Unintended pregnancy rate
Unintended pregnancies per 1,000 women aged 15-49 (model estimate, 2015-2019)
Link with national income-0.69strongly income-linked
Links that hold up18of 173 pairs tested
Unitper 1,000 women aged 15-49higher is worse
SourceGUTTMACHERCC BY-NC 4.0
What this measures. The Guttmacher Institute's estimate of pregnancies that were not wanted then or not wanted at all, per 1,000 women aged 15 to 49, averaged over 2015-2019. Whether a pregnancy was intended comes from what women say in surveys, so it is an estimate built from those surveys and a statistical model. Each figure has a range: Uganda's is 145, but it could be from 123 to 169.
How it has moved
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Countries With the Highest Unintended Pregnancy Rates · Countries With the Lowest Unintended Pregnancy Rates
Every country, every year
One row per country and one column per year, sorted by the most recent value. Hover over any cell to see the figure. The country names link to each country’s page.
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Links that hold up
r is how closely two measures rise and fall together across countries, from −1 (opposite) to +1 (in step), where 0 means no link. These pairs are ranked by the link after adjusting for national income, which means comparing countries with the same GDP per person. Each pair passed three checks. The link held after that adjustment. It was unlikely to be chance (q of 0.05 or less), even allowing for countries in the same region being alike and for the many pairs tested. And the two are not just two measures of the same thing. Very small q values are written in short form: 8.0e-5 means 0.000080.
| Measure | Before adjusting | After adjusting | q | Countries | Tracks income? |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Abortion rate (legal, reported)Where Unintended pregnancy rate is higher, Abortion rate (legal, reported) tends to be higher: a strong link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Abortion rate (legal, reported) by country | +0.70 | +0.71 | 0.016 | 44 | independent |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Gini indexWhere Unintended pregnancy rate is higher, Gini index tends to be higher: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Gini index by country | +0.58 | +0.53 | 0.003 | 131 | moderate |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Old-age spendingWhere Unintended pregnancy rate is higher, Old-age spending tends to be lower: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Old-age spending by country | -0.56 | -0.52 | 0.045 | 37 | independent |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Equality scoreWhere Unintended pregnancy rate is higher, Equality score tends to be lower: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Equality score by country | -0.74 | -0.50 | 0.003 | 131 | high |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and African ancestryWhere Unintended pregnancy rate is higher, African ancestry tends to be higher: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. African ancestry by country | +0.74 | +0.49 | 0.020 | 129 | moderate |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Population 65+Where Unintended pregnancy rate is higher, Population 65+ tends to be lower: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Population 65+ by country | -0.74 | -0.44 | 0.014 | 142 | high |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Food insecurityWhere Unintended pregnancy rate is higher, Food insecurity tends to be higher: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Food insecurity by country | +0.74 | +0.44 | 0.006 | 126 | proxy |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Median ageWhere Unintended pregnancy rate is higher, Median age tends to be lower: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Median age by country | -0.75 | -0.44 | 0.009 | 142 | proxy |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Road traffic deathsWhere Unintended pregnancy rate is higher, Road traffic deaths tends to be higher: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Road traffic deaths by country | +0.69 | +0.40 | 0.012 | 140 | high |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Adolescent fertilityWhere Unintended pregnancy rate is higher, Adolescent fertility tends to be higher: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Adolescent fertility by country | +0.70 | +0.36 | 0.023 | 142 | proxy |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and UndernourishmentWhere Unintended pregnancy rate is higher, Undernourishment tends to be higher: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Undernourishment by country | +0.66 | +0.34 | 0.047 | 132 | proxy |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Population 0-14Where Unintended pregnancy rate is higher, Population 0-14 tends to be higher: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Population 0-14 by country | +0.71 | +0.33 | 0.007 | 142 | proxy |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Basic sanitationWhere Unintended pregnancy rate is higher, Basic sanitation tends to be lower: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Basic sanitation by country | -0.70 | -0.33 | 