Returns reporting unemployment compensation and Incarceration of children raised poor here
Where Returns reporting unemployment compensation is higher, Incarceration of children raised poor here tends to be lower. The link is weak: -0.35 across 1,986 counties, on a scale from −1 (opposite) to +1 (in step). That figure compares places with the same population density, income and education, so those differences can't explain it. It holds inside states too. Measured separately within each of 32 states, the middle value of the link is -0.10.
Holds after adjusting
Every place, plotted
One dot for each place reporting both measures. Hover over or tap a dot to see its name and values. The thin line is the straight line that best fits the dots. The bold line, shown for counties, is the link after adjusting for density, income and education. A dot far from the lines is a place that does not follow the pattern.
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What each measure is
Returns reporting unemployment compensation
The percentage of tax returns reporting unemployment benefits during the year.
IRS Statistics of Income · IRS SOI N02300 / N1
Incarceration of children raised poor here
The share of those same children, who grew up here with poor parents, who were in prison on census day in 2010.
Opportunity Atlas · Opportunity Insights jail_pooled_pooled_p25
Highest and lowest
Where each measure is highest and lowest among the places reporting both (2023), with the other measure beside it. This is shown for every size of place where both are published. Metro-area values are added up from their counties. A measure that cannot be added up across counties, such as a middle value (median), has no metro figure. Counts are shown per 1,000 residents, since raw totals would only list the largest places. Cities and towns and ZIP codes are shown where the Census survey or the CDC publishes them; most other sources stop at the county. They are shown for places of 5,000 residents or more, and only where the survey’s margin of error is small enough for the figure to be usable. The CDC publishes its health estimates for cities in a version adjusted for age, so places with older or younger people can be compared fairly, but not for ZIP codes.
Counties
By returns reporting unemployment compensation
| Returns reporting unemployment compensation | Incarceration of children raised poor here | |
|---|---|---|
| Highest | ||
| Imperial County, CA | 17.4% | 0.0141 |
| Tulare County, CA | 13% | 0.0155 |
| Yuma County, AZ | 11.5% | 0.0191 |
| Merced County, CA | 11.5% | 0.0156 |
| Sutter County, CA | 11% | 0.0163 |
| Lowest | ||
| Lexington city, VA | 0% | 0.0647 |
| Castro County, TX | 0% | 0.035 |
| Stewart County, GA | 0% | 0.057 |
| Chattahoochee County, GA | 0% | 0.0318 |
| Greene County, NC | 0.391% | 0.0311 |
By incarceration of children raised poor here
| Returns reporting unemployment compensation | Incarceration of children raised poor here | |
|---|---|---|
| Highest | ||
| Menominee County, WI | 3.33% | 0.0977 |
| Oglala Lakota County, SD | 3.35% | 0.0889 |
| Pulaski County, GA | 0.792% | 0.0805 |
| Charlottesville city, VA | 0.973% | 0.0751 |
| Portsmouth city, VA | 1.26% | 0.0658 |
| Lowest | ||
| Kent County, RI | 6.77% | 0.0033 |
| Washington County, RI | 5.45% | 0.00337 |
| Providence County, RI | 7.48% | 0.0047 |
| Essex County, NY | 4.44% | 0.00546 |
| Huron County, MI | 3.65% | 0.00559 |
States — Incarceration of children raised poor here is not published for states
By returns reporting unemployment compensation
| Returns reporting unemployment compensation | Incarceration of children raised poor here | |
|---|---|---|
| Highest | ||
| Rhode Island | 6.9% | — |
| Massachusetts | 6.24% | — |
| Connecticut | 6.02% | — |
| California | 5.75% | — |
| Washington | 5.55% | — |
| Lowest | ||
| Florida | 0.913% | — |
| North Carolina | 0.958% | — |
| Alabama | 0.986% | — |
| Mississippi | 1.17% | — |
| Nebraska | 1.19% | — |
Metro areas
By returns reporting unemployment compensation
| Returns reporting unemployment compensation | Incarceration of children raised poor here | |
|---|---|---|
| Highest | ||
| El Centro, CA | 17.4% | 0.0141 |
| Visalia, CA | 13% | 0.0155 |
| Yuma, AZ | 11.5% | 0.0191 |
| Merced, CA | 11.5% | 0.0156 |
| Kahului-Wailuku, HI | 10.3% | 0.0231 |
| Lowest | ||
| Washington, IN | 0.515% | 0.0258 |
| Arcadia, FL | 0.554% | 0.0533 |
| Key West-Key Largo, FL | 0.569% | 0.02 |
| Goldsboro, NC | 0.603% | 0.024 |
| North Wilkesboro, NC | 0.608% | 0.0198 |
By incarceration of children raised poor here
| Returns reporting unemployment compensation | Incarceration of children raised poor here | |
|---|---|---|
| Highest | ||
| Thomaston, GA | 1.71% | 0.06 |
| Summerville, GA | 3.23% | 0.0555 |
| Waco, TX | 1.81% | 0.0552 |
| Sherman-Denison, TX | 1.94% | 0.0546 |
| Savannah, GA | 0.962% | 0.0541 |
| Lowest | ||
| Dickinson, ND | 1.7% | 0.00571 |
| Oneonta, NY | 4.43% | 0.00584 |
| New Ulm, MN | 5.54% | 0.00603 |
| Houghton, MI | 3.31% | 0.00631 |
| Wheeling, WV-OH | 3.38% | 0.00639 |
Counties furthest from the pattern
Compared with the straight line that best fits all 1,986 counties: the five with far more incarceration of children raised poor here than their returns reporting unemployment compensation would suggest, and the five with far less.
