Share aged 65 and over and Returns claiming the earned income credit
Where Share aged 65 and over is higher, Returns claiming the earned income credit tends to be lower. The link is weak: -0.40 across 3,121 counties, on a scale from −1 (opposite) to +1 (in step). That figure compares places with the same population density, income and education, so those differences can't explain it. It holds inside states too. Measured separately within each of 40 states, the middle value of the link is +0.01.
Holds after adjusting
Every place, plotted
One dot for each place reporting both measures. Hover over or tap a dot to see its name and values. The thin line is the straight line that best fits the dots. The bold line, shown for counties, is the link after adjusting for density, income and education. A dot far from the lines is a place that does not follow the pattern.
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What each measure is
Share aged 65 and over
The percentage of all residents, children included, who are 65 or older. It is a share of everyone, not just of adults. The typical county is 19.7%, and four in five are between 14% and 26%. The extremes come from one big group living there, not from places that aged differently: Sumter County, Florida reaches 57.8% since The Villages retirement community is there. Chattahoochee County, Georgia is 3.3% since it is mostly Fort Benning, an army base, and Madison County, Idaho is 5.3% since it is a university town.
Census ACS 5-year · ACS table B01001_020…B01001_049 (12 cells), divided by total population
Returns claiming the earned income credit
The percentage of tax returns claiming the earned income tax credit, which goes to working households with low incomes. It is a count from tax records of the working poor, not a survey estimate.
IRS Statistics of Income · IRS SOI N59660 / N1
Highest and lowest
Where each measure is highest and lowest among the places reporting both (2023), with the other measure beside it. This is shown for every size of place where both are published. Metro-area values are added up from their counties. A measure that cannot be added up across counties, such as a middle value (median), has no metro figure. Counts are shown per 1,000 residents, since raw totals would only list the largest places. Cities and towns and ZIP codes are shown where the Census survey or the CDC publishes them; most other sources stop at the county. They are shown for places of 5,000 residents or more, and only where the survey’s margin of error is small enough for the figure to be usable. The CDC publishes its health estimates for cities in a version adjusted for age, so places with older or younger people can be compared fairly, but not for ZIP codes.
Counties
By share aged 65 and over
| Share aged 65 and over | Returns claiming the earned income credit | |
|---|---|---|
| Highest | ||
| Sumter County, FL | 57.8% | 7.34% |
| Catron County, NM | 44.5% | 15.1% |
| La Paz County, AZ | 42.2% | 21.7% |
| Charlotte County, FL | 40.4% | 11.4% |
| Lancaster County, VA | 40% | 15.5% |
| Lowest | ||
| Chattahoochee County, GA | 3.32% | 27.5% |
| Madison County, ID | 5.32% | 16.4% |
| Aleutians West Census Area, AK | 6.37% | 6.22% |
| Kusilvak Census Area, AK | 6.42% | 48.7% |
| Oglala Lakota County, SD | 7.07% | 45.5% |
By returns claiming the earned income credit
| Share aged 65 and over | Returns claiming the earned income credit | |
|---|---|---|
| Highest | ||
| Kusilvak Census Area, AK | 6.42% | 48.7% |
| Humphreys County, MS | 18.4% | 47.6% |
| Tunica County, MS | 13.9% | 46.3% |
| Holmes County, MS | 16.2% | 46% |
| Oglala Lakota County, SD | 7.07% | 45.5% |
| Lowest | ||
| Mineral County, CO | 29.7% | 0% |