0.038 | 141 | high |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Inequality-adjusted HDIWhere Unintended pregnancy rate is higher, Inequality-adjusted HDI tends to be lower: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Inequality-adjusted HDI by country | -0.73 | -0.28 | 0.044 | 135 | proxy |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Tertiary enrollmentWhere Unintended pregnancy rate is higher, Tertiary enrollment tends to be lower: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Tertiary enrollment by country | -0.65 | -0.27 | 0.015 | 133 | high |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Birth rateWhere Unintended pregnancy rate is higher, Birth rate tends to be higher: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Birth rate by country | +0.68 | +0.25 | 0.011 | 142 | proxy |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Life expectancyWhere Unintended pregnancy rate is higher, Life expectancy tends to be lower: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Life expectancy by country | -0.66 | -0.20 | 0.034 | 142 | proxy |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Refugees originatingComparing only countries with similar income, Refugees originating tends to be lower where Unintended pregnancy rate is higher: the opposite of the unadjusted figure, which only showed the income gap between countries. Refugees originating by country | +0.03 | -0.17 | 0.026 | 141 | moderate |
Links that don’t count as findings
These go together strongly, but they are built from the same numbers or measure the same thing. So they are bound to match, or their match shows that the measures agree, not something about the world.
| Measure | Before adjusting | After adjusting | q | Countries | Tracks income? |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Abortion rate (estimate)Not an independent finding: one of these indices is built partly from the other, so their agreement is just arithmetic. Abortion rate (estimate) by country | +0.71 | +0.63 | 0.009 | 142 | moderate |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Unintended pregnancies ending in abortionNot an independent finding: one of these indices is built partly from the other, so their agreement is just arithmetic. Unintended pregnancies ending in abortion by country | -0.24 | -0.21 | 0.110 | 142 | independent |
How much the other measures account for
The 72 most widely reported measures boil down to a few broad patterns. This table shows how much of the differences between countries on this measure those patterns account for, adding one pattern at a time. The patterns are rebuilt without this measure, and without anything built from the same numbers or measuring the same thing. So it never predicts itself under another name. The figures use the 111 countries reporting all of them, and 72 candidate measures.
This shows how much it moves with the others. It does not explain anything. Measures that move together end up on the same pattern whether or not anything connects them. And the countries here are the best-documented ones. A high figure means this measure is largely predictable from the others, not that they produce it.
| Patterns used | Share of this measure accounted for | Added by this pattern |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 51% | — |
| 2 | 57% | +6% |
| 3 | 65% | +8% |
| 4 | 65% | +0% |
| 5 | 66% | +1% |
| 6 | 67% | +1% |
How it differs by category
This compares the measure across groups of countries, such as those sharing a main religion, instead of against another number. The figure is the share of the differences between countries on this measure that lies between the groups, on a scale from 0 to 1. It is shown before and after adjusting for national income.
The “between groups” figure runs from 0 (the groups are no different) to 1 (the groups explain all the differences between countries). Groups have no up or down, so this says how much the groups differ, never which way. For that, read the group averages. The figure also tends to rise when there are more groups. So to judge whether it could be chance (q), we shuffle the same labels among the same countries many times and see how often a figure this big turns up. Then we allow for the fact that many measures are checked at once, since with enough checks a few big figures turn up by luck alone. Groups with fewer than 12 countries are left out. And countries that share a label share a lot else. Adjusting for income rules out one third factor, but leaves language, region, legal tradition and history untouched.
| Grouped by | Between groups | After income | q | Groups at each end |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Last European coloniser | 0.35 | 0.30 | 0.077 | worst: France 79.8 · best: Never a European colony 53.8 per 1,000 women aged 15-49 |
| Largest religious group | 0.07 | 0.36 | 0.003 | worst: Christians 66.3 · best: Muslims 60.9 per 1,000 women aged 15-49 |
Every other pair
Everything else this measure was tested against, apart from the links that hold up and the pairs built from the same numbers. Sorted by the link after adjusting. Search by name; every column sorts. A small adjusted figure is a result too. It says the two do not move together once income is set aside.
