Do Researchers and Wellbeing score go together across countries?

Across 95 countries the link before adjusting for anything is r = +0.74, on a scale from -1 (opposite) to +1 (in step). A version that uses only each country's rank gives +0.72.

Does the link hold within countries over time, not just across countries?

There are not enough years of data within countries to check this over time.

Does Researchers cause Wellbeing score?

This analysis cannot answer that. It shows only that the two go together. A link between two country measures, adjusted or not, does not show that either one changes the other. Country figures also say nothing about individual people.

Researchers vs. Wellbeing score

Fades after adjusting for income

Across 95 countries, Researchers and Wellbeing score rise and fall together at r = +0.74 (on a scale from −1 to +1, where 0 means no link). Comparing only countries with similar income (GDP per person) shrinks it to +0.43, which could easily be chance (q = 0.22, allowing for the many pairs tested, and allowing for countries in the same region being alike). So the first figure mostly shows richer countries differing from poorer ones, not a link between these two things. Caution: direction is not consistent across regions.

Comparing countries across the middle half of researchers, 514 to 4,717 per million people, wellbeing score is better by 0.894 typical gaps at the top of that range than the bottom. Comparing only countries with similar national income, the gap is 0.512 typical gaps.

Link before adjusting (r)+0.736p = 1.9e-17 · 95 countries

After adjusting for national income+0.426p = 1.9e-5 · likely range [+0.24, +0.58]

p, allowing for regions0.068standard error 0.192 · 7 regions

Check for luck (q)0.217across 12,497 pairs

How to read these.r runs from −1 (one goes up as the other goes down) to +1 (they rise together), and 0 means no link. Adjusting for national income means comparing countries with the same GDP per person, so differences in wealth can’t explain the link. Income is used in percentage terms, since an extra $1,000 means more to a poor country than to a rich one. p is how likely a link this strong would be if there were really none. Below 0.05 means it is unlikely to be chance. Very small values are written in short form: 1.1e-32 means a decimal point followed by 31 zeros and then 11, so very close to zero. The likely range is where the true figure probably lies, and a range that crosses zero means the link could easily be chance. Countries in the same region tend to resemble each other, so the third figure allows for that, which gives a fairer p. The standard error is the typical size of the error in r. Finally, testing this many pairs means some will look strong by luck alone. A q below 0.05 means this link is unlikely to be one of those.

Researchers · per million peoplelink with income +0.85 · proxy

Wellbeing score · typical gaps (standard deviations)link with income +0.80 · high

Both of these rise and fall closely with national income, so a strong link between them before adjusting was close to certain. Read the adjusted figure, not the first one.

“Link with income” is how closely each measure tracks GDP per person across countries, from −1 to +1.

Every country as a dot

best-fit line line after adjusting

Four ways to measure the link

Method	r	p	Countries
Standard (Pearson), not adjusted	+0.736	1.9e-17	95
By rank (Spearman), not adjusted	+0.716	3.3e-16	95
Standard (Pearson), adjusted for national income	+0.426	1.9e-5	95
By rank (Spearman), adjusted for national income	+0.100	0.336	95

The rank version uses only each country’s place in line, from lowest to highest, so a few extreme countries count for less. The adjusted and unadjusted versions use the same 95 countries: those that report both measures and GDP per person. So the gap between them comes from the adjustment, not from a change in which countries are counted. Drop in the size of r after adjusting: +0.310 (a minus sign means it grew).

How solid is it?

Leaving out one country at a time, r ranges from +0.387 (without FIN) to +0.460 (without KOR). The bar above shows that range on a scale from −1 to +1, with the solid line at the full result. The single country that moves r most: FIN (-0.039).

Fragile: this link may not hold up.

direction is not consistent across regions

Within each region

Countries are not separate, unrelated cases, and neighbors share a lot. A link that holds inside each region is far more believable than one that shows up only when comparing regions.

	n	r
East Asia & Pacific	15	-0.05
Europe & Central Asia	45	+0.58
Middle East, North Africa, Afghanistan & Pakistan	12	-0.41

By income third

If the link shows up only in the richest third of countries, it is a feature of rich countries, not a general pattern.

	n	r
Poorest third	32	-0.13
Middle third	31	+0.00
Richest third	32	+0.53

By largest religious group

Countries grouped by a label they share, such as main religion, rather than by a number. Groups of fewer than twelve countries are not shown. These groups differ in income, region and history all at once. So a gap between them is a place to start asking questions, not an answer.

	n	r
Christians	58	+0.54
Muslims	22	-0.41

By last european coloniser

	n	r
Never a European colony	13	+0.06
United Kingdom	21	+0.32

Without outliers (countries far outside the middle half of countries on either measure, by more than one and a half times the width of that middle half): r = +0.453 after dropping 1 countries.

Two series, one country

Both measures over the years for one country you pick. The two charts are stacked so they share only the years along the bottom.

Loading…

Over time, within countries

Everything above compares countries with each other at one moment. This section compares each country only with itself over 0years. So a link here can’t come from anything about a country that stays the same, such as its history, geography, institutions or culture.

Not enough history inside each country to look at this over time. That needs countries measured for several years in a row, and at least one of these measures is measured too rarely.

The data

	per million people	typical gaps (standard deviations)	Years
Korea, Rep. KOR	9,472	0.475	2023, 2022
Sweden SWE	8,911	1.7	2023, 2022
Denmark DNK	8,838	1.89	2023, 2022
Singapore SGP	8,782	0.779	2022
Finland FIN	8,315	1.87	2023, 2022
Norway NOR	7,451	1.82	2023, 2022
Austria AUT	6,634	1.26	2023, 2022
Netherlands NLD	6,563	1.54	2023, 2022
Switzerland CHE	6,108	1.55	2023, 2022
Belgium BEL	5,990	0.818	2023, 2010
Portugal PRT	5,983	0.195	2023, 2022
Iceland ISL	5,953	1.78	2023, 2022
Germany DEU	5,926	0.981	2023, 2022
Hong Kong SAR, China HKG	5,874	0.0778	2024, 2022
Ireland IRL	5,753	0.894	2023, 2010

World Bank, World Development Indicators
ivs; whr

Sources

Researchers

Researchers in R&D (per million people)

UNESCO Institute for Statistics · CC BY 4.0 · updated quarterly

Researchers counted as full-time equivalents (two half-time researchers count as one), from national research surveys that many countries run only now and then. So coverage is thin outside the OECD.

Wellbeing score

PlaceStats · via PlaceStats · Derived work; each member keeps its own licence · updated recomputed with the panel

The average of 3 measures from 2 publishers. Each measure is first put on a common scale: 0 is the average country in an average year, and 1 is a typical gap between countries (a standard deviation). Each is turned so that higher is better. Measures are averaged within each publisher first, so a publisher with many measures does not count for more. Members: Self-reported happiness, Interpersonal trust, Life satisfaction.

How this was computed

Data used: most recent value in 2010-2025; values come from 2010–2024. To adjust for income, each measure is first predicted from GDP per person (in percentage terms, on a log scale) with a straight-line fit. Only what is left over is then compared. This is called a partial correlation. The line is drawn the standard way (ordinary least squares), which picks the line that comes closest to all the countries at once. The error margins allow for countries in the same region resembling each other, using 7 World Bank regions. The q-value corrects for testing all 12,497 pairs at once, using the Benjamini–Hochberg method. Underlying data last updated DYB 2024. How the country data works · explore Researchers and Wellbeing score

This page shows that two measures go together. It does not show that Researchers changes Wellbeing score, or the reverse. These figures also describe countries, not individual people. See the ecological fallacy.