Under-5 mortality
Mortality rate, under-5 (per 1,000 live births)
Link with national income-0.86essentially a measure of national income
Links that hold up19of 158 pairs tested
Unitper 1,000 live birthshigher is worse
SourceWDICC BY 4.0
How it has moved
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Every country, every year
One row per country and one column per year, sorted by the most recent value. Hover over any cell to see the figure. The country names link to each country’s page.
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Links that hold up
r is how closely two measures rise and fall together across countries, from −1 (opposite) to +1 (in step), where 0 means no link. These pairs are ranked by the link after adjusting for national income, which means comparing countries with the same GDP per person. Each pair passed three checks. The link held after that adjustment. It was unlikely to be chance (q of 0.05 or less), even allowing for countries in the same region being alike and for the many pairs tested. And the two are not just two measures of the same thing. Very small q values are written in short form: 8.0e-5 means 0.000080.
| Measure | Before adjusting | After adjusting | q | Countries | Tracks income? |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Under-5 mortality and Maternal mortalityWhere Under-5 mortality is higher, Maternal mortality tends to be higher: a strong link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Maternal mortality by country | +0.88 | +0.74 | 0.003 | 186 | proxy |
| Under-5 mortality and Electricity accessWhere Under-5 mortality is higher, Electricity access tends to be lower: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Electricity access by country | -0.83 | -0.60 | 0.008 | 187 | high |
| Under-5 mortality and Birth rateWhere Under-5 mortality is higher, Birth rate tends to be higher: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Birth rate by country | +0.86 | +0.60 | 0.023 | 188 | proxy |
| Under-5 mortality and Fertility rateWhere Under-5 mortality is higher, Fertility rate tends to be higher: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Fertility rate by country | +0.85 | +0.59 | 0.017 | 188 | proxy |
| Under-5 mortality and Basic sanitationWhere Under-5 mortality is higher, Basic sanitation tends to be lower: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Basic sanitation by country | -0.84 | -0.58 | 0.018 | 186 | high |
| Under-5 mortality and Adult literacyWhere Under-5 mortality is higher, Adult literacy tends to be lower: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Adult literacy by country | -0.81 | -0.57 | 0.008 | 131 | high |
| Under-5 mortality and Skilled birth attendanceWhere Under-5 mortality is higher, Skilled birth attendance tends to be lower: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Skilled birth attendance by country | -0.78 | -0.53 | 0.001 | 176 | high |
| Under-5 mortality and Adolescent fertilityWhere Under-5 mortality is higher, Adolescent fertility tends to be higher: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Adolescent fertility by country | +0.80 | +0.52 | 0.005 | 188 | proxy |
| Under-5 mortality and Basic water accessWhere Under-5 mortality is higher, Basic water access tends to be lower: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Basic water access by country | -0.81 | -0.52 | 0.015 | 186 | proxy |
| Under-5 mortality and Education scoreWhere Under-5 mortality is higher, Education score tends to be lower: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Education score by country | -0.82 | -0.52 | 0.016 | 185 | proxy |
| Under-5 mortality and Health coverage indexWhere Under-5 mortality is higher, Health coverage index tends to be lower: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Health coverage index by country | -0.84 | -0.51 | 0.007 | 186 | proxy |
| Under-5 mortality and Infrastructure scoreWhere Under-5 mortality is higher, Infrastructure score tends to be lower: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Infrastructure score by country | -0.85 | -0.51 | 0.039 | 186 | proxy |
| Under-5 mortality and Primary completionWhere Under-5 mortality is higher, Primary completion tends to be lower: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Primary completion by country | -0.79 | -0.47 | 0.014 | 161 | proxy |
| Under-5 mortality and Birth registrationWhere Under-5 mortality is higher, Birth registration tends to be lower: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Birth registration by country | -0.72 | -0.40 | 0.021 | 166 | proxy |
| Under-5 mortality and Anaemia in womenWhere Under-5 mortality is higher, Anaemia in women tends to be higher: a moderate link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Anaemia in women by country | +0.70 | +0.40 | 0.034 | 185 | high |
| Under-5 mortality and Married by 18Where Under-5 mortality is higher, Married by 18 tends to be higher: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Married by 18 by country | +0.66 | +0.40 | 0.012 | 136 | moderate |
| Under-5 mortality and Secondary enrollmentWhere Under-5 mortality is higher, Secondary enrollment tends to be lower: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Secondary enrollment by country | -0.75 | -0.36 | 0.012 | 179 | high |
| Under-5 mortality and Out of school, primaryWhere Under-5 mortality is higher, Out of school, primary tends to be higher: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Out of school, primary by country | +0.58 | +0.35 | 0.002 | 178 | moderate |
| Under-5 mortality and Mean years of schoolingWhere Under-5 mortality is higher, Mean years of schooling tends to be lower: a weak link that holds when only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Mean years of schooling by country | -0.75 | -0.31 | 0.028 | 186 | proxy |
Links that don’t count as findings
These go together strongly, but they are built from the same numbers or measure the same thing. So they are bound to match, or their match shows that the measures agree, not something about the world.
