Across 168 countries, Regime type and Regulatory quality rise and fall together at r = +0.59 (on a scale from −1 to +1, where 0 means no link). Comparing only countries with similar income (GDP per person) shrinks it to +0.40, which could easily be chance (q = 0.16, allowing for the many pairs tested, and allowing for countries in the same region being alike). So the first figure mostly shows richer countries differing from poorer ones, not a link between these two things. Caution: direction is not consistent across regions.
Comparing countries across the middle half of regime type, 1 to 2 points, regulatory quality is better by 0.564 points at the top of that range than the bottom. Comparing only countries with similar national income, the gap is 0.265 points.
Link before adjusting (r)+0.591p = 3.2e-17 · 168 countries
After adjusting for national income+0.396p = 1.1e-7 · likely range [+0.26, +0.52]
p, allowing for regions0.038standard error 0.150 · 7 regions
Check for luck (q)0.157across 12,497 pairs
How to read these.r runs from −1 (one goes up as the other goes down) to +1 (they rise together), and 0 means no link. Adjusting for national income means comparing countries with the same GDP per person, so differences in wealth can’t explain the link. Income is used in percentage terms, since an extra $1,000 means more to a poor country than to a rich one. p is how likely a link this strong would be if there were really none. Below 0.05 means it is unlikely to be chance. Very small values are written in short form: 1.1e-32 means a decimal point followed by 31 zeros and then 11, so very close to zero. The likely range is where the true figure probably lies, and a range that crosses zero means the link could easily be chance. Countries in the same region tend to resemble each other, so the third figure allows for that, which gives a fairer p. The standard error is the typical size of the error in r. Finally, testing this many pairs means some will look strong by luck alone. A q below 0.05 means this link is unlikely to be one of those.
Regime type · regime category (0-3)link with income +0.49 · moderate
Regulatory quality · index (approx. -2.5 to 2.5)link with income +0.83 · proxy
“Link with income” is how closely each measure tracks GDP per person across countries, from −1 to +1.
Every country as a dot
best-fit line line after adjusting
Four ways to measure the link
Method
r
p
Countries
Standard (Pearson), not adjusted
+0.591
3.2e-17
168
By rank (Spearman), not adjusted
+0.580
1.7e-16
168
Standard (Pearson), adjusted for national income
+0.396
1.1e-7
168
By rank (Spearman), adjusted for national income
+0.352
3.1e-6
168
The rank version uses only each country’s place in line, from lowest to highest, so a few extreme countries count for less. The adjusted and unadjusted versions use the same 168 countries: those that report both measures and GDP per person. So the gap between them comes from the adjustment, not from a change in which countries are counted. Drop in the size of r after adjusting: +0.195 (a minus sign means it grew).
How solid is it?
Leaving out one country at a time, r ranges from +0.375 (without BLR) to +0.429 (without HKG). The bar above shows that range on a scale from −1 to +1, with the solid line at the full result. The single country that moves r most: HKG (+0.033).
Fragile: this link may not hold up.
direction is not consistent across regions
Within each region
Countries are not separate, unrelated cases, and neighbors share a lot. A link that holds inside each region is far more believable than one that shows up only when comparing regions.
n
r
East Asia & Pacific
21
+0.56
Europe & Central Asia
49
+0.67
Latin America & Caribbean
23
+0.51
Middle East, North Africa, Afghanistan & Pakistan
21
-0.10
Sub-Saharan Africa
46
+0.42
By income third
If the link shows up only in the richest third of countries, it is a feature of rich countries, not a general pattern.
n
r
Poorest third
56
+0.43
Middle third
56
+0.38
Richest third
56
+0.42
By largest religious group
Countries grouped by a label they share, such as main religion, rather than by a number. Groups of fewer than twelve countries are not shown. These groups differ in income, region and history all at once. So a gap between them is a place to start asking questions, not an answer.
n
r
Christians
99
+0.52
Muslims
48
-0.03
By last european coloniser
Countries grouped by a label they share, such as main religion, rather than by a number. Groups of fewer than twelve countries are not shown. These groups differ in income, region and history all at once. So a gap between them is a place to start asking questions, not an answer.
n
r
France
25
+0.21
Never a European colony
21
+0.36
Spain
19
+0.15
United Kingdom
49
+0.37
Without outliers (countries far outside the middle half of countries on either measure, by more than one and a half times the width of that middle half): r = +0.396 after dropping 0 countries.