| Yakutat City and Borough, AK | 27.7% | 0% |
| Skagway Municipality, AK | 17.8% | 0% |
| Daggett County, UT | 18.1% | 0% |
| Roberts County, TX | 16.8% | 0% |
States
By share aged 65 and over
| Share aged 65 and over | Returns claiming the earned income credit | |
|---|---|---|
| Highest | ||
| Maine | 21.9% | 11.3% |
| Florida | 21.1% | 19.1% |
| Vermont | 20.8% | 10.1% |
| West Virginia | 20.7% | 16.3% |
| Delaware | 20% | 13.7% |
| Lowest | ||
| Utah | 11.6% | 10.9% |
| District of Columbia | 12.7% | 12.6% |
| Texas | 13.2% | 19.4% |
| Alaska | 13.3% | 11.3% |
| Georgia | 14.6% | 20.6% |
By returns claiming the earned income credit
| Share aged 65 and over | Returns claiming the earned income credit | |
|---|---|---|
| Highest | ||
| Mississippi | 16.8% | 26.7% |
| Louisiana | 16.3% | 24% |
| Georgia | 14.6% | 20.6% |
| Arkansas | 17.3% | 20.5% |
| Alabama | 17.5% | 20.3% |
| Lowest | ||
| New Hampshire | 19.5% | 7.91% |
| Massachusetts | 17.5% | 9.56% |
| Washington | 16.3% | 9.82% |
| Minnesota | 16.8% | 9.98% |
| Vermont | 20.8% | 10.1% |
Metro areas
By share aged 65 and over
| Share aged 65 and over | Returns claiming the earned income credit | |
|---|---|---|
| Highest | ||
| Wildwood-The Villages, FL | 57.8% | 7.34% |
| Punta Gorda, FL | 40.4% | 11.4% |
| Port Townsend, WA | 39.6% | 8.29% |
| Homosassa Springs, FL | 36.3% | 15.7% |
| Sebring, FL | 35.9% | 20.9% |
| Lowest | ||
| Rexburg, ID | 7.86% | 16.1% |
| Provo-Orem-Lehi, UT | 7.87% | 10.4% |
| Fort Leonard Wood, MO | 9.6% | 20.3% |
| Andrews, TX | 9.67% | 15.5% |
| Hinesville, GA | 9.68% | 28.8% |
By returns claiming the earned income credit
| Share aged 65 and over | Returns claiming the earned income credit | |
|---|---|---|
| Highest | ||
| Zapata, TX | 13.5% | 45.4% |
| Rio Grande City-Roma, TX | 11.2% | 44.4% |
| Clarksdale, MS | 16.1% | 42% |
| Greenville, MS | 17.6% | 41.2% |
| Greenwood, MS | 17.6% | 38.7% |
| Lowest | ||
| Los Alamos, NM | 18.2% | 3.7% |
| Jackson, WY-ID | 16.1% | 6.19% |
| Heber, UT | 14% | 6.24% |
| Edwards, CO | 14.3% | 6.39% |
| Nantucket, MA | 15.5% | 6.55% |
Cities and towns — Returns claiming the earned income credit is not published for cities and towns
By share aged 65 and over
| Share aged 65 and over | Returns claiming the earned income credit | |
|---|---|---|
| Highest | ||
| Desert Palms CDP, CA | 86.4% | — |
| Sun City West CDP, AZ | 85.8% | — |
| The Villages CDP, FL | 85.2% | — |
| On Top of the World CDP, FL | 83.7% | — |
| Laguna Woods city, CA | 83% | — |
| Lowest | ||
| University of California-Davis CDP, CA | 0% | — |
| Fort Irwin CDP, CA | 0% | — |
| Camp Pendleton South CDP, CA | 0% | — |
| North Fort Lewis CDP, WA | 0% | — |
| Fort Lewis CDP, WA | 0% | — |
ZIP codes — Returns claiming the earned income credit is not published for ZIP codes
By share aged 65 and over
| Share aged 65 and over | Returns claiming the earned income credit | |
|---|---|---|
| Highest | ||
| ZIP 32162 (The Villages CDP, FL) | 88.1% | — |
| ZIP 85375 (Sun City West CDP, AZ) | 85.2% | — |
| ZIP 92637 (Laguna Woods city, CA) | 83% | — |
| ZIP 85622 (Pima County, AZ) | 82.8% | — |
| ZIP 85351 (Sun City CDP, AZ) | 76.2% | — |
| Lowest | ||
| ZIP 99703 (Fairbanks city, AK) | 0% | — |
| ZIP 98433 (Pierce County, WA) | 0% | — |
| ZIP 93410 (California Polytechnic State University CDP, CA) | 0% | — |
| ZIP 93106 (University of California-Santa Barbara CDP, CA) | 0% | — |
| ZIP 92310 (San Bernardino County, CA) | 0% | — |
Counties furthest from the pattern
Compared with the straight line that best fits all 3,140 counties: the five with far more returns claiming the earned income credit than their share aged 65 and over would suggest, and the five with far less.