| Measure | Before adjusting | After adjusting | q | Countries | Tracks income? |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Under-5 mortality and Infant mortalityTwo ways of measuring the same thing, so their agreement tells you about measurement, not about the world. Infant mortality by country | +0.98 | +0.94 | 0.000 | 188 | proxy |
| Under-5 mortality and Health scoreNot an independent finding: one of these indices is built partly from the other, so their agreement is just arithmetic. Health score by country | -0.23 | +0.01 | 0.964 | 186 | moderate |
How much the other measures account for
The 71 most widely reported measures boil down to a few broad patterns. This table shows how much of the differences between countries on this measure those patterns account for, adding one pattern at a time. The patterns are rebuilt without this measure, and without anything built from the same numbers or measuring the same thing. So it never predicts itself under another name. The figures use the 133 countries reporting all of them, and 69 candidate measures.
This shows how much it moves with the others. It does not explain anything. Measures that move together end up on the same pattern whether or not anything connects them. And the countries here are the best-documented ones. A high figure means this measure is largely predictable from the others, not that they produce it.
| Patterns used | Share of this measure accounted for | Added by this pattern |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 76% | — |
| 2 | 80% | +3% |
| 3 | 85% | +6% |
| 4 | 86% | +0% |
| 5 | 86% | +0% |
| 6 | 87% | +1% |
This measure sits on the pattern all the measures share, which is national income under another name.
How it differs by category
This compares the measure across groups of countries, such as those sharing a main religion, instead of against another number. The figure is the share of the differences between countries on this measure that lies between the groups, on a scale from 0 to 1. It is shown before and after adjusting for national income.
The “between groups” figure runs from 0 (the groups are no different) to 1 (the groups explain all the differences between countries). Groups have no up or down, so this says how much the groups differ, never which way. For that, read the group averages. The figure also tends to rise when there are more groups. So to judge whether it could be chance (q), we shuffle the same labels among the same countries many times and see how often a figure this big turns up. Then we allow for the fact that many measures are checked at once, since with enough checks a few big figures turn up by luck alone. Groups with fewer than 12 countries are left out. And countries that share a label share a lot else. Adjusting for income rules out one third factor, but leaves language, region, legal tradition and history untouched.
| Grouped by | Between groups | After income | q | Groups at each end |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Last European coloniser | 0.45 | 0.26 | 0.073 | worst: France 51.2 · best: Spain 17.6 per 1,000 live births |
| Largest religious group | 0.23 | 0.15 | 0.081 | worst: Muslims 34.8 · best: Christians 22 per 1,000 live births |
Every other pair
Everything else this measure was tested against, apart from the links that hold up and the pairs built from the same numbers. Sorted by the link after adjusting. Search by name; every column sorts. A small adjusted figure is a result too. It says the two do not move together once income is set aside.
