Self-reported happiness vs. Women's political empowerment
Holds up after adjusting for income
Across 103 countries, Self-reported happiness and Women's political empowerment rise and fall together at r = -0.00 (on a scale from −1 to +1, where 0 means no link). There is almost no link to explain.
Comparing countries across the middle half of self-reported happiness, 80.7% to 90.5% of respondents, women's political empowerment is worse by 0.00015 points at the top of that range than the bottom. Comparing only countries with similar national income, the gap is 0.0311 points.
Link before adjusting (r)-0.001p = 0.993 · 103 countries
After adjusting for national income-0.196p = 0.049 · likely range [-0.38, -0.00]
p, allowing for regions0.002standard error 0.038 · 7 regions
Check for luck (q)0.032across 12,497 pairs
How to read these.r runs from −1 (one goes up as the other goes down) to +1 (they rise together), and 0 means no link. Adjusting for national income means comparing countries with the same GDP per person, so differences in wealth can’t explain the link. Income is used in percentage terms, since an extra $1,000 means more to a poor country than to a rich one. p is how likely a link this strong would be if there were really none. Below 0.05 means it is unlikely to be chance. Very small values are written in short form: 1.1e-32 means a decimal point followed by 31 zeros and then 11, so very close to zero. The likely range is where the true figure probably lies, and a range that crosses zero means the link could easily be chance. Countries in the same region tend to resemble each other, so the third figure allows for that, which gives a fairer p. The standard error is the typical size of the error in r. Finally, testing this many pairs means some will look strong by luck alone. A q below 0.05 means this link is unlikely to be one of those.
Self-reported happiness · % of respondentslink with income +0.34 · moderate
Women's political empowerment · index (0-1)link with income +0.54 · moderate
“Link with income” is how closely each measure tracks GDP per person across countries, from −1 to +1.
Every country as a dot
best-fit line line after adjusting
Four ways to measure the link
| Method | r | p | Countries |
|---|---|---|---|
| Standard (Pearson), not adjusted | -0.001 | 0.993 | 103 |
| By rank (Spearman), not adjusted | +0.073 | 0.462 | 103 |
| Standard (Pearson), adjusted for national income | -0.196 | 0.049 | 103 |
| By rank (Spearman), adjusted for national income | -0.168 | 0.092 | 103 |
The rank version uses only each country’s place in line, from lowest to highest, so a few extreme countries count for less. The adjusted and unadjusted versions use the same 103 countries: those that report both measures and GDP per person. So the gap between them comes from the adjustment, not from a change in which countries are counted. Drop in the size of r after adjusting: -0.195 (a minus sign means it grew).
How solid is it?
Leaving out one country at a time, r ranges from -0.263 (without IRN) to -0.160 (without ZMB). The bar above shows that range on a scale from −1 to +1, with the solid line at the full result. The single country that moves r most: IRN (-0.067).
Fragile: this link may not hold up.
- direction is not consistent across regions
Within each region
Countries are not separate, unrelated cases, and neighbors share a lot. A link that holds inside each region is far more believable than one that shows up only when comparing regions.
| n | r | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| East Asia & Pacific | 14 | +0.17 | |
| Europe & Central Asia | 48 | -0.28 | |
| Latin America & Caribbean | 13 | -0.65 | |
| Middle East, North Africa, Afghanistan & Pakistan | 13 | -0.02 |
By income third
If the link shows up only in the richest third of countries, it is a feature of rich countries, not a general pattern.
| n | r | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Poorest third | 35 | -0.35 | |
| Middle third | 34 | -0.06 | |
| Richest third | 34 | -0.18 |
By largest religious group
Countries grouped by a label they share, such as main religion, rather than by a number. Groups of fewer than twelve countries are not shown. These groups differ in income, region and history all at once. So a gap between them is a place to start asking questions, not an answer.
| n | r | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Christians | 61 | -0.29 | |
| Muslims | 28 | -0.15 |
By last european coloniser
Countries grouped by a label they share, such as main religion, rather than by a number. Groups of fewer than twelve countries are not shown. These groups differ in income, region and history all at once. So a gap between them is a place to start asking questions, not an answer.
| n | r | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Never a European colony | 15 | +0.26 | |
| Spain | 12 | -0.37 | |
| United Kingdom | 25 | -0.40 |
Without outliers (countries far outside the middle half of countries on either measure, by more than one and a half times the width of that middle half): r = -0.143 after dropping 7 countries.