| Returns reporting unemployment compensation | Incarceration of children raised poor here | |
|---|---|---|
| Above the line | ||
| Menominee County, WI | 3.33% | 0.0977 |
| Oglala Lakota County, SD | 3.35% | 0.0889 |
| Pulaski County, GA | 0.792% | 0.0805 |
| Charlottesville city, VA | 0.973% | 0.0751 |
| Portsmouth city, VA | 1.26% | 0.0658 |
| Below the line | ||
| Smith County, MS | 0.825% | 0.00578 |
| Swain County, NC | 0.799% | 0.00614 |
| Pottawatomie County, KS | 1.01% | 0.0058 |
| Daviess County, MO | 1.64% | 0.00646 |
| Stark County, ND | 1.97% | 0.00571 |
Two series, one county
Both measures over time for a county you pick. The two charts are stacked, so they share only the years along the bottom. You can pick from the thirty largest counties reporting both. This panel covers 2010–2024, and a measure published only once shows as a single dot.
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Every version of the link
Each row measures the same link, from −1 to +1, in a different way. If the rows mostly agree, the link does not depend on one choice of method.
| Before adjusting for anything | -0.376 | 1,986 counties reporting both |
| After adjusting for density, income and education | -0.351 | the part of the link that is not just how urban, rich and educated a place is |
| Also adjusting for population size | -0.319 | size taken out as well as density |
| Also comparing only within each state | -0.098 | each county is compared only with others in its own state, so this is no longer a comparison between states |
| Giving bigger counties more weight | -0.395 | the adjusted link for the average resident rather than the average county. With this weighting, the data counts for about 266 equally weighted counties |
| Middle value inside single states | -0.104 | the link worked out inside each of 32 states with at least 20 counties reporting |
| Using ranks, after adjusting | -0.394 | uses each county’s rank, not its value, so a few extreme counties cannot create the link |
How much to believe it
Could it be chance?
The p-value is the chance of seeing a link this strong if there were really none. A value of 0.05 or less means the link is unlikely to be chance. Very small values are written in short form: 3.1e-16 means 0.00000000000000031, and the bigger the number after “e-”, the smaller the value. Treating every county as a separate case gives p = 1.3e-58. But counties in the same state tend to resemble each other, so the better figure allows for that: p = 2.7e-7. The site tested 20,910 pairs, and testing so many turns up some flukes. The q-value allows for that too. For this pair it is 7.9e-58.
Do nearby places look alike?
Moran’s I measures how much nearby places look alike: 0 means no map pattern, and higher means neighbours are more similar. For the part of each county that the adjustment leaves unexplained, it is +0.29 (p = 0.001). That unexplained part still clusters on the map. So some regional factor shared by both measures is not accounted for.
Did they change together?
Not measurable: at least one of these is published for too few of the years a change needs (2014–2019 or 2019–2023), or for too few counties in both.
Related pairs
- Returns reporting unemployment compensation and Unemployment rate — +0.61
- Incarceration of children raised poor here and Prison population rate — +0.45
- Incarceration of children raised poor here and Adult income rank of children raised poor here — -0.43
- Taking blood pressure medication and Returns reporting unemployment compensation — -0.41
- Share of suicides by firearm and Returns reporting unemployment compensation — -0.39
- Firearm share of suicides, standardised and Returns reporting unemployment compensation — -0.39
- Returns reporting unemployment compensation and Mobility score — +0.38
- Republican share of the two-party vote, 2008 and Returns reporting unemployment compensation — -0.36
Association only. Nothing here shows that either measure changes the other. This describes counties, not the people in them. Two measures going together across places does not mean the same people have both. How the US county data works · Explore Returns reporting unemployment compensation and Incarceration of children raised poor here