Per capita income and Economic connectedness
Across 3,011 counties, Per capita income and Economic connectedness have a link of +0.59, on a scale from −1 (opposite) to +1 (in step). But compare places with the same population density, income and education, and a very weak link of +0.11 remains. Most of the first figure came from both measures following how urban, rich and educated a place is, not from a link with each other.
Mostly gone after adjusting
Every place, plotted
One dot for each place reporting both measures. Hover over or tap a dot to see its name and values. The thin line is the straight line that best fits the dots. The bold line, shown for counties, is the link after adjusting for density, income and education. A dot far from the lines is a place that does not follow the pattern.
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What each measure is
Per capita income
All the money income in the area divided by everyone who lives there, children included. It is an average, so a few high earners pull it up, unlike the middle household income.
Census ACS 5-year · ACS table B19301_001
Economic connectedness
How many of a low-income person's friends are high-income, compared with an even mix. One means their friends match the local mix of rich and poor. Below one means their friendships are more divided by income than that.
Social Capital Atlas · Opportunity Insights ec_county
Highest and lowest
Where each measure is highest and lowest among the places reporting both (2023), with the other measure beside it. This is shown for every size of place where both are published. Metro-area values are added up from their counties. A measure that cannot be added up across counties, such as a middle value (median), has no metro figure. Counts are shown per 1,000 residents, since raw totals would only list the largest places. Cities and towns and ZIP codes are shown where the Census survey or the CDC publishes them; most other sources stop at the county. They are shown for places of 5,000 residents or more, and only where the survey’s margin of error is small enough for the figure to be usable. The CDC publishes its health estimates for cities in a version adjusted for age, so places with older or younger people can be compared fairly, but not for ZIP codes.
Counties
By per capita income
| Per capita income | Economic connectedness | |
|---|---|---|
| Highest | ||
| Pitkin County, CO | $105,100 | 1.24 |
| New York County, NY | $94,922 | 0.827 |
| Marin County, CA | $90,408 | 0.812 |
| San Francisco County, CA | $90,285 | 1.31 |
| Arlington County, VA | $88,024 | 1.27 |
| Lowest | ||
| Oglala Lakota County, SD | $11,650 | 0.33 |
| Todd County, SD | $13,849 | 0.295 |
| Wolfe County, KY | $15,253 | 0.668 |
| Lake County, TN | $16,275 | 0.526 |
| La Salle County, TX | $16,317 | 0.587 |
By economic connectedness
| Per capita income | Economic connectedness | |
|---|---|---|
| Highest | ||
| Rockingham County, NH | $59,710 | 1.36 |
| Douglas County, CO | $66,810 | 1.35 |
| San Francisco County, CA | $90,285 | 1.31 |
| Morgan County, UT | $43,194 | 1.29 |
| Madison County, ID | $23,024 | 1.28 |
| Lowest | ||
| Todd County, SD | $13,849 | 0.295 |
| Oglala Lakota County, SD | $11,650 | 0.33 |
| Terrell County, GA | $24,665 | 0.347 |
| Bullock County, AL | $21,462 | 0.355 |
| Allendale County, SC | $23,057 | 0.361 |
States — Economic connectedness is not published for states
By per capita income
| Per capita income | Economic connectedness | |
|---|---|---|
| Highest | ||
| District of Columbia | $75,253 | — |
| Massachusetts | $56,284 | — |
| Connecticut | $54,409 | — |
| New Jersey | $53,118 | — |
| Maryland | $51,689 | — |
| Lowest | ||
| Puerto Rico | $16,794 | — |
| Mississippi | $30,529 | — |
| West Virginia | $32,949 | — |
| Arkansas | $33,147 | — |
| Louisiana | $34,211 | — |
Metro areas
By per capita income
| Per capita income | Economic connectedness | |
|---|---|---|
| Highest | ||
| San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA | $75,895 | 1.14 |
| Nantucket, MA | $72,733 | 0.694 |
| Los Alamos, NM | $72,684 | 1.12 |
| San Francisco-Oakland-Fremont, CA | $72,306 | 1.01 |
| Vineyard Haven, MA | $71,014 | 0.911 |
| Lowest | ||
| Rio Grande City-Roma, TX | $18,063 | 0.508 |
| Zapata, TX | $19,131 | 0.498 |
| Gallup, NM | $19,580 | 0.416 |
| Middlesborough, KY | $20,463 | 0.542 |
| Deming, NM | $21,871 | 0.465 |
By economic connectedness
| Per capita income | Economic connectedness | |
|---|---|---|
| Highest | ||
| Provo-Orem-Lehi, UT | $35,045 | 1.22 |
| Alexandria, MN | $43,543 | 1.18 |
| Laramie, WY | $37,277 | 1.17 |
| Hutchinson, MN | $41,336 | 1.16 |
| Ames, IA | $38,602 | 1.15 |
| Lowest | ||
| Lumberton, NC | $22,925 | 0.363 |
| Cordele, GA | $28,062 | 0.388 |
| Laurinburg, NC | $27,678 | 0.396 |
| Eufaula, AL-GA | $25,352 | 0.414 |
| Gallup, NM | $19,580 | 0.416 |
Cities and towns — Economic connectedness is not published for cities and towns
By per capita income
| Per capita income | Economic connectedness | |
|---|---|---|
| Highest | ||
| Palm Beach town, FL | $211,810 | — |
| Atherton town, CA | $203,140 | — |
| Highland Park town, TX | $187,200 | — |