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| Under-5 mortality and Life expectancyLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.63) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Life expectancy by country | -0.87 | -0.63 | 0.069 | 188 | proxy |
| Under-5 mortality and HDILinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.56) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. HDI by country | -0.85 | -0.56 | 0.060 | 186 | proxy |
| Under-5 mortality and Public social spendingComparing only countries with similar income it is still -0.52, but that could easily be chance once we allow for countries in the same region being alike. Public social spending by country | -0.65 | -0.52 | 0.074 | 42 | moderate |
| Under-5 mortality and Family benefits spendingComparing only countries with similar income it is still -0.49, but that could easily be chance once we allow for countries in the same region being alike. Family benefits spending by country | -0.57 | -0.49 | 0.098 | 42 | independent |
| Under-5 mortality and Recycling rateComparing only countries with similar income it is still -0.48, but that could easily be chance once we allow for countries in the same region being alike. Recycling rate by country | -0.62 | -0.48 | 0.165 | 35 | moderate |
| Under-5 mortality and Inequality-adjusted HDILinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.47) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Inequality-adjusted HDI by country | -0.85 | -0.47 | 0.058 | 166 | proxy |
| Under-5 mortality and Old-age spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Old-age spending by country | -0.45 | -0.46 | 0.082 | 42 | independent |
| Under-5 mortality and Population 0-14Linked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.45) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Population 0-14 by country | +0.82 | +0.45 | 0.078 | 188 | proxy |
| Under-5 mortality and Market-income GiniLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.42) could easily be chance. Market-income Gini by country | +0.60 | +0.42 | 0.391 | 45 | moderate |
| Under-5 mortality and Unemployment benefit spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Unemployment benefit spending by country | -0.48 | -0.41 | 0.125 | 39 | moderate |
| Under-5 mortality and Food insecurityLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.41) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Food insecurity by country | +0.81 | +0.41 | 0.114 | 155 | proxy |
| Under-5 mortality and Extreme poverty rateLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.41) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Extreme poverty rate by country | +0.76 | +0.41 | 0.076 | 163 | proxy |
| Under-5 mortality and Slum share of urban populationLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.39) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Slum share of urban population by country | +0.74 | +0.39 | 0.066 | 179 | high |
| Under-5 mortality and Women's age at first marriageComparing only countries with similar income it is still -0.38, but that could easily be chance once we allow for countries in the same region being alike. Women's age at first marriage by country | -0.53 | -0.38 | 0.231 | 40 | moderate |
| Under-5 mortality and Trust in governmentAlmost no link either way. Trust in government by country | +0.03 | +0.37 | 0.176 | 47 | moderate |
| Under-5 mortality and Tobacco useCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Tobacco use by country | -0.37 | -0.37 | 0.143 | 164 | independent |
| Under-5 mortality and Gender Inequality IndexLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.36) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Gender Inequality Index by country | +0.80 | +0.36 | 0.168 | 169 | proxy |
| Under-5 mortality and Population growthLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.35) could easily be chance. Population growth by country | +0.54 | +0.35 | 0.203 | 188 | moderate |
| Under-5 mortality and Internet usersLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.34) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Internet users by country | -0.79 | -0.34 | 0.152 | 187 | proxy |
| Under-5 mortality and Gender Development IndexLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.33) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Gender Development Index by country | -0.66 | -0.33 | 0.424 | 179 | high |
| Under-5 mortality and Pupil-teacher ratioLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.32) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Pupil-teacher ratio by country | +0.74 | +0.32 | 0.151 | 173 | proxy |
| Under-5 mortality and PISA mathsLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.32) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. PISA maths by country | -0.72 | -0.32 | 0.251 | 85 | high |
| Under-5 mortality and Child stuntingLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.32) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Child stunting by country | +0.72 | +0.32 | 0.053 | 156 | proxy |
| Under-5 mortality and Median ageLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.31) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Median age by country | -0.77 | -0.31 | 0.118 | 188 | proxy |
