Capital per worker vs. Corruption Perceptions Index
Holds up after adjusting for income
Across 164 countries, Capital per worker and Corruption Perceptions Index rise and fall together at r = +0.68 (on a scale from −1 to +1, where 0 means no link). Comparing only countries with similar income (GDP per person) shrinks it to +0.24 (q = 0.046, allowing for the many pairs tested). Much of the first figure is that both measures rise with national income, but a weak positive link remains. Caution: direction is not consistent across regions.
Comparing countries across the middle half of corruption Perceptions Index, 30 to 57.3 points, capital per worker is $241,280 higher at the top of that range than the bottom. Comparing only countries with similar national income, the gap is $69,133.
Link before adjusting (r)+0.681p = 1.2e-23 · 164 countries
After adjusting for national income+0.236p = 0.002 · likely range [+0.09, +0.38]
p, allowing for regions0.031standard error 0.084 · 7 regions
Check for luck (q)0.046across 18,622 pairs
How to read these.r runs from −1 (one goes up as the other goes down) to +1 (they rise together), and 0 means no link. Adjusting for national income means comparing countries with the same GDP per person, so differences in wealth can’t explain the link. Income is used in percentage terms, since an extra $1,000 means more to a poor country than to a rich one. p is how likely a link this strong would be if there were really none. Below 0.05 means it is unlikely to be chance. Very small values are written in short form: 1.1e-32 means a decimal point followed by 31 zeros and then 11, so very close to zero. The likely range is where the true figure probably lies, and a range that crosses zero means the link could easily be chance. Countries in the same region tend to resemble each other, so the third figure allows for that, which gives a fairer p. The standard error is the typical size of the error in r. Finally, testing this many pairs means some will look strong by luck alone. A q below 0.05 means this link is unlikely to be one of those.
Capital per worker · 2021 international $ per workerlink with income +0.93 · proxy
Corruption Perceptions Index · index (0-100, higher = cleaner)link with income +0.72 · high
Both of these rise and fall closely with national income, so a strong link between them before adjusting was close to certain. Read the adjusted figure, not the first one.
“Link with income” is how closely each measure tracks GDP per person across countries, from −1 to +1.
Every country as a dot
best-fit line line after adjusting
Four ways to measure the link
| Method | r | p | Countries |
|---|---|---|---|
| Standard (Pearson), not adjusted | +0.681 | 1.2e-23 | 164 |
| By rank (Spearman), not adjusted | +0.681 | 1.2e-23 | 164 |
| Standard (Pearson), adjusted for national income | +0.236 | 0.002 | 164 |
| By rank (Spearman), adjusted for national income | -0.045 | 0.571 | 164 |
The rank version uses only each country’s place in line, from lowest to highest, so a few extreme countries count for less. The adjusted and unadjusted versions use the same 164 countries: those that report both measures and GDP per person. So the gap between them comes from the adjustment, not from a change in which countries are counted. Drop in the size of r after adjusting: +0.444 (a minus sign means it grew).
How solid is it?
Leaving out one country at a time, r ranges from +0.222 (without AZE) to +0.274 (without BRN). The bar above shows that range on a scale from −1 to +1, with the solid line at the full result. The single country that moves r most: BRN (+0.038).
Fragile: this link may not hold up.
- direction is not consistent across regions
Within each region
Countries are not separate, unrelated cases, and neighbors share a lot. A link that holds inside each region is far more believable than one that shows up only when comparing regions.
| n | r | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| East Asia & Pacific | 18 | -0.36 | |
| Europe & Central Asia | 48 | +0.29 | |
| Latin America & Caribbean | 26 | +0.14 | |
| Middle East, North Africa, Afghanistan & Pakistan | 19 | +0.23 | |
| Sub-Saharan Africa | 45 | -0.20 |
By income third
If the link shows up only in the richest third of countries, it is a feature of rich countries, not a general pattern.
| n | r | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Poorest third | 55 | -0.25 | |
| Middle third | 54 | +0.09 | |
| Richest third | 55 | -0.08 |
By largest religious group
Countries grouped by a label they share, such as main religion, rather than by a number. Groups of fewer than twelve countries are not shown. These groups differ in income, region and history all at once. So a gap between them is a place to start asking questions, not an answer.
| n | r | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Christians | 98 | +0.31 | |
| Muslims | 45 | +0.39 |
By last European coloniser
Countries grouped by a label they share, such as main religion, rather than by a number. Groups of fewer than twelve countries are not shown. These groups differ in income, region and history all at once. So a gap between them is a place to start asking questions, not an answer.
| n | r | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| France | 25 | -0.31 | |
| Never a European colony | 20 | +0.44 | |
| Spain | 19 | -0.36 | |
| United Kingdom | 49 | -0.04 |
By official ideology
Countries grouped by a label they share, such as main religion, rather than by a number. Groups of fewer than twelve countries are not shown. These groups differ in income, region and history all at once. So a gap between them is a place to start asking questions, not an answer.
| n | r | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Nationalist | 25 | +0.21 | |
| No strong official ideology | 108 | +0.31 |
By party system
Countries grouped by a label they share, such as main religion, rather than by a number. Groups of fewer than twelve countries are not shown. These groups differ in income, region and history all at once. So a gap between them is a place to start asking questions, not an answer.
| n | r | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| A few parties banned | 25 | -0.15 | |
| No parties banned | 114 | +0.37 |
Without outliers (countries far outside the middle half of countries on either measure, by more than one and a half times the width of that middle half): r = +0.274 after dropping 2 countries.
Two series, one country
Both measures over the years for one country you pick. The two charts are stacked so they share only the years along the bottom.
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Over time, within countries
Everything above compares countries with each other at one moment. This section compares each country only with itself over 12years. So a link here can’t come from anything about a country that stays the same, such as its history, geography, institutions or culture.
