Old-age spending
Public spending on old-age benefits
Link with national income+0.17largely independent of national income
Links that hold up12of 155 pairs tested
Unit% of GDPhigher is neither better nor worse
SourceOECDCC BY 4.0 (OECD terms and conditions)
What this measures. Public pensions and other benefits for older people. It mostly reflects how old a country is and how its pensions are set up. That is why its strongest link is with the share of people aged 65 and over.
How it has moved
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Every country, every year
One row per country and one column per year, sorted by the most recent value. Hover over any cell to see the figure. The country names link to each country’s page.
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Links that hold up
r is how closely two measures rise and fall together across countries, from −1 (opposite) to +1 (in step), where 0 means no link. These pairs are ranked by the link after adjusting for national income, which means comparing countries with the same GDP per person. Each pair passed three checks. The link held after that adjustment. It was unlikely to be chance (q of 0.05 or less), even allowing for countries in the same region being alike and for the many pairs tested. And the two are not just two measures of the same thing. Very small q values are written in short form: 8.0e-5 means 0.000080.
| Measure | Before adjusting | After adjusting | q | Countries | Tracks income? |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Old-age spending and Male labor participationWhere Old-age spending is higher, Male labor participation tends to be lower: a strong link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Male labor participation by country | -0.77 | -0.76 | 0.001 | 42 | independent |
| Old-age spending and Government expenseWhere Old-age spending is higher, Government expense tends to be higher: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Government expense by country | +0.68 | +0.69 | 0.016 | 42 | moderate |
| Old-age spending and Population 65+Where Old-age spending is higher, Population 65+ tends to be higher: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Population 65+ by country | +0.69 | +0.68 | 0.015 | 42 | high |
| Old-age spending and Median ageWhere Old-age spending is higher, Median age tends to be higher: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Median age by country | +0.66 | +0.64 | 0.031 | 42 | proxy |
| Old-age spending and PhysiciansWhere Old-age spending is higher, Physicians tends to be higher: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Physicians by country | +0.57 | +0.55 | 0.004 | 42 | proxy |
| Old-age spending and One-person householdsWhere Old-age spending is higher, One-person households tends to be higher: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. One-person households by country | +0.52 | +0.50 | 0.009 | 34 | high |
| Old-age spending and Female labor participationWhere Old-age spending is higher, Female labor participation tends to be lower: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Female labor participation by country | -0.36 | -0.46 | 0.040 | 42 | independent |
| Old-age spending and Hours workedWhere Old-age spending is higher, Hours worked tends to be lower: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Hours worked by country | -0.33 | -0.45 | 0.035 | 36 | high |
| Old-age spending and Government spending per capitaWhere Old-age spending is higher, Government spending per capita tends to be higher: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Government spending per capita by country | +0.29 | +0.45 | 0.023 | 41 | proxy |
| Old-age spending and Health scoreWhere Old-age spending is higher, Health score tends to be higher: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Health score by country | +0.42 | +0.38 | 0.045 | 42 | moderate |
| Old-age spending and Adult obesityWhere Old-age spending is higher, Adult obesity tends to be lower: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Adult obesity by country | -0.41 | -0.38 | 0.046 | 42 | moderate |
| Old-age spending and Protected landWhere Old-age spending is higher, Protected land tends to be higher: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Protected land by country | +0.27 | +0.28 | 0.036 | 42 | independent |
Links that don’t count as findings
These go together strongly, but they are built from the same numbers or measure the same thing. So they are bound to match, or their match shows that the measures agree, not something about the world.
| Measure | Before adjusting | After adjusting | q | Countries | Tracks income? |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Old-age spending and Public social spendingNot an independent finding: one of these indices is built partly from the other, so their agreement is just arithmetic. Public social spending by country | +0.84 | +0.87 | 0.001 | 42 | moderate |
How much the other measures account for
The 71 most widely reported measures boil down to a few broad patterns. This table shows how much of the differences between countries on this measure those patterns account for, adding one pattern at a time. The patterns are rebuilt without this measure, and without anything built from the same numbers or measuring the same thing. So it never predicts itself under another name. The figures use the 41 countries reporting all of them, and 71 candidate measures.