| Share aged 65 and over | Returns claiming the earned income credit | |
|---|---|---|
| Above the line | ||
| Humphreys County, MS | 18.4% | 47.6% |
| Holmes County, MS | 16.2% | 46% |
| Kusilvak Census Area, AK | 6.42% | 48.7% |
| Claiborne County, MS | 18.9% | 44.8% |
| Tunica County, MS | 13.9% | 46.3% |
| Below the line | ||
| Clark County, ID | 13.1% | 0% |
| Borden County, TX | 13.6% | 0% |
| Camas County, ID | 14.9% | 0% |
| Glasscock County, TX | 15.4% | 0% |
| McMullen County, TX | 16.4% | 0% |
Two series, one county
Both measures over time for a county you pick. The two charts are stacked, so they share only the years along the bottom. You can pick from the thirty largest counties reporting both. This panel covers 2010–2024, and a measure published only once shows as a single dot.
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Every version of the link
Each row measures the same link, from −1 to +1, in a different way. If the rows mostly agree, the link does not depend on one choice of method.
| Before adjusting for anything | -0.195 | 3,121 counties reporting both |
| After adjusting for density, income and education | -0.396 | the part of the link that is not just how urban, rich and educated a place is |
| Also adjusting for population size | -0.381 | size taken out as well as density |
| Also comparing only within each state | -0.344 | each county is compared only with others in its own state, so this is no longer a comparison between states |
| Giving bigger counties more weight | -0.384 | the adjusted link for the average resident rather than the average county. With this weighting, the data counts for about 287 equally weighted counties |
| Middle value inside single states | +0.010 | the link worked out inside each of 40 states with at least 20 counties reporting |
| Using ranks, after adjusting | -0.419 | uses each county’s rank, not its value, so a few extreme counties cannot create the link |
How much to believe it
Could it be chance?
The p-value is the chance of seeing a link this strong if there were really none. A value of 0.05 or less means the link is unlikely to be chance. Very small values are written in short form: 3.1e-16 means 0.00000000000000031, and the bigger the number after “e-”, the smaller the value. Treating every county as a separate case gives p = 2.5e-117. But counties in the same state tend to resemble each other, so the better figure allows for that: p = 8.4e-11. The site tested 20,910 pairs, and testing so many turns up some flukes. The q-value allows for that too. For this pair it is 2.2e-116.
Do nearby places look alike?
Moran’s I measures how much nearby places look alike: 0 means no map pattern, and higher means neighbours are more similar. For the part of each county that the adjustment leaves unexplained, it is +0.56 (p = 0.001). That unexplained part still clusters on the map. So some regional factor shared by both measures is not accounted for.
Did they change together?
The figures above compare counties at one moment. This asks a different question: where share aged 65 and over rose most, did returns claiming the earned income creditmove too? Each county’s change is compared with the average change in its own state. That takes out ups and downs that hit a whole region at once. Each change is the gap between two estimates that both contain some error. That error pulls these links towards zero, so a weak one is weak partly for that reason. The q column shows whether a link could be a fluke, allowing for the many pairs tested: 0.05 or less means it is unlikely to be chance.
| Period | Counties | Change together | Within states | q |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2014–2019 the main test: each Census survey figure averages five years, and these two do not overlap; before the pandemic | 3,140 | -0.19 | -0.09 | 0.020 |
| 2019–2023 a repeat check: its two five-year survey figures both include 2019, and it covers the COVID years | 3,140 | -0.05 | -0.05 | 0.553 |
In counties where one changed more, the other tended to move the opposite way, compared with other counties in the same state (r = -0.09). It does not hold clearly in the second period, which spans the pandemic. How change is measured.
Related pairs
- Median age and Share aged 65 and over — +0.93
- Food insecurity and Returns claiming the earned income credit — +0.84
- Lack of reliable transportation and Returns claiming the earned income credit — +0.84
- Housing insecurity and Returns claiming the earned income credit — +0.83
- Self-care disability and Returns claiming the earned income credit — +0.82
- Vision disability and Returns claiming the earned income credit — +0.81
- Threat of utility shut-off and Returns claiming the earned income credit — +0.80
- Stroke and Returns claiming the earned income credit — +0.78
Association only. Nothing here shows that either measure changes the other. This describes counties, not the people in them. Two measures going together across places does not mean the same people have both. How the US county data works · Explore Share aged 65 and over and Returns claiming the earned income credit