| Under-5 mortality and Religious attendanceLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.31) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Religious attendance by country | +0.65 | +0.31 | 0.317 | 102 | high |
| Under-5 mortality and PISA scienceLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.29) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. PISA science by country | -0.70 | -0.29 | 0.309 | 85 | high |
| Under-5 mortality and Education spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Education spending by country | -0.22 | -0.29 | 0.071 | 179 | independent |
| Under-5 mortality and Adult obesityCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Adult obesity by country | -0.39 | -0.28 | 0.219 | 185 | moderate |
| Under-5 mortality and Employment in agricultureLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.28) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Employment in agriculture by country | +0.75 | +0.28 | 0.060 | 173 | proxy |
| Under-5 mortality and Public order spendingLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.28) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Public order spending by country | +0.54 | +0.28 | 0.210 | 37 | high |
| Under-5 mortality and Vulnerable employmentLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.28) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Vulnerable employment by country | +0.76 | +0.28 | 0.066 | 173 | proxy |
| Under-5 mortality and Gender wage gapCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Gender wage gap by country | -0.15 | -0.27 | 0.155 | 38 | independent |
| Under-5 mortality and Equality scoreLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.27) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Equality score by country | -0.64 | -0.27 | 0.193 | 163 | high |
| Under-5 mortality and Road traffic deathsLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.26) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Road traffic deaths by country | +0.64 | +0.26 | 0.062 | 183 | high |
| Under-5 mortality and PISA readingLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.26) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. PISA reading by country | -0.69 | -0.26 | 0.270 | 85 | high |
| Under-5 mortality and Political stabilityLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.25) could easily be chance. Political stability by country | -0.57 | -0.25 | 0.299 | 187 | moderate |
| Under-5 mortality and Expected schoolingLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.24) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Expected schooling by country | -0.71 | -0.24 | 0.166 | 186 | proxy |
| Under-5 mortality and Pre-trial detainee shareCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Pre-trial detainee share by country | +0.36 | +0.23 | 0.300 | 164 | independent |
| Under-5 mortality and Tertiary enrollmentLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.23) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Tertiary enrollment by country | -0.68 | -0.23 | 0.241 | 171 | high |
| Under-5 mortality and UndernourishmentLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.23) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Undernourishment by country | +0.68 | +0.23 | 0.182 | 161 | proxy |
| Under-5 mortality and Government expenseCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Government expense by country | -0.37 | -0.22 | 0.353 | 150 | moderate |
| Under-5 mortality and Female labor participationAlmost no link either way. Female labor participation by country | +0.09 | +0.22 | 0.244 | 173 | independent |
| Under-5 mortality and DTP3 immunisationLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.22) could easily be chance. DTP3 immunisation by country | -0.52 | -0.22 | 0.058 | 186 | moderate |
| Under-5 mortality and RedistributionLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.21) could easily be chance. Redistribution by country | -0.60 | -0.21 | 0.514 | 45 | moderate |
| Under-5 mortality and Health spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Health spending by country | -0.26 | -0.20 | 0.191 | 186 | independent |
| Under-5 mortality and Free and fair electionsLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.20) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Free and fair elections by country | -0.56 | -0.20 | 0.347 | 167 | high |
| Under-5 mortality and Compulsory schoolingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Compulsory schooling by country | -0.41 | -0.19 | 0.266 | 177 | moderate |
| Under-5 mortality and Primary enrollmentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Primary enrollment by country | -0.10 | -0.19 | 0.273 | 184 | independent |
| Under-5 mortality and Tax revenueCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Tax revenue by country | -0.35 | -0.18 | 0.122 | 150 | moderate |
| Under-5 mortality and Population 65+Linked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.18) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Population 65+ by country | -0.65 | -0.18 | 0.080 | 188 | high |