This shows how much it moves with the others. It does not explain anything. Measures that move together end up on the same pattern whether or not anything connects them. And the countries here are the best-documented ones. A high figure means this measure is largely predictable from the others, not that they produce it.
| Patterns used | Share of this measure accounted for | Added by this pattern |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 11% | — |
| 2 | 27% | +16% |
| 3 | 27% | +0% |
| 4 | 30% | +2% |
| 5 | 33% | +3% |
| 6 | 43% | +10% |
Every other pair
Everything else this measure was tested against, apart from the links that hold up and the pairs built from the same numbers. Sorted by the link after adjusting. Search by name; every column sorts. A small adjusted figure is a result too. It says the two do not move together once income is set aside.
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| Old-age spending and RedistributionComparing only countries with similar income it is still +0.66, but that could easily be chance once we allow for countries in the same region being alike. Redistribution by country | +0.60 | +0.66 | 0.085 | 40 | moderate |
| Old-age spending and Informal employmentComparing only countries with similar income it is still -0.58, but that could easily be chance once we allow for countries in the same region being alike. Informal employment by country | -0.55 | -0.58 | 0.258 | 36 | proxy |
| Old-age spending and Retirement age, menComparing only countries with similar income it is still -0.56, but that could easily be chance once we allow for countries in the same region being alike. Retirement age, men by country | -0.54 | -0.56 | 0.105 | 39 | independent |
| Old-age spending and Retirement age, womenComparing only countries with similar income it is still -0.54, but that could easily be chance once we allow for countries in the same region being alike. Retirement age, women by country | -0.53 | -0.54 | 0.114 | 39 | independent |
| Old-age spending and Population 0-14Comparing only countries with similar income it is still -0.51, but that could easily be chance once we allow for countries in the same region being alike. Population 0-14 by country | -0.54 | -0.51 | 0.074 | 42 | proxy |
| Old-age spending and Women's age at first marriageCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Women's age at first marriage by country | +0.42 | +0.50 | 0.105 | 39 | moderate |
| Old-age spending and Food insecurityCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Food insecurity by country | -0.44 | -0.48 | 0.089 | 41 | proxy |
| Old-age spending and Slum share of urban populationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Slum share of urban population by country | -0.49 | -0.47 | 0.169 | 41 | high |
| Old-age spending and Under-5 mortalityCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Under-5 mortality by country | -0.45 | -0.46 | 0.082 | 42 | proxy |
| Old-age spending and Infant mortalityCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Infant mortality by country | -0.45 | -0.45 | 0.079 | 42 | proxy |
| Old-age spending and Birth rateCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Birth rate by country | -0.47 | -0.45 | 0.097 | 42 | proxy |
| Old-age spending and Population growthCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Population growth by country | -0.36 | -0.43 | 0.091 | 42 | moderate |
| Old-age spending and Tobacco useCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Tobacco use by country | +0.40 | +0.41 | 0.137 | 42 | independent |
| Old-age spending and GDP growthCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. GDP growth by country | -0.38 | -0.40 | 0.135 | 42 | moderate |
| Old-age spending and Birth registrationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Birth registration by country | +0.41 | +0.39 | 0.057 | 41 | proxy |
| Old-age spending and Fixed broadbandCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Fixed broadband by country | +0.40 | +0.38 | 0.169 | 42 | proxy |
| Old-age spending and Pre-trial detainee shareCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Pre-trial detainee share by country | -0.34 | -0.38 | 0.241 | 41 | independent |
| Old-age spending and Gender Inequality IndexCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Gender Inequality Index by country | -0.37 | -0.38 | 0.193 | 42 | proxy |
| Old-age spending and Market-income GiniCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Market-income Gini by country | +0.37 | +0.38 | 0.071 | 40 | moderate |
| Old-age spending and Government consumptionCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Government consumption by country | +0.39 | +0.36 | 0.088 | 42 | independent |
| Old-age spending and Electricity accessCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Electricity access by country | +0.39 | +0.35 | 0.354 | 42 | high |
| Old-age spending and Child stuntingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Child stunting by country | -0.38 | -0.35 | 0.273 | 25 | proxy |
