Pupil-teacher ratio by country | -0.16 | -0.07 | 0.603 | 37 | proxy |
| Unemployment benefit spending and Women in a unionAlmost no link either way. Women in a union by country | -0.02 | -0.07 | 0.755 | 39 | moderate |
| Unemployment benefit spending and UndernourishmentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Undernourishment by country | -0.10 | -0.06 | 0.450 | 38 | proxy |
| Unemployment benefit spending and Pre-trial detainee shareCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Pre-trial detainee share by country | +0.15 | +0.06 | 0.712 | 38 | independent |
| Unemployment benefit spending and Divorce rateCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Divorce rate by country | -0.16 | -0.06 | 0.763 | 39 | independent |
| Unemployment benefit spending and Trust in governmentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Trust in government by country | +0.23 | +0.06 | 0.831 | 39 | moderate |
| Unemployment benefit spending and Corruption Perceptions IndexCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Corruption Perceptions Index by country | +0.15 | -0.06 | 0.787 | 39 | high |
| Unemployment benefit spending and Alcohol consumptionCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Alcohol consumption by country | +0.11 | +0.06 | 0.719 | 39 | moderate |
| Unemployment benefit spending and Population growthCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Population growth by country | +0.21 | +0.06 | 0.884 | 39 | moderate |
| Unemployment benefit spending and Health coverage indexCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Health coverage index by country | +0.18 | +0.06 | 0.859 | 39 | proxy |
| Unemployment benefit spending and Gender Development IndexAlmost no link either way. Gender Development Index by country | -0.02 | -0.05 | 0.759 | 39 | high |
| Unemployment benefit spending and Tuberculosis incidenceAlmost no link either way. Tuberculosis incidence by country | -0.04 | +0.05 | 0.909 | 39 | high |
| Unemployment benefit spending and Interpersonal trustCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Interpersonal trust by country | +0.18 | +0.05 | 0.735 | 37 | high |
| Unemployment benefit spending and Children with one parentAlmost no link either way. Children with one parent by country | -0.01 | -0.05 | 0.892 | 35 | independent |
| Unemployment benefit spending and Religiously unaffiliatedCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Religiously unaffiliated by country | +0.10 | +0.05 | 0.459 | 39 | moderate |
| Unemployment benefit spending and Mean years of schoolingAlmost no link either way. Mean years of schooling by country | +0.08 | -0.05 | 0.750 | 39 | proxy |
| Unemployment benefit spending and Internet usersCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Internet users by country | +0.22 | +0.05 | 0.870 | 39 | proxy |
| Unemployment benefit spending and Control of corruptionCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Control of corruption by country | +0.16 | -0.04 | 0.869 | 39 | high |
| Unemployment benefit spending and Employment in agricultureCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Employment in agriculture by country | -0.20 | -0.04 | 0.862 | 39 | proxy |
| Unemployment benefit spending and Mobile subscriptionsAlmost no link either way. Mobile subscriptions by country | +0.01 | +0.04 | 0.879 | 39 | moderate |
| Unemployment benefit spending and Confidence in religious institutionsAlmost no link either way. Confidence in religious institutions by country | -0.06 | -0.04 | 0.920 | 37 | moderate |
| Unemployment benefit spending and Marriage rate (UN)Almost no link either way. Marriage rate (UN) by country | -0.04 | -0.04 | 0.740 | 39 | independent |
| Unemployment benefit spending and Female labor participationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Female labor participation by country | +0.12 | -0.03 | 0.804 | 39 | independent |
| Unemployment benefit spending and Protected landAlmost no link either way. Protected land by country | -0.10 | -0.03 | 0.873 | 39 | independent |
| Unemployment benefit spending and Government effectivenessCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Government effectiveness by country | +0.23 | +0.03 | 0.909 | 39 | proxy |
| Unemployment benefit spending and Environment scoreCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Environment score by country | -0.13 | -0.03 | 0.912 | 39 | moderate |
| Unemployment benefit spending and HIV prevalenceCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. HIV prevalence by country | -0.11 | +0.03 | 0.915 | 29 | moderate |
| Unemployment benefit spending and Compulsory schoolingAlmost no link either way. Compulsory schooling by country | +0.02 | +0.03 | 0.938 | 39 | moderate |
| Unemployment benefit spending and Secondary enrollmentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Secondary enrollment by country | +0.10 | +0.02 | 0.915 | 39 | high |
| Unemployment benefit spending and Labour scoreCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Labour score by country | +0.10 | -0.02 | 0.901 | 39 | high |
| Unemployment benefit spending and Trade opennessCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Trade openness by country | +0.15 | +0.02 | 0.960 | 39 | moderate |
| Unemployment benefit spending and Migrant share of populationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Migrant share of population by country | +0.18 | -0.01 | 0.971 | 39 | high |
| Unemployment benefit spending and PISA readingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. PISA reading by country | +0.12 | -0.01 | 0.938 | 39 | high |
| Unemployment benefit spending and Births outside marriageAlmost no link either way. Births outside marriage by country | +0.01 | +0.01 | 0.978 | 39 | independent |
| Unemployment benefit spending and Life satisfactionCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Life satisfaction by country | +0.14 | -0.01 | 0.985 | 39 | proxy |
| Unemployment benefit spending and GDP per capita (PPP)One side of this pair is national income itself, the thing the other figures adjust for. Adjusting income for income leaves nothing, so there is no adjusted figure. The unadjusted link shows how closely the other measure follows income. GDP per capita (PPP) by country | +0.22 | — | — | 39 | proxy |
| Unemployment benefit spending and GNI per capita (PPP)One side of this pair is national income itself, the thing the other figures adjust for. Adjusting income for income leaves nothing, so there is no adjusted figure. The unadjusted link shows how closely the other measure follows income. GNI per capita (PPP) by country | +0.24 | — | — | 39 | proxy |
| Unemployment benefit spending and GDP per capita (market)One side of this pair is national income itself, the thing the other figures adjust for. Adjusting income for income leaves nothing, so there is no adjusted figure. The unadjusted link shows how closely the other measure follows income. GDP per capita (market) by country | +0.17 | — | — | 39 | proxy |
Source
OECD · via Our World in Data
CC BY 4.0 (OECD terms and conditions) · licence terms · updated annual, except the snapshots noted per indicator
OECD databases as named on each indicator: PISA, Social Expenditure Database (SOCX), Income Distribution Database, Development Assistance Committee statistics, Family Database, Government at a Glance, Corporate Tax Statistics, employment and environment statistics