| Under-5 mortality and Frequent prayerLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.18) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Frequent prayer by country | +0.56 | +0.18 | 0.403 | 75 | high |
| Under-5 mortality and Tuberculosis incidenceCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Tuberculosis incidence by country | +0.50 | +0.18 | 0.218 | 187 | high |
| Under-5 mortality and Women in managementCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Women in management by country | -0.33 | -0.17 | 0.083 | 149 | moderate |
| Under-5 mortality and PhysiciansLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.17) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Physicians by country | -0.68 | -0.17 | 0.200 | 186 | proxy |
| Under-5 mortality and Religion very importantLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.17) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Religion very important by country | +0.56 | +0.17 | 0.391 | 104 | high |
| Under-5 mortality and Political rights (FH)Could easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Political rights (FH) by country | +0.45 | +0.17 | 0.444 | 186 | moderate |
| Under-5 mortality and Hospital bedsLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.17) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Hospital beds by country | -0.50 | -0.17 | 0.381 | 171 | high |
| Under-5 mortality and Out-of-pocket health spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Out-of-pocket health spending by country | +0.37 | +0.17 | 0.454 | 186 | moderate |
| Under-5 mortality and Armed conflict presentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Armed conflict present by country | +0.40 | +0.15 | 0.193 | 187 | moderate |
| Under-5 mortality and HIV prevalenceCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. HIV prevalence by country | +0.27 | +0.15 | 0.194 | 148 | moderate |
| Under-5 mortality and Informal employmentLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.15) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Informal employment by country | +0.74 | +0.15 | 0.412 | 140 | proxy |
| Under-5 mortality and Civil liberties (FH)Could easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Civil liberties (FH) by country | +0.44 | +0.14 | 0.525 | 186 | moderate |
| Under-5 mortality and Self-reported happinessCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Self-reported happiness by country | -0.33 | -0.14 | 0.636 | 104 | moderate |
| Under-5 mortality and Divorce rateAlmost no link either way. Divorce rate by country | -0.03 | -0.13 | 0.294 | 45 | independent |
| Under-5 mortality and Voice and accountabilityLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.13) could easily be chance. Voice and accountability by country | -0.51 | -0.13 | 0.409 | 187 | moderate |
| Under-5 mortality and Migrant share of populationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Migrant share of population by country | -0.38 | +0.13 | 0.267 | 187 | high |
| Under-5 mortality and Muslim shareCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Muslim share by country | +0.25 | +0.13 | 0.589 | 178 | independent |
| Under-5 mortality and Fixed broadbandLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.13) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Fixed broadband by country | -0.69 | -0.13 | 0.168 | 186 | proxy |
| Under-5 mortality and Rule of lawLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (-0.13) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Rule of law by country | -0.60 | -0.13 | 0.576 | 187 | high |
| Under-5 mortality and Interpersonal trustCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Interpersonal trust by country | -0.36 | +0.13 | 0.264 | 104 | high |
| Under-5 mortality and Births outside marriageCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Births outside marriage by country | +0.15 | +0.12 | 0.834 | 42 | independent |
| Under-5 mortality and Age at childbearingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Age at childbearing by country | -0.28 | +0.12 | 0.124 | 188 | moderate |
| Under-5 mortality and Environment scoreCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Environment score by country | +0.35 | +0.12 | 0.295 | 186 | moderate |
| Under-5 mortality and Marriage rateAlmost no link either way. Marriage rate by country | -0.05 | -0.12 | 0.733 | 46 | independent |
| Under-5 mortality and Confidence in religious institutionsCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Confidence in religious institutions by country | +0.44 | +0.11 | 0.580 | 104 | moderate |
| Under-5 mortality and GDP growthCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. GDP growth by country | +0.21 | +0.11 | 0.273 | 188 | moderate |
| Under-5 mortality and Military spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Military spending by country | -0.14 | -0.10 | 0.121 | 156 | independent |
| Under-5 mortality and ResearchersLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, what remains (+0.10) could easily be chance. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Researchers by country | -0.51 | +0.10 | 0.600 | 128 | proxy |