| Old-age spending and Tuberculosis incidenceCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Tuberculosis incidence by country | -0.38 | -0.34 | 0.152 | 42 | high |
| Old-age spending and Tax revenueCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Tax revenue by country | +0.37 | +0.34 | 0.055 | 41 | moderate |
| Old-age spending and Primary completionCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Primary completion by country | +0.37 | +0.33 | 0.163 | 41 | proxy |
| Old-age spending and Infrastructure scoreCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Infrastructure score by country | +0.35 | +0.33 | 0.261 | 42 | proxy |
| Old-age spending and Vulnerable employmentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Vulnerable employment by country | -0.35 | -0.32 | 0.169 | 42 | proxy |
| Old-age spending and UrbanizationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Urbanization by country | -0.27 | -0.32 | 0.179 | 42 | high |
| Old-age spending and Environment scoreCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Environment score by country | +0.25 | +0.31 | 0.070 | 42 | moderate |
| Old-age spending and Equality scoreCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Equality score by country | +0.36 | +0.31 | 0.065 | 41 | high |
| Old-age spending and Gini indexCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Gini index by country | -0.36 | -0.31 | 0.075 | 41 | moderate |
| Old-age spending and Inequality-adjusted HDICould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Inequality-adjusted HDI by country | +0.32 | +0.31 | 0.152 | 42 | proxy |
| Old-age spending and ResearchersCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Researchers by country | +0.27 | +0.31 | 0.403 | 40 | proxy |
| Old-age spending and UnemploymentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Unemployment by country | +0.27 | +0.30 | 0.082 | 42 | independent |
| Old-age spending and Employment in agricultureCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Employment in agriculture by country | -0.33 | -0.30 | 0.126 | 42 | proxy |
| Old-age spending and Active labour market spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Active labour market spending by country | +0.34 | +0.30 | 0.069 | 42 | moderate |
| Old-age spending and Internet usersAlmost no link either way. Internet users by country | -0.04 | -0.29 | 0.299 | 42 | proxy |
| Old-age spending and Homicide rateCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Homicide rate by country | -0.34 | -0.29 | 0.092 | 42 | moderate |
| Old-age spending and Maternal mortalityCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Maternal mortality by country | -0.33 | -0.29 | 0.157 | 42 | proxy |
| Old-age spending and Aid givenAlmost no link either way. Aid given by country | +0.08 | +0.29 | 0.204 | 37 | high |
| Old-age spending and Basic sanitationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Basic sanitation by country | +0.33 | +0.29 | 0.207 | 42 | high |
| Old-age spending and Pupil-teacher ratioCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Pupil-teacher ratio by country | -0.35 | -0.29 | 0.059 | 40 | proxy |
| Old-age spending and Women in a unionCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Women in a union by country | +0.30 | +0.28 | 0.087 | 42 | moderate |
| Old-age spending and Women's political empowermentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Women's political empowerment by country | +0.32 | +0.28 | 0.219 | 42 | moderate |
| Old-age spending and Health spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Health spending by country | +0.32 | +0.27 | 0.367 | 42 | independent |
| Old-age spending and UndernourishmentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Undernourishment by country | -0.33 | -0.27 | 0.274 | 41 | proxy |
| Old-age spending and Road traffic deathsCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Road traffic deaths by country | -0.32 | -0.27 | 0.304 | 42 | high |
| Old-age spending and CO2 per capitaCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. CO2 per capita by country | -0.14 | -0.27 | 0.491 | 42 | proxy |
| Old-age spending and Unemployment benefit spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Unemployment benefit spending by country | +0.25 | +0.27 | 0.203 | 39 | moderate |
| Old-age spending and Armed conflict presentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Armed conflict present by country | -0.32 | -0.27 | 0.227 | 42 | moderate |
| Old-age spending and Forest areaCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Forest area by country | +0.19 | +0.26 | 0.156 | 42 | independent |
| Old-age spending and Adolescent fertilityCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Adolescent fertility by country | -0.30 | -0.26 | 0.258 | 42 | proxy |
| Old-age spending and Tertiary enrollmentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Tertiary enrollment by country | +0.25 | +0.25 | 0.463 | 42 | high |