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| Unintended pregnancy rate and RedistributionLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.47) could easily be chance. Redistribution by country | -0.73 | -0.47 | 0.076 | 40 | moderate |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Divorce rateCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Divorce rate by country | +0.35 | +0.47 | 0.090 | 38 | independent |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Births outside marriageComparing only countries with similar income it is still +0.47, but that could easily be chance once we allow for countries in the same region being alike. Births outside marriage by country | +0.55 | +0.47 | 0.062 | 36 | independent |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Gender Inequality IndexLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.46) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Gender Inequality Index by country | +0.75 | +0.46 | 0.110 | 137 | proxy |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Women in a unionAlmost no link either way. Women in a union by country | -0.03 | -0.43 | 0.133 | 142 | moderate |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Public social spendingLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.43) could easily be chance. Public social spending by country | -0.67 | -0.43 | 0.081 | 37 | moderate |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Single-parent householdsCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Single-parent households by country | +0.32 | +0.40 | 0.092 | 123 | independent |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Informal employmentLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.39) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Informal employment by country | +0.74 | +0.39 | 0.220 | 114 | proxy |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Christian shareCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Christian share by country | +0.26 | +0.39 | 0.108 | 142 | independent |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Tobacco useCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Tobacco use by country | -0.47 | -0.38 | 0.127 | 128 | independent |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and European ancestryLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.35) could easily be chance. European ancestry by country | -0.65 | -0.35 | 0.371 | 129 | moderate |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and HIV prevalenceCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. HIV prevalence by country | +0.41 | +0.35 | 0.253 | 120 | moderate |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Unemployment benefit spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Unemployment benefit spending by country | -0.42 | -0.35 | 0.260 | 34 | moderate |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Muslim shareAlmost no link either way. Muslim share by country | -0.01 | -0.34 | 0.068 | 142 | independent |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Homicide rateCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Homicide rate by country | +0.34 | +0.33 | 0.250 | 121 | moderate |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Labour scoreLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.33) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Labour score by country | -0.64 | -0.33 | 0.053 | 142 | high |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Fixed broadbandLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.31) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Fixed broadband by country | -0.70 | -0.31 | 0.152 | 142 | proxy |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Health scoreCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Health score by country | -0.33 | -0.30 | 0.143 | 140 | independent |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Religious attendanceLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.28) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Religious attendance by country | +0.62 | +0.28 | 0.084 | 85 | high |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and PISA mathsLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.28) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. PISA maths by country | -0.56 | -0.28 | 0.397 | 67 | high |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and UnemploymentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Unemployment by country | +0.19 | +0.28 | 0.410 | 142 | independent |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Slum share of urban populationLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.27) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Slum share of urban population by country | +0.65 | +0.27 | 0.129 | 139 | high |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Active labour market spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Active labour market spending by country | -0.46 | -0.27 | 0.200 | 37 | moderate |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Population growthLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.26) could easily be chance. Population growth by country | +0.61 | +0.26 | 0.144 | 142 | moderate |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Marriage rate (UN)Could easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Marriage rate (UN) by country | -0.12 | -0.24 | 0.226 | 72 | independent |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Extreme poverty rateLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.24) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Extreme poverty rate by country | +0.65 | +0.24 | 0.169 | 131 | proxy |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Hospital bedsLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.23) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Hospital beds by country | -0.51 | -0.23 | 0.183 | 128 | high |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and PhysiciansLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.22) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Physicians by country | -0.65 | -0.22 | 0.185 | 140 | proxy |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Life satisfactionLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.22) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Life satisfaction by country | -0.64 | -0.22 | 0.430 | 131 | proxy |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Forest areaCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Forest area by country | +0.10 | +0.22 | 0.084 | 141 | independent |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Female labor participationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Female labor participation by country | +0.20 | +0.22 | 0.193 | 142 | independent |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Age at childbearingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Age at childbearing by country | -0.42 | -0.22 | 0.216 | 142 | moderate |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Gender Development IndexCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Gender Development Index by country | -0.35 | +0.22 | 0.268 | 139 | high |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Out-of-pocket health spendingAlmost no link either way. Out-of-pocket health spending by country | +0.05 | -0.22 | 0.238 | 140 | moderate |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Infrastructure scoreLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.21) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Infrastructure score by country | -0.68 | -0.21 | 0.101 | 142 | proxy |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Frequent prayerLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.20) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Frequent prayer by country | +0.52 | +0.20 | 0.352 | 63 | high |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Hours workedLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.19) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Hours worked by country | +0.62 | +0.19 | 0.195 | 33 | high |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Environment scoreCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Environment score by country | +0.31 | +0.18 | 0.055 | 142 | independent |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Government expenseCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Government expense by country | -0.48 | -0.18 | 0.362 | 118 | moderate |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and ResearchersLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.18) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Researchers by country | -0.60 | -0.18 | 0.490 | 106 | proxy |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Indigenous American ancestryCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Indigenous American ancestry by country | +0.10 | +0.18 | 0.227 | 129 | independent |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Military spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Military spending by country | -0.17 | -0.17 | 0.109 | 127 | independent |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Trust in governmentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Trust in government by country | -0.21 | -0.16 | 0.775 | 42 | moderate |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and East Asian ancestryCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. East Asian ancestry by country | -0.17 | -0.16 | 0.357 | 129 | independent |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and PISA scienceLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.16) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. PISA science by country | -0.51 | -0.16 | 0.516 | 67 | high |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and DTP3 immunisationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. DTP3 immunisation by country | -0.43 | -0.16 | 0.367 | 140 | moderate |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Children with one parentAlmost no link either way. Children with one parent by country | +0.07 | +0.15 | 0.659 | 32 | independent |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Adult obesityCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Adult obesity by country | -0.15 | +0.15 | 0.461 | 141 | moderate |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Ethnic diversityCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Ethnic diversity by country | +0.38 | +0.15 | 0.213 | 122 | moderate |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Basic water accessLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.15) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Basic water access by country | -0.61 | -0.15 | 0.158 | 141 | proxy |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Freedom of expressionCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Freedom of expression by country | -0.10 | +0.14 | 0.264 | 137 | moderate |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Civil society participationAlmost no link either way. Civil society participation by country | -0.06 | +0.14 | 0.259 | 137 | independent |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Health spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Health spending by country | -0.39 | -0.14 | 0.185 | 140 | independent |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and UrbanizationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Urbanization by country | -0.40 | +0.14 | 0.142 | 142 | high |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and One-person householdsCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. One-person households by country | -0.41 | +0.14 | 0.388 | 123 | high |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Out of school, primaryCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Out of school, primary by country | +0.44 | +0.14 | 0.450 | 137 | moderate |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Women ministersAlmost no link either way. Women ministers by country | -0.08 | +0.14 | 0.104 | 140 | independent |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Marriage rateAlmost no link either way. Marriage rate by country | +0.10 | +0.14 | 0.712 | 39 | independent |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Birth registrationLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.13) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Birth registration by country | -0.54 | -0.13 | 0.305 | 133 | proxy |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Adult literacyCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Adult literacy by country | -0.37 | +0.13 | 0.706 | 103 | high |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Government consumptionCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Government consumption by country | -0.26 | -0.13 | 0.505 | 133 | independent |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Women's age at first marriage (census-based)Linked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.13) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Women's age at first marriage (census-based) by country | -0.54 | -0.13 | 0.596 | 136 | high |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Political civil libertiesCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Political civil liberties by country | -0.14 | +0.13 | 0.307 | 137 | moderate |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Fertility rateLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.13) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Fertility rate by country | +0.62 | +0.13 | 0.200 | 142 | proxy |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Pupil-teacher ratioLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.13) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Pupil-teacher ratio by country | +0.60 | +0.13 | 0.123 | 134 | proxy |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Conflict deathsAlmost no link either way. Conflict deaths by country | -0.06 | -0.12 | 0.357 | 140 | moderate |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Women in managementCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Women in management by country | -0.15 | +0.12 | 0.504 | 119 | moderate |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Freedom of associationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Freedom of association by country | -0.16 | +0.12 | 0.305 | 137 | moderate |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Trade opennessCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Trade openness by country | -0.32 | -0.12 | 0.342 | 132 | moderate |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Contraceptive use (modern methods)Could easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Contraceptive use (modern methods) by country | -0.23 | +0.12 | 0.285 | 120 | moderate |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Primary completionLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.12) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Primary completion by country | -0.57 | -0.12 | 0.394 | 135 | proxy |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Vulnerable employmentLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.11) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Vulnerable employment by country | +0.63 | +0.11 | 0.698 | 142 | proxy |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Wellbeing scoreLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.11) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Wellbeing score by country | -0.54 | -0.11 | 0.498 | 85 | high |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Religion very importantLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.11) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Religion very important by country | +0.52 | +0.11 | 0.359 | 85 | high |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Civil liberties (FH)Could easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Civil liberties (FH) by country | +0.33 | -0.11 | 0.310 | 142 | moderate |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Retirement age, menCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Retirement age, men by country | +0.27 | +0.11 | 0.783 | 41 | independent |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Infant mortalityLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.11) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Infant mortality by country | +0.59 | +0.11 | 0.444 | 140 | proxy |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Governance scoreCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Governance score by country | -0.32 | +0.10 | 0.262 | 139 | moderate |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Alcohol consumptionCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Alcohol consumption by country | -0.34 | +0.10 | 0.556 | 140 | moderate |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Tuberculosis incidenceCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Tuberculosis incidence by country | +0.41 | +0.10 | 0.754 | 142 | high |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Electoral democracyCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Electoral democracy by country | -0.32 | +0.10 | 0.339 | 137 | moderate |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Education scoreLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.10) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Education score by country | -0.61 | -0.10 | 0.676 | 141 | proxy |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Public order spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Public order spending by country | +0.27 | -0.10 | 0.758 | 33 | high |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Agricultural landCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Agricultural land by country | +0.10 | -0.10 | 0.642 | 142 | moderate |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Free and fair electionsCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Free and fair elections by country | -0.38 | +0.10 | 0.372 | 137 | high |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Regime typeCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Regime type by country | -0.33 | +0.09 | 0.227 | 137 | moderate |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Political stabilityCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Political stability by country | -0.37 | +0.09 | 0.556 | 142 | moderate |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Armed conflict presentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Armed conflict present by country | +0.35 | +0.09 | 0.512 | 140 | moderate |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and InflationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Inflation by country | +0.11 | +0.09 | 0.414 | 139 | independent |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Interpersonal trustCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Interpersonal trust by country | -0.44 | -0.09 | 0.721 | 85 | high |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Corporate tax rateCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Corporate tax rate by country | +0.32 | +0.09 | 0.520 | 63 | moderate |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Self-reported happinessCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Self-reported happiness by country | -0.22 | -0.09 | 0.545 | 85 | moderate |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Electricity use per personCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Electricity use per person by country | -0.46 | -0.09 | 0.723 | 142 | proxy |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Migrant share of populationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Migrant share of population by country | -0.48 | -0.08 | 0.437 | 142 | high |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Electricity accessLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Electricity access by country | -0.57 | -0.08 | 0.678 | 142 | high |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Contraceptive use (any method)Could easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Contraceptive use (any method) by country | -0.33 | +0.08 | 0.432 | 123 | moderate |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Pre-trial detainee shareCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Pre-trial detainee share by country | +0.28 | +0.08 | 0.791 | 128 | independent |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Secondary enrollmentLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Secondary enrollment by country | -0.57 | -0.08 | 0.642 | 138 | high |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Compulsory schoolingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Compulsory schooling by country | -0.32 | -0.08 | 0.557 | 133 | moderate |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Political rights (FH)Could easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Political rights (FH) by country | +0.33 | -0.07 | 0.517 | 142 | moderate |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Internet usersLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Internet users by country | -0.63 | -0.07 | 0.463 | 142 | proxy |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Primary enrollmentAlmost no link either way. Primary enrollment by country | +0.09 | +0.07 | 0.716 | 141 | independent |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Anaemia in womenCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Anaemia in women by country | +0.50 | +0.07 | 0.055 | 139 | high |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Skilled birth attendanceCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Skilled birth attendance by country | -0.42 | +0.07 | 0.765 | 135 | high |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and HDILinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. HDI by country | -0.66 | -0.07 | 0.796 | 141 | proxy |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Liberal democracyCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Liberal democracy by country | -0.36 | +0.07 | 0.267 | 137 | moderate |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Male labor participationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Male labor participation by country | +0.14 | +0.06 | 0.846 | 142 | independent |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Health coverage indexLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Health coverage index by country | -0.61 | -0.06 | 0.530 | 140 | proxy |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Political corruptionCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Political corruption by country | +0.41 | -0.06 | 0.601 | 137 | high |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Protected landAlmost no link either way. Protected land by country | -0.06 | +0.06 | 0.492 | 142 | independent |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Premature NCD mortalityCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Premature NCD mortality by country | +0.48 | +0.06 | 0.561 | 141 | high |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Child stuntingLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Child stunting by country | +0.52 | +0.06 | 0.726 | 124 | proxy |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Participatory democracyCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Participatory democracy by country | -0.35 | +0.06 | 0.561 | 137 | moderate |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Aid givenCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Aid given by country | -0.34 | +0.06 | 0.906 | 36 | high |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Regulatory qualityLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Regulatory quality by country | -0.56 | -0.05 | 0.831 | 142 | proxy |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and South Asian ancestryAlmost no link either way. South Asian ancestry by country | -0.02 | -0.05 | 0.768 | 129 | independent |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and FDI inflowsAlmost no link either way. FDI inflows by country | +0.06 | +0.05 | 0.723 | 141 | independent |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Youth not in work or studyCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Youth not in work or study by country | +0.40 | +0.05 | 0.757 | 136 | high |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Gender scoreCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Gender score by country | -0.26 | +0.05 | 0.648 | 140 | moderate |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Mean years of schoolingLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Mean years of schooling by country | -0.59 | -0.05 | 0.885 | 141 | proxy |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Women's political empowermentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Women's political empowerment by country | -0.36 | +0.05 | 0.736 | 137 | moderate |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Employment in agricultureLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Employment in agriculture by country | +0.56 | -0.05 | 0.743 | 142 | proxy |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Family benefits spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Family benefits spending by country | -0.30 | -0.05 | 0.901 | 37 | independent |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Rule of lawLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Rule of law by country | -0.52 | -0.04 | 0.817 | 142 | high |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Retirement age, womenAlmost no link either way. Retirement age, women by country | +0.06 | +0.04 | 0.928 | 41 | independent |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Expected schoolingLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Expected schooling by country | -0.54 | +0.04 | 0.721 | 141 | proxy |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and GDP growthCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. GDP growth by country | +0.17 | -0.04 | 0.668 | 142 | moderate |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Under-5 mortalityLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Under-5 mortality by country | +0.55 | +0.04 | 0.861 | 140 | proxy |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Government effectivenessLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Government effectiveness by country | -0.57 | -0.04 | 0.875 | 142 | proxy |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Market-income GiniCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Market-income Gini by country | +0.42 | +0.04 | 0.917 | 40 | moderate |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Education spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Education spending by country | -0.16 | +0.04 | 0.819 | 140 | independent |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Women in parliamentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Women in parliament by country | -0.24 | -0.03 | 0.817 | 140 | independent |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and CO2 per capitaCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. CO2 per capita by country | -0.50 | -0.03 | 0.814 | 140 | proxy |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and PISA readingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. PISA reading by country | -0.44 | -0.03 | 0.892 | 67 | high |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Maternal mortalityLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Maternal mortality by country | +0.50 | +0.03 | 0.912 | 141 | proxy |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Mobile subscriptionsCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Mobile subscriptions by country | -0.36 | +0.03 | 0.832 | 142 | moderate |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Confidence in religious institutionsCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Confidence in religious institutions by country | +0.38 | +0.03 | 0.832 | 85 | moderate |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Gender wage gapAlmost no link either way. Gender wage gap by country | +0.04 | +0.02 | 0.888 | 33 | independent |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Women's age at first marriageCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Women's age at first marriage by country | -0.24 | +0.02 | 0.954 | 34 | moderate |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Voice and accountabilityCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Voice and accountability by country | -0.43 | +0.02 | 0.568 | 142 | moderate |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Suicide rateCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Suicide rate by country | -0.24 | -0.02 | 0.900 | 141 | independent |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Religiously unaffiliatedCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Religiously unaffiliated by country | -0.35 | +0.02 | 0.936 | 142 | moderate |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Middle Eastern ancestryCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Middle Eastern ancestry by country | -0.10 | -0.02 | 0.943 | 129 | independent |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Government spending per capitaLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Government spending per capita by country | -0.60 | +0.01 | 0.978 | 38 | proxy |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Tax revenueCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Tax revenue by country | -0.24 | -0.01 | 0.949 | 118 | moderate |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Corruption Perceptions IndexCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Corruption Perceptions Index by country | -0.47 | +0.00 | 0.987 | 139 | high |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Recycling rateCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Recycling rate by country | -0.28 | -0.00 | 0.993 | 30 | moderate |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Divorce rate (UN)Almost no link either way. Divorce rate (UN) by country | -0.04 | +0.00 | 0.997 | 64 | independent |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Married by 18Could easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Married by 18 by country | +0.34 | -0.00 | 0.999 | 112 | moderate |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and Control of corruptionCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Control of corruption by country | -0.49 | +0.00 | 0.999 | 142 | high |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and GDP per capita (PPP)One side of this pair is national income itself, the thing the other figures adjust for. Adjusting income for income leaves nothing, so there is no adjusted figure. The unadjusted link shows how closely the other measure follows income. GDP per capita (PPP) by country | -0.61 | — | — | 142 | proxy |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and GNI per capita (PPP)One side of this pair is national income itself, the thing the other figures adjust for. Adjusting income for income leaves nothing, so there is no adjusted figure. The unadjusted link shows how closely the other measure follows income. GNI per capita (PPP) by country | -0.64 | — | — | 142 | proxy |
| Unintended pregnancy rate and GDP per capita (market)One side of this pair is national income itself, the thing the other figures adjust for. Adjusting income for income leaves nothing, so there is no adjusted figure. The unadjusted link shows how closely the other measure follows income. GDP per capita (market) by country | -0.53 | — | — | 142 | proxy |
Source
Guttmacher Institute (Bearak et al. 2022, BMJ Global Health)
CC BY-NC 4.0 · licence terms · updated one edition (2015-2019 estimates, published 2022)
Bearak, J. M., Popinchalk, A., Beavin, C. et al. (2022), 'Country-specific estimates of unintended pregnancy and abortion incidence: a global comparative analysis of levels in 2015-2019', BMJ Global Health 7(3), e007151. Guttmacher Institute. Supplementary appendix, tables A3-A5.