| Under-5 mortality and Male labor participationAlmost no link either way. Male labor participation by country | +0.05 | +0.10 | 0.511 | 173 | independent |
| Under-5 mortality and Life satisfactionLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Life satisfaction by country | -0.69 | -0.10 | 0.723 | 158 | proxy |
| Under-5 mortality and Children with one parentAlmost no link either way. Children with one parent by country | +0.03 | +0.10 | 0.872 | 38 | independent |
| Under-5 mortality and Divorce rate (UN)Almost no link either way. Divorce rate (UN) by country | -0.07 | -0.09 | 0.285 | 87 | independent |
| Under-5 mortality and Electoral democracyCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Electoral democracy by country | -0.43 | -0.09 | 0.564 | 167 | moderate |
| Under-5 mortality and Labour scoreLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Labour score by country | -0.60 | -0.09 | 0.222 | 181 | high |
| Under-5 mortality and Liberal democracyCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Liberal democracy by country | -0.47 | -0.08 | 0.656 | 167 | moderate |
| Under-5 mortality and Marriage rate (UN)Could easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Marriage rate (UN) by country | +0.26 | +0.08 | 0.581 | 94 | independent |
| Under-5 mortality and Active labour market spendingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Active labour market spending by country | -0.39 | -0.08 | 0.697 | 42 | moderate |
| Under-5 mortality and Governance scoreCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Governance score by country | -0.44 | -0.08 | 0.439 | 170 | moderate |
| Under-5 mortality and CO2 per capitaCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. CO2 per capita by country | -0.29 | +0.08 | 0.484 | 182 | proxy |
| Under-5 mortality and Protected landCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Protected land by country | -0.13 | +0.08 | 0.512 | 186 | independent |
| Under-5 mortality and Women in a unionCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Women in a union by country | +0.35 | +0.08 | 0.736 | 182 | moderate |
| Under-5 mortality and Refugees originatingCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Refugees originating by country | +0.15 | -0.08 | 0.476 | 185 | moderate |
| Under-5 mortality and Regime typeCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Regime type by country | -0.43 | -0.08 | 0.672 | 167 | moderate |
| Under-5 mortality and Single-parent householdsAlmost no link either way. Single-parent households by country | +0.00 | -0.07 | 0.642 | 144 | independent |
| Under-5 mortality and One-person householdsLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. One-person households by country | -0.52 | +0.07 | 0.448 | 144 | high |
| Under-5 mortality and Retirement age, womenAlmost no link either way. Retirement age, women by country | +0.05 | -0.07 | 0.831 | 49 | independent |
| Under-5 mortality and Civil society participationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Civil society participation by country | -0.13 | +0.07 | 0.407 | 167 | independent |
| Under-5 mortality and Christian shareAlmost no link either way. Christian share by country | -0.05 | -0.06 | 0.703 | 178 | independent |
| Under-5 mortality and Participatory democracyCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Participatory democracy by country | -0.42 | -0.06 | 0.720 | 167 | moderate |
| Under-5 mortality and Agricultural landCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Agricultural land by country | +0.24 | +0.06 | 0.592 | 187 | independent |
| Under-5 mortality and Gini indexCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Gini index by country | +0.25 | +0.05 | 0.761 | 163 | moderate |
| Under-5 mortality and Conflict deathsAlmost no link either way. Conflict deaths by country | +0.08 | -0.05 | 0.490 | 187 | moderate |
| Under-5 mortality and Government effectivenessLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Government effectiveness by country | -0.67 | -0.05 | 0.826 | 187 | proxy |
| Under-5 mortality and Trade opennessCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Trade openness by country | -0.32 | +0.04 | 0.603 | 170 | moderate |
| Under-5 mortality and Control of corruptionLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Control of corruption by country | -0.57 | -0.04 | 0.849 | 187 | high |
| Under-5 mortality and Alcohol consumptionCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Alcohol consumption by country | -0.37 | +0.04 | 0.465 | 182 | moderate |
| Under-5 mortality and Freedom of expressionCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Freedom of expression by country | -0.18 | +0.04 | 0.679 | 167 | moderate |
| Under-5 mortality and Government consumptionCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Government consumption by country | -0.13 | -0.04 | 0.577 | 168 | independent |
| Under-5 mortality and Corruption Perceptions IndexLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Corruption Perceptions Index by country | -0.54 | +0.04 | 0.833 | 173 | high |
| Under-5 mortality and Retirement age, menCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Retirement age, men by country | +0.22 | -0.04 | 0.941 | 49 | independent |