| Old-age spending and Family benefits spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Family benefits spending by country | +0.28 | +0.24 | 0.114 | 42 | independent |
| Old-age spending and Gender wage gapCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Gender wage gap by country | -0.24 | -0.24 | 0.264 | 38 | independent |
| Old-age spending and Youth not in work or studyCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Youth not in work or study by country | -0.30 | -0.24 | 0.196 | 41 | high |
| Old-age spending and Fertility rateCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Fertility rate by country | -0.24 | -0.21 | 0.396 | 42 | proxy |
| Old-age spending and Self-reported happinessCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Self-reported happiness by country | -0.11 | -0.20 | 0.246 | 40 | moderate |
| Old-age spending and Age at childbearingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Age at childbearing by country | +0.27 | +0.20 | 0.601 | 42 | moderate |
| Old-age spending and Voice and accountabilityCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Voice and accountability by country | +0.27 | +0.20 | 0.431 | 42 | moderate |
| Old-age spending and Primary enrollmentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Primary enrollment by country | +0.14 | +0.20 | 0.262 | 42 | independent |
| Old-age spending and Alcohol consumptionCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Alcohol consumption by country | +0.25 | +0.20 | 0.207 | 42 | moderate |
| Old-age spending and HDICould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. HDI by country | +0.26 | +0.20 | 0.516 | 42 | proxy |
| Old-age spending and Single-parent householdsCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Single-parent households by country | -0.26 | -0.20 | 0.160 | 34 | independent |
| Old-age spending and Migrant share of populationAlmost no link either way. Migrant share of population by country | -0.02 | -0.19 | 0.301 | 42 | high |
| Old-age spending and Christian shareCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Christian share by country | +0.13 | +0.18 | 0.392 | 42 | independent |
| Old-age spending and Corporate tax rateCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Corporate tax rate by country | +0.16 | +0.17 | 0.711 | 40 | moderate |
| Old-age spending and InflationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Inflation by country | -0.19 | -0.16 | 0.579 | 42 | independent |
| Old-age spending and Extreme poverty rateCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Extreme poverty rate by country | -0.23 | -0.16 | 0.066 | 41 | proxy |
| Old-age spending and Political rights (FH)Could easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Political rights (FH) by country | -0.22 | -0.16 | 0.341 | 42 | moderate |
| Old-age spending and PISA mathsCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. PISA maths by country | +0.24 | +0.15 | 0.600 | 42 | high |
| Old-age spending and Civil liberties (FH)Could easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Civil liberties (FH) by country | -0.22 | -0.15 | 0.473 | 42 | moderate |
| Old-age spending and Skilled birth attendanceCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Skilled birth attendance by country | +0.19 | +0.15 | 0.112 | 35 | high |
| Old-age spending and Conflict deathsCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Conflict deaths by country | -0.22 | -0.15 | 0.116 | 42 | moderate |
| Old-age spending and Political civil libertiesCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Political civil liberties by country | +0.21 | +0.15 | 0.555 | 42 | moderate |
| Old-age spending and Hospital bedsCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Hospital beds by country | +0.16 | +0.15 | 0.522 | 42 | high |
| Old-age spending and Governance scoreCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Governance score by country | +0.22 | +0.14 | 0.561 | 42 | moderate |
| Old-age spending and Gender Development IndexCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Gender Development Index by country | +0.17 | +0.14 | 0.611 | 42 | high |
| Old-age spending and Free and fair electionsCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Free and fair elections by country | +0.21 | +0.14 | 0.700 | 42 | high |
| Old-age spending and PISA scienceCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. PISA science by country | +0.21 | +0.13 | 0.654 | 42 | high |
| Old-age spending and Civil society participationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Civil society participation by country | +0.21 | +0.13 | 0.617 | 42 | independent |
| Old-age spending and Life expectancyCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Life expectancy by country | +0.21 | +0.13 | 0.749 | 42 | proxy |
| Old-age spending and Basic water accessCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Basic water access by country | +0.17 | +0.13 | 0.342 | 42 | proxy |