Two series, one country
Both measures over the years for one country you pick. The two charts are stacked so they share only the years along the bottom.
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Over time, within countries
Everything above compares countries with each other at one moment. This section compares each country only with itself over 0years. So a link here can’t come from anything about a country that stays the same, such as its history, geography, institutions or culture.
Not enough history inside each country to look at this over time. That needs countries measured for several years in a row, and at least one of these measures is measured too rarely.
The data
% of respondents | index (0-1) | Years | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Qatar QAT | 98% | 0.388 | 2014, 2025 |
| Viet Nam VNM | 97.3% | 0.808 | 2022, 2025 |
| Kyrgyz Republic KGZ | 95.9% | 0.733 | 2022, 2025 |
| Iceland ISL | 95.1% | 0.883 | 2022, 2025 |
| Ireland IRL | 94.9% | 0.927 | 2010, 2025 |
| Tajikistan TJK | 94.4% | 0.431 | 2022, 2025 |
| Belgium BEL | 94.3% | 0.952 | 2010, 2025 |
| Uzbekistan UZB | 94.3% | 0.643 | 2022, 2025 |
| Norway NOR | 94.1% | 0.926 | 2022, 2025 |
| Indonesia IDN | 93.8% | 0.726 | 2022, 2025 |
| Sweden SWE | 93.8% | 0.923 | 2022, 2025 |
| Luxembourg LUX | 93.6% | 0.896 | 2010, 2025 |
| Switzerland CHE | 93.3% | 0.93 | 2022, 2025 |
| New Zealand NZL | 92.9% | 0.937 | 2022, 2025 |
| Mexico MEX | 92% | 0.801 | 2022, 2025 |
Haerpfer, C. et al., World Values Survey; EVS, European Values Study
Coppedge, M. et al., V-Dem Dataset, Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project
Sources
Self-reported happiness
Share saying they are very happy or rather happy
World Values Survey Association and European Values Study · via Our World in Data · Free for non-commercial use with attribution · updated irregular (survey waves, roughly every 5 years)
A different question from the World Happiness Report's "ladder" question, and it ranks countries differently. The ladder asks people to rate their life from 0 to 10, where 10 is the best possible life. Answers to that lean heavily on material conditions, such as money and housing. This question asks directly whether people feel happy. Comparing the two is one of the more revealing pairs on the site. The survey runs in waves, not every year.
Women's political empowerment
Women's political empowerment index
V-Dem Institute, University of Gothenburg · via Our World in Data · CC BY 4.0 · updated annual
Women's civil liberties, their part in civic groups, and their political representation. It is built from its own set of questions, not from the parts of the democracy indices, so it is not tagged as measuring the same thing. Still, read its links with them carefully. Whether women take part in politics is partly built into whether real political participation exists at all. So a strong link with general democracy measures is closer to definitional (true by how the terms are defined) than to a finding about the world.
How this was computed
Data used: most recent value in 2010-2025; values come from 2010–2025. To adjust for income, each measure is first predicted from GDP per person (in percentage terms, on a log scale) with a straight-line fit. Only what is left over is then compared. This is called a partial correlation. The line is drawn the standard way (ordinary least squares), which picks the line that comes closest to all the countries at once. The error margins allow for countries in the same region resembling each other, using 7 World Bank regions. The q-value corrects for testing all 12,497 pairs at once, using the Benjamini–Hochberg method. Underlying data last updated DYB 2024. How the country data works · explore Self-reported happiness and Women's political empowerment
This page shows that two measures go together. It does not show that Self-reported happiness changes Women's political empowerment, or the reverse. These figures also describe countries, not individual people. See the ecological fallacy.
More links with Self-reported happiness or Women's political empowerment
- Governance score vs Women's political empowerment before +0.82 → after adjusting +0.77
- Voice and accountability vs Women's political empowerment before +0.81 → after adjusting +0.76
- Electoral democracy vs Women's political empowerment before +0.81 → after adjusting +0.76
- Freedom of association vs Women's political empowerment before +0.77 → after adjusting +0.75
- Civil liberties (FH) vs Women's political empowerment before -0.80 → after adjusting -0.74
- Political civil liberties vs Women's political empowerment before +0.76 → after adjusting +0.74
- Participatory democracy vs Women's political empowerment before +0.79 → after adjusting +0.74
- Civil society participation vs Women's political empowerment before +0.73 → after adjusting +0.73