| Under-5 mortality and Women's political empowermentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Women's political empowerment by country | -0.37 | -0.04 | 0.637 | 167 | moderate |
| Under-5 mortality and Homicide rateAlmost no link either way. Homicide rate by country | +0.08 | +0.04 | 0.795 | 162 | moderate |
| Under-5 mortality and Government spending per capitaLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Government spending per capita by country | -0.64 | +0.04 | 0.912 | 43 | proxy |
| Under-5 mortality and Suicide rateCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Suicide rate by country | -0.14 | +0.04 | 0.852 | 178 | independent |
| Under-5 mortality and Regulatory qualityLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Regulatory quality by country | -0.60 | +0.03 | 0.834 | 187 | proxy |
| Under-5 mortality and Political corruptionLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Political corruption by country | +0.53 | +0.03 | 0.884 | 167 | high |
| Under-5 mortality and Freedom of associationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Freedom of association by country | -0.25 | -0.03 | 0.641 | 167 | moderate |
| Under-5 mortality and Women in parliamentCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Women in parliament by country | -0.17 | +0.03 | 0.908 | 185 | independent |
| Under-5 mortality and Forest areaAlmost no link either way. Forest area by country | -0.06 | -0.02 | 0.837 | 187 | independent |
| Under-5 mortality and Religiously unaffiliatedCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Religiously unaffiliated by country | -0.35 | -0.02 | 0.821 | 178 | moderate |
| Under-5 mortality and FDI inflowsAlmost no link either way. FDI inflows by country | -0.00 | +0.02 | 0.805 | 188 | independent |
| Under-5 mortality and Corporate tax rateCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Corporate tax rate by country | +0.28 | +0.02 | 0.880 | 81 | moderate |
| Under-5 mortality and UnemploymentAlmost no link either way. Unemployment by country | +0.05 | -0.02 | 0.913 | 173 | independent |
| Under-5 mortality and Mobile subscriptionsCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Mobile subscriptions by country | -0.35 | -0.02 | 0.871 | 187 | moderate |
| Under-5 mortality and Youth not in work or studyCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Youth not in work or study by country | +0.43 | +0.01 | 0.908 | 169 | high |
| Under-5 mortality and Wellbeing scoreLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Wellbeing score by country | -0.56 | +0.01 | 0.922 | 104 | high |
| Under-5 mortality and UrbanizationCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Urbanization by country | -0.49 | +0.01 | 0.956 | 188 | high |
| Under-5 mortality and Political civil libertiesCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Political civil liberties by country | -0.22 | +0.01 | 0.877 | 167 | moderate |
| Under-5 mortality and Premature NCD mortalityLinked across countries, but mostly as richer countries differ from poorer ones: comparing only countries with similar income, almost nothing remains. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Premature NCD mortality by country | +0.52 | -0.01 | 0.975 | 178 | high |
| Under-5 mortality and Aid givenCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Aid given by country | -0.34 | -0.01 | 0.974 | 47 | high |
| Under-5 mortality and InflationAlmost no link either way. Inflation by country | +0.10 | +0.01 | 0.907 | 183 | independent |
| Under-5 mortality and Women ministersCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Women ministers by country | -0.15 | +0.01 | 0.975 | 185 | independent |
| Under-5 mortality and Gender scoreCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Gender score by country | -0.27 | +0.00 | 0.990 | 180 | moderate |
| Under-5 mortality and Hours workedCould easily be chance once only countries with similar income are compared. Both mostly measure national income in another way, so only the adjusted figure is worth reading. Hours worked by country | +0.46 | +0.00 | 0.993 | 38 | high |
| Under-5 mortality and GDP per capita (PPP)One side of this pair is national income itself, the thing the other figures adjust for. Adjusting income for income leaves nothing, so there is no adjusted figure. The unadjusted link shows how closely the other measure follows income. GDP per capita (PPP) by country | -0.57 | — | — | 188 | proxy |
| Under-5 mortality and GNI per capita (PPP)One side of this pair is national income itself, the thing the other figures adjust for. Adjusting income for income leaves nothing, so there is no adjusted figure. The unadjusted link shows how closely the other measure follows income. GNI per capita (PPP) by country | -0.59 | — | — | 188 | proxy |
| Under-5 mortality and GDP per capita (market)One side of this pair is national income itself, the thing the other figures adjust for. Adjusting income for income leaves nothing, so there is no adjusted figure. The unadjusted link shows how closely the other measure follows income. GDP per capita (market) by country | -0.49 | — | — | 188 | proxy |