| Old-age spending and Rule of lawCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Rule of law by country | +0.22 | +0.13 | 0.531 | 42 | high |
| Old-age spending and Divorce rate (UN)Could easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Divorce rate (UN) by country | +0.13 | +0.12 | 0.429 | 39 | independent |
| Old-age spending and Political corruptionCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Political corruption by country | -0.21 | -0.12 | 0.627 | 42 | high |
| Old-age spending and Religious attendanceCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Religious attendance by country | -0.17 | -0.12 | 0.342 | 40 | high |
| Old-age spending and Freedom of associationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Freedom of association by country | +0.18 | +0.12 | 0.465 | 42 | moderate |
| Old-age spending and Expected schoolingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Expected schooling by country | +0.17 | +0.12 | 0.594 | 42 | proxy |
| Old-age spending and Health coverage indexAlmost no link either way. Health coverage index by country | +0.01 | -0.12 | 0.719 | 42 | proxy |
| Old-age spending and Suicide rateCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Suicide rate by country | +0.17 | +0.11 | 0.676 | 42 | independent |
| Old-age spending and Recycling rateAlmost no link either way. Recycling rate by country | +0.07 | +0.11 | 0.817 | 35 | moderate |
| Old-age spending and Trade opennessAlmost no link either way. Trade openness by country | +0.01 | -0.10 | 0.750 | 42 | moderate |
| Old-age spending and Mobile subscriptionsCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Mobile subscriptions by country | -0.12 | -0.10 | 0.564 | 42 | moderate |
| Old-age spending and Agricultural landCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Agricultural land by country | +0.11 | +0.10 | 0.668 | 42 | independent |
| Old-age spending and Electoral democracyCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Electoral democracy by country | +0.17 | +0.09 | 0.761 | 42 | moderate |
| Old-age spending and Divorce rateAlmost no link either way. Divorce rate by country | -0.10 | -0.09 | 0.556 | 41 | independent |
| Old-age spending and Labour scoreCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Labour score by country | +0.19 | +0.09 | 0.702 | 42 | high |
| Old-age spending and Government effectivenessAlmost no link either way. Government effectiveness by country | +0.10 | -0.09 | 0.755 | 42 | proxy |
| Old-age spending and Premature NCD mortalityAlmost no link either way. Premature NCD mortality by country | +0.01 | +0.08 | 0.838 | 42 | high |
| Old-age spending and Refugees originatingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Refugees originating by country | -0.12 | -0.08 | 0.704 | 42 | moderate |
| Old-age spending and Liberal democracyCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Liberal democracy by country | +0.16 | +0.08 | 0.786 | 42 | moderate |
| Old-age spending and Participatory democracyCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Participatory democracy by country | +0.16 | +0.08 | 0.792 | 42 | moderate |
| Old-age spending and Marriage rate (UN)Almost no link either way. Marriage rate (UN) by country | -0.05 | -0.08 | 0.763 | 41 | independent |
| Old-age spending and Children with one parentAlmost no link either way. Children with one parent by country | -0.09 | -0.08 | 0.701 | 36 | independent |
| Old-age spending and Religion very importantCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Religion very important by country | -0.14 | -0.08 | 0.563 | 40 | high |
| Old-age spending and Regulatory qualityAlmost no link either way. Regulatory quality by country | +0.10 | -0.07 | 0.768 | 42 | proxy |
| Old-age spending and FDI inflowsAlmost no link either way. FDI inflows by country | +0.00 | +0.07 | 0.491 | 42 | independent |
| Old-age spending and Freedom of expressionCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Freedom of expression by country | +0.13 | +0.07 | 0.818 | 42 | moderate |
| Old-age spending and HIV prevalenceCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. HIV prevalence by country | -0.15 | -0.06 | 0.787 | 32 | moderate |
| Old-age spending and Muslim shareAlmost no link either way. Muslim share by country | -0.07 | -0.06 | 0.736 | 42 | independent |
| Old-age spending and Out-of-pocket health spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Out-of-pocket health spending by country | -0.15 | -0.06 | 0.716 | 42 | moderate |
| Old-age spending and Education scoreCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Education score by country | +0.12 | +0.05 | 0.760 | 42 | proxy |
| Old-age spending and Regime typeCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Regime type by country | +0.13 | +0.05 | 0.861 | 42 | moderate |
| Old-age spending and Life satisfactionAlmost no link either way. Life satisfaction by country | +0.05 | -0.05 | 0.785 | 42 | proxy |