| Scarsdale village, NY | $181,920 | — |
| Cherry Hills Village city, CO | $176,850 | — |
| Lowest | ||
| Binghamton University CDP, NY | $2,240 | — |
| Clemson University CDP, SC | $4,362 | — |
| California Polytechnic State University CDP, CA | $5,540 | — |
| Stony Brook University CDP, NY | $6,166 | — |
| Notre Dame CDP, IN | $7,117 | — |
ZIP codes — Economic connectedness is not published for ZIP codes
By per capita income
| Per capita income | Economic connectedness | |
|---|---|---|
| Highest | ||
| ZIP 10007 (New York city, NY) | $209,000 | — |
| ZIP 10282 (New York city, NY) | $207,030 | — |
| ZIP 94027 (Atherton town, CA) | $203,240 | — |
| ZIP 94105 (San Francisco city, CA) | $196,160 | — |
| ZIP 33480 (Palm Beach town, FL) | $194,910 | — |
| Lowest | ||
| ZIP 32816 (University CDP, FL) | $1,570 | — |
| ZIP 13902 (Binghamton University CDP, NY) | $2,240 | — |
| ZIP 33620 (Tampa city, FL) | $2,713 | — |
| ZIP 79406 (Lubbock city, TX) | $2,722 | — |
| ZIP 32612 (Gainesville city, FL) | $2,878 | — |
Counties furthest from the pattern
Compared with the straight line that best fits all 3,020 counties: the five with far more economic connectedness than their per capita income would suggest, and the five with far less.
| Per capita income | Economic connectedness | |
|---|---|---|
| Above the line | ||
| Madison County, ID | $23,024 | 1.28 |
| Rich County, UT | $29,074 | 1.15 |
| Utah County, UT | $35,091 | 1.22 |
| Potter County, SD | $37,661 | 1.24 |
| Miner County, SD | $34,056 | 1.19 |
| Below the line | ||
| New York County, NY | $94,922 | 0.827 |
| Marin County, CA | $90,408 | 0.812 |
| Western Connecticut Planning Region, CT | $79,648 | 0.717 |
| Nantucket County, MA | $72,733 | 0.694 |
| Greene County, GA | $56,767 | 0.518 |
Two series, one county
Both measures over time for a county you pick. The two charts are stacked, so they share only the years along the bottom. You can pick from the thirty largest counties reporting both. This panel covers 2010–2024, and a measure published only once shows as a single dot.
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Every version of the link
Each row measures the same link, from −1 to +1, in a different way. If the rows mostly agree, the link does not depend on one choice of method.
| Before adjusting for anything | +0.590 | 3,011 counties reporting both |
| After adjusting for density, income and education | +0.111 | the part of the link that is not just how urban, rich and educated a place is |
| Also adjusting for population size | +0.086 | size taken out as well as density |
| Also comparing only within each state | +0.107 | each county is compared only with others in its own state, so this is no longer a comparison between states |
| Giving bigger counties more weight | -0.016 | the adjusted link for the average resident rather than the average county. With this weighting, the data counts for about 286 equally weighted counties |
| Middle value inside single states | +0.651 | the link worked out inside each of 40 states with at least 20 counties reporting |
| Using ranks, after adjusting | +0.217 | uses each county’s rank, not its value, so a few extreme counties cannot create the link |
How much to believe it
Could it be chance?
The p-value is the chance of seeing a link this strong if there were really none. A value of 0.05 or less means the link is unlikely to be chance. Very small values are written in short form: 3.1e-16 means 0.00000000000000031, and the bigger the number after “e-”, the smaller the value. Treating every county as a separate case gives p = 9.9e-10. But counties in the same state tend to resemble each other, so the better figure allows for that: p = 0.014. The site tested 20,910 pairs, and testing so many turns up some flukes. The q-value allows for that too. For this pair it is 2.2e-9.
Do nearby places look alike?
Moran’s I measures how much nearby places look alike: 0 means no map pattern, and higher means neighbours are more similar. For the part of each county that the adjustment leaves unexplained, it is +0.54 (p = 0.001). That unexplained part still clusters on the map. So some regional factor shared by both measures is not accounted for.
Did they change together?
Not measurable: at least one of these is published for too few of the years a change needs (2014–2019 or 2019–2023), or for too few counties in both.
Related pairs
- Median household income and Per capita income — +0.77
- Housing insecurity and Economic connectedness — -0.65
- Food insecurity and Economic connectedness — -0.64
- Returns claiming the earned income credit and Economic connectedness — -0.64
- Adult income rank of children raised poor here and Economic connectedness — +0.63
- Share White, not Hispanic and Economic connectedness — +0.62
- Lack of reliable transportation and Economic connectedness — -0.61
- Vision disability and Economic connectedness — -0.60
Association only. Nothing here shows that either measure changes the other. This describes counties, not the people in them. Two measures going together across places does not mean the same people have both. How the US county data works · Explore Per capita income and Economic connectedness