Two series, one country
Both measures over the years for one country you pick. The two charts are stacked so they share only the years along the bottom.
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Over time, within countries
Everything above compares countries with each other at one moment. This section compares each country only with itself over 29years. So a link here can’t come from anything about a country that stays the same, such as its history, geography, institutions or culture.
The link also shows up within countries over time (r = +0.160). It holds even when looking only at changes from one year to the next (r = +0.071). This is the strongest kind of evidence available here: it holds when each country is compared only with itself, and it is not just a product of shared trends.
Across countries (adjusted)+0.396for comparison
Within countries+0.178each country vs itself
…and vs the same year elsewhere+0.160q = 0.011 · 175 countries
Year-on-year changes+0.071q = 0.019
Read with care.
Almost all of the second indicator's variation is between countries, so the within-country estimate rests on a small part of the data.
4,501 country-years (one country in one year), 175 countries, 1996–2024, about 26 years each on average. Share of the variation that happens within countries over time: 13% for Regime type, 6% for Regulatory quality. The margins of error allow for each country appearing many times, and for each year’s value being close to the year before.
Year-to-year changes are a cautious test, not a final answer. Looking only at changes from one year to the next removes each country’s own trends. But it also makes measurement mistakes louder, which pulls the results toward zero. A near-zero result here is weak evidence of no link, not proof.
With one measure years behind the other
Same year (lag 0): +0.160. A peak away from zero does not show which comes first. These series change slowly — this year’s value is close to last year’s. That makes the curve smooth and nearly symmetric, whatever produced the data. Even a sharp peak at one lag (a gap of some years) would not prove that one measure changes the other.
The data
regime category (0-3)
index (approx. -2.5 to 2.5)
Years
Uruguay URY
3
0.647
2025, 2024
Trinidad and Tobago TTO
3
-0.207
2025, 2024
Seychelles SYC
3
0.39
2025, 2024
Sweden SWE
3
1.67
2025, 2024
New Zealand NZL
3
1.84
2025, 2024
Norway NOR
3
1.67
2025, 2024
Netherlands NLD
3
1.72
2025, 2024
Latvia LVA
3
1.1
2025, 2024
Luxembourg LUX
3
1.84
2025, 2024
Lithuania LTU
3
1.29
2025, 2024
Korea, Rep. KOR
3
1.01
2025, 2024
Japan JPN
3
1.33
2025, 2024
Italy ITA
3
0.64
2025, 2024
Iceland ISL
3
1.33
2025, 2024
Ireland IRL
3
1.79
2025, 2024
Coppedge, M. et al., V-Dem Dataset, Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project Kaufmann, D. and A. Kraay, Worldwide Governance Indicators, World Bank
V-Dem Institute, University of Gothenburg · via Our World in Data · CC BY 4.0 · updated annual
Four ranked categories, not a scale. It is the only such measure on this site. A closed autocracy holds no multiparty elections for its leader. An electoral autocracy holds them, but they are neither free nor fair. An electoral democracy clears that bar. A liberal democracy also has independent courts and protected personal freedoms. The four steps are not equal distances apart. So read the rank-based link, which uses only the order, rather than the ordinary one. Both are shown. The categories are set by cut-off points on the V-Dem indices already on this site. That is why its pairs with them are flagged as built from the same numbers. It is also why it is kept out of the governance score: a grouping of those indices averaged back in beside them would count each twice. Our World in Data extends the categories back to territories before independence. This site starts at 1960, and its single-year snapshot at 2010, so that extension reaches nothing shown here.
Data used: most recent value in 2010-2025; values come from 2024–2025. To adjust for income, each measure is first predicted from GDP per person (in percentage terms, on a log scale) with a straight-line fit. Only what is left over is then compared. This is called a partial correlation. The line is drawn the standard way (ordinary least squares), which picks the line that comes closest to all the countries at once. The error margins allow for countries in the same region resembling each other, using 7 World Bank regions. The q-value corrects for testing all 12,497 pairs at once, using the Benjamini–Hochberg method. Underlying data last updated DYB 2024. How the country data works · explore Regime type and Regulatory quality
This page shows that two measures go together. It does not show that Regime type changes Regulatory quality, or the reverse. These figures also describe countries, not individual people. See the ecological fallacy.