Within countries over time, there is no link that is clearly more than chance (r = +0.096, comparing each country only with itself over the years, and each year only with the same year elsewhere). Whatever the cross-country picture shows, countries whose capital per worker moved did not tend to see their corruption Perceptions Index move with it.
Across countries (adjusted)+0.236for comparison
Within countries+0.082each country vs itself
…and vs the same year elsewhere+0.096q = 0.247 · 166 countries
Year-on-year changes+0.028q = 0.575
Read with care.
- Almost all of this indicator's variation is between countries, not within them, so the within-country estimate rests on a small part of the data.
1,969 country-years (one country in one year), 166 countries, 2012–2023, about 12 years each on average. Share of the variation that happens within countries over time: 2% for Capital per worker, 4% for Corruption Perceptions Index. The margins of error allow for each country appearing many times, and for each year’s value being close to the year before.
Year-to-year changes are a cautious test, not a final answer. Looking only at changes from one year to the next removes each country’s own trends. But it also makes measurement mistakes louder, which pulls the results toward zero. A near-zero result here is weak evidence of no link, not proof.
With one measure years behind the other
Same year (lag 0): +0.096. A peak away from zero does not show which comes first. These series change slowly — this year’s value is close to last year’s. That makes the curve smooth and nearly symmetric, whatever produced the data. Even a sharp peak at one lag (a gap of some years) would not prove that one measure changes the other.
The data
2021 international $ per worker | index (0-100, higher = cleaner) | Years | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Brunei Darussalam BRN | $1,365,080 | 60 | 2023, 2020 |
| United Arab Emirates ARE | $960,197 | 68 | 2023, 2024 |
| Qatar QAT | $955,762 | 59 | 2023, 2024 |
| Ireland IRL | $916,129 | 77 | 2023, 2024 |
| Belgium BEL | $788,016 | 69 | 2023, 2024 |
| Italy ITA | $772,186 | 54 | 2023, 2024 |
| Norway NOR | $771,357 | 81 | 2023, 2024 |
| Switzerland CHE | $713,606 | 81 | 2023, 2024 |
| France FRA | $697,343 | 67 | 2023, 2024 |
| Austria AUT | $691,757 | 67 | 2023, 2024 |
| Hong Kong SAR, China HKG | $667,472 | 74 | 2023, 2024 |
| Finland FIN | $666,233 | 88 | 2023, 2024 |
| Iceland ISL | $663,692 | 77 | 2023, 2024 |
| Singapore SGP | $659,201 | 84 | 2023, 2024 |
| Bahrain BHR | $656,018 | 53 | 2023, 2024 |
Feenstra, Robert C., Robert Inklaar and Marcel P. Timmer (2015), "The Next Generation of the Penn World Table", American Economic Review, 105(10), 3150-3182, www.ggdc.net/pwt. Data: Penn World Table version 11.0, Groningen Growth and Development Centre, doi:10.34894/FABVLR.
Transparency International, Corruption Perceptions Index
One of these measures is published under a licence that forbids changes. Values are shown exactly as published and must not be republished in a changed or rescaled form.
Sources
Capital per worker
Capital stock per person engaged, at current PPPs (Penn World Table)
Groningen Growth and Development Centre, University of Groningen · via DataverseNL · CC BY 4.0 · updated irregular (new versions every few years)
The value of a country's buildings, machines, roads and other equipment, divided by the number of people working. It is in dollars adjusted for what money buys in each country, and it is best for comparing countries in the same year. The Penn World Table builds it by adding up past investment and taking off wear and tear, so it is linked to the investment share by construction. Where it is used for adjusting, it is measured in percentage terms (on a log scale), like income. No "better" direction is set.
Corruption Perceptions Index
Corruption Perceptions Index
Transparency International · via Our World in Data · CC BY-ND 4.0 · updated annual · comparable from 2012 only
Measures how corrupt the public sector is believed to be, based on 13 surveys of experts and business people. Some of the same surveys feed the Worldwide Governance Indicators' Control of Corruption measure, so the two share ingredients.
How this was computed
Data used: most recent value in 2010-2025; values come from 2020–2024. To adjust for income, each measure is first predicted from GDP per person (in percentage terms, on a log scale) with a straight-line fit. Only what is left over is then compared. This is called a partial correlation. The line is drawn the standard way (ordinary least squares), which picks the line that comes closest to all the countries at once. The error margins allow for countries in the same region resembling each other, using 7 World Bank regions. The q-value corrects for testing all 18,622 pairs at once, using the Benjamini–Hochberg method. Underlying data last updated V-Dem v16; V-Party v2. How the country data works · explore Capital per worker and Corruption Perceptions Index
This page shows that two measures go together. It does not show that Capital per worker changes Corruption Perceptions Index, or the reverse. These figures also describe countries, not individual people. See the ecological fallacy.
More links with Capital per worker or Corruption Perceptions Index
- Corruption Perceptions Index vs Rule of law before +0.95 → after adjusting +0.90
- Corruption Perceptions Index vs Government effectiveness before +0.90 → after adjusting +0.81
- Corruption Perceptions Index vs Regulatory quality before +0.90 → after adjusting +0.79
- Corruption Perceptions Index vs Legal system and property rights (Fraser) before +0.91 → after adjusting +0.79
- Corruption Perceptions Index vs Voice and accountability before +0.78 → after adjusting +0.65
- Capital per worker vs Women's age at first marriage before +0.72 → after adjusting +0.63
- Corruption Perceptions Index vs Liberal democracy before +0.74 → after adjusting +0.61
- Civil liberties (FH) vs Corruption Perceptions Index before -0.72 → after adjusting -0.59