| Old-age spending and Gender scoreAlmost no link either way. Gender score by country | +0.07 | +0.05 | 0.859 | 42 | moderate |
| Old-age spending and Religiously unaffiliatedAlmost no link either way. Religiously unaffiliated by country | +0.01 | -0.05 | 0.830 | 42 | moderate |
| Old-age spending and Women ministersAlmost no link either way. Women ministers by country | +0.08 | +0.05 | 0.735 | 42 | independent |
| Old-age spending and DTP3 immunisationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. DTP3 immunisation by country | +0.11 | +0.05 | 0.454 | 42 | moderate |
| Old-age spending and Out of school, primaryAlmost no link either way. Out of school, primary by country | -0.09 | -0.05 | 0.793 | 42 | moderate |
| Old-age spending and PISA readingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. PISA reading by country | +0.15 | +0.04 | 0.892 | 42 | high |
| Old-age spending and Mean years of schoolingAlmost no link either way. Mean years of schooling by country | +0.08 | -0.04 | 0.753 | 42 | proxy |
| Old-age spending and Corruption Perceptions IndexCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Corruption Perceptions Index by country | +0.11 | -0.04 | 0.874 | 42 | high |
| Old-age spending and Anaemia in womenAlmost no link either way. Anaemia in women by country | -0.03 | +0.04 | 0.943 | 42 | high |
| Old-age spending and Education spendingAlmost no link either way. Education spending by country | +0.07 | +0.04 | 0.865 | 42 | independent |
| Old-age spending and Marriage rateAlmost no link either way. Marriage rate by country | -0.03 | -0.04 | 0.900 | 41 | independent |
| Old-age spending and Trust in governmentAlmost no link either way. Trust in government by country | +0.09 | -0.03 | 0.803 | 42 | moderate |
| Old-age spending and Confidence in religious institutionsAlmost no link either way. Confidence in religious institutions by country | -0.07 | -0.03 | 0.576 | 40 | moderate |
| Old-age spending and Political stabilityAlmost no link either way. Political stability by country | +0.07 | -0.03 | 0.875 | 42 | moderate |
| Old-age spending and Secondary enrollmentAlmost no link either way. Secondary enrollment by country | +0.07 | +0.02 | 0.879 | 42 | high |
| Old-age spending and Wellbeing scoreCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Wellbeing score by country | +0.11 | +0.02 | 0.937 | 40 | high |
| Old-age spending and Interpersonal trustCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Interpersonal trust by country | +0.12 | +0.01 | 0.936 | 40 | high |
| Old-age spending and Compulsory schoolingAlmost no link either way. Compulsory schooling by country | -0.04 | +0.01 | 0.971 | 42 | moderate |
| Old-age spending and Military spendingAlmost no link either way. Military spending by country | -0.02 | +0.01 | 0.975 | 40 | independent |
| Old-age spending and Control of corruptionCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Control of corruption by country | +0.15 | +0.01 | 0.969 | 42 | high |
| Old-age spending and Women in parliamentAlmost no link either way. Women in parliament by country | +0.02 | +0.01 | 0.975 | 42 | independent |
| Old-age spending and Women in managementAlmost no link either way. Women in management by country | -0.04 | -0.01 | 0.959 | 39 | moderate |
| Old-age spending and Births outside marriageAlmost no link either way. Births outside marriage by country | +0.00 | +0.01 | 0.987 | 40 | independent |
| Old-age spending and Public order spendingAlmost no link either way. Public order spending by country | +0.01 | +0.01 | 0.984 | 37 | high |
| Old-age spending and GDP per capita (PPP)One side of this pair is national income itself, the thing the other figures adjust for. Adjusting income for income leaves nothing, so there is no adjusted figure. The unadjusted link shows how closely the other measure follows income. GDP per capita (PPP) by country | +0.03 | — | — | 42 | proxy |
| Old-age spending and GNI per capita (PPP)One side of this pair is national income itself, the thing the other figures adjust for. Adjusting income for income leaves nothing, so there is no adjusted figure. The unadjusted link shows how closely the other measure follows income. GNI per capita (PPP) by country | +0.15 | — | — | 42 | proxy |
| Old-age spending and GDP per capita (market)One side of this pair is national income itself, the thing the other figures adjust for. Adjusting income for income leaves nothing, so there is no adjusted figure. The unadjusted link shows how closely the other measure follows income. GDP per capita (market) by country | -0.04 | — | — | 42 | proxy |
Source
OECD · via Our World in Data
CC BY 4.0 (OECD terms and conditions) · licence terms · updated annual, except the snapshots noted per indicator
OECD databases as named on each indicator: PISA, Social Expenditure Database (SOCX), Income Distribution Database, Development Assistance Committee statistics, Family Database, Government at a Glance, Corporate Tax Statistics, employment and environment statistics