Wet days and Catholic adherents
Where Wet days is higher, Catholic adherents tends to be lower. The link is weak: -0.32 across 3,089 counties, on a scale from −1 (opposite) to +1 (in step). That figure compares places with the same population density, income and education, so those differences can't explain it. It holds inside states too. Measured separately within each of 39 states, the middle value of the link is -0.03.
Holds after adjusting
Every place, plotted
One dot for each place reporting both measures. Hover over or tap a dot to see its name and values. The thin line is the straight line that best fits the dots. The bold line, shown for counties, is the link after adjusting for density, income and education. A dot far from the lines is a place that does not follow the pattern.
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What each measure is
Wet days
The number of days in the year with at least a tenth of an inch of rain or melted snow. NOAA maps each day's weather station readings onto squares about 3 miles wide and averages them over the county. Any rain at all would count too many days: the county average is above zero when a shower wets just one corner. A state's figure is the average of its counties, each weighted by its land area. Lower 48 states only, from 1951.
NOAA NCEI nClimGrid-Daily · NOAA NCEI nClimGrid-Daily v1.0.0 county averages (prcp/tmax/tmin, scaled), wet_days; states, counties averaged by land area
Catholic adherents
Catholic members as a share of the population. They are counted from church records kept by each diocese, which makes this one of the study's most complete figures.
US Religion Census (ASARB) · Religion Census CATHRATE (2010, 2020)
Highest and lowest
Where each measure is highest and lowest among the places reporting both (2023), with the other measure beside it. This is shown for every size of place where both are published. Metro-area values are added up from their counties. A measure that cannot be added up across counties, such as a middle value (median), has no metro figure. Counts are shown per 1,000 residents, since raw totals would only list the largest places. Cities and towns and ZIP codes are shown where the Census survey or the CDC publishes them; most other sources stop at the county. They are shown for places of 5,000 residents or more, and only where the survey’s margin of error is small enough for the figure to be usable. The CDC publishes its health estimates for cities in a version adjusted for age, so places with older or younger people can be compared fairly, but not for ZIP codes.
Counties
By wet days
| Wet days | Catholic adherents | |
|---|---|---|
| Highest | ||
| Tillamook County, OR | 151 | 9.97 |
| Clatsop County, OR | 148 | 5.96 |
| Jefferson County, WA | 148 | 4.23 |
| Clallam County, WA | 141 | 9.04 |
| Lincoln County, OR | 139 | 7.84 |
| Lowest | ||
| Imperial County, CA | 13 | 75.4 |
| El Paso County, TX | 13 | 48 |
| Ward County, TX | 14 | 23.7 |
| Crane County, TX | 15 | 28.3 |
| Yuma County, AZ | 17 | 20.9 |
By Catholic adherents
| Wet days | Catholic adherents | |
|---|---|---|
| Highest | ||
| St. James Parish, LA | 68 | 95.8 |
| Jim Hogg County, TX | 33 | 87.5 |
| Zavala County, TX | 38 | 83.8 |
| Lyman County, SD | 53 | 83.5 |
| Emmons County, ND | 50 | 81.6 |
| Lowest | ||
| Kiowa County, CO | 36 | 0 |
| Hinsdale County, CO | 83 | 0 |
| Alpine County, CA | 73 | 0 |
| Searcy County, AR | 69 | 0 |
| Newton County, AR | 76 | 0 |
States
By wet days
| Wet days | Catholic adherents | |
|---|---|---|
| Highest | ||
| Vermont | 104 | 20.9 |
| Maine | 104 | 16.1 |
| New Hampshire | 102 | 16 |
| New York | 99.2 | 30.6 |
| West Virginia | 98.1 | 5.62 |
| Lowest | ||
| Arizona | 32 | 21.3 |
| New Mexico | 33.6 | 29.9 |
| Nevada | 39.7 | 24.7 |
| North Dakota | 43.7 | 21.2 |
| Texas | 45.9 | 20.3 |
By Catholic adherents
| Wet days | Catholic adherents | |
|---|---|---|
| Highest | ||
| Rhode Island | 87.5 | 40.6 |
| Massachusetts | 91 | 35.5 |
| New Jersey | 80.7 | 32 |
| New York | 99.2 | 30.6 |
| New Mexico | 33.6 | 29.9 |
| Lowest | ||
| Mississippi | 78.8 | 3.37 |
| Tennessee | 86.7 | 3.99 |
| Alabama | 84.9 | 4.97 |
| Arkansas | 75.4 | 5.09 |
| West Virginia | 98.1 | 5.62 |
Metro areas
By wet days
| Wet days | Catholic adherents | |
|---|---|---|
| Highest | ||
| Astoria, OR | 148 | 5.96 |
| Port Townsend, WA | 148 | 4.23 |
| Port Angeles, WA | 141 | 9.04 |
| Newport, OR | 139 | 7.84 |
| Aberdeen, WA | 138 | 6.69 |
| Lowest | ||
| El Centro, CA | 13 | 75.4 |
| El Paso, TX | 16.3 | 47.9 |
| Yuma, AZ | 17 | 20.9 |
| Odessa, TX | 20 | 16.3 |
| Las Cruces, NM | 21 | 19.3 |
By Catholic adherents
| Wet days | Catholic adherents | |
|---|---|---|
| Highest | ||
| Nogales, AZ | 33 | 78.7 |
| Rio Grande City-Roma, TX | 34 | 77 |
| El Centro, CA | 13 | 75.4 |
| Las Vegas, NM | 41.6 | 74.8 |
| Taos, NM | 57 | 66.4 |
| Lowest | ||
| Forrest City, AR | 71 | 0.28 |
| Athens, TN | 88.1 | 0.371 |
| Malvern, AR | 77 | 0.38 |
| Pine Bluff, AR | 73.4 | 0.387 |
| Pikeville, KY | 95 | 0.463 |
Counties furthest from the pattern
Compared with the straight line that best fits all 3,108 counties: the five with far more Catholic adherents than their wet days would suggest, and the five with far less.
| Wet days | Catholic adherents | |
|---|---|---|
| Above the line | ||
| St. James Parish, LA | 68 | 95.8 |
| Lyman County, SD | 53 | 83.5 |
| Jim Hogg County, TX | 33 | 87.5 |
| Logan County, NE | 56 | 81.4 |
| Emmons County, ND | 50 | 81.6 |
| Below the line | ||
| Loving County, TX | 20 | 0 |
| Kiowa County, CO | 36 | 0 |
| San Juan County, UT | 34 | 0.8 |
| Borden County, TX | 38 | 0 |
| Millard County, UT | 36 | 1.54 |
Two series, one county
Both measures over time for a county you pick. The two charts are stacked, so they share only the years along the bottom. You can pick from the thirty largest counties reporting both. This panel covers 2010–2024, and a measure published only once shows as a single dot.
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Every version of the link
Each row measures the same link, from −1 to +1, in a different way. If the rows mostly agree, the link does not depend on one choice of method.
| Before adjusting for anything | -0.312 | 3,089 counties reporting both |
| After adjusting for density, income and education | -0.317 | the part of the link that is not just how urban, rich and educated a place is |
| Also adjusting for population size | -0.302 | size taken out as well as density |
| Also comparing only within each state | -0.161 | each county is compared only with others in its own state, so this is no longer a comparison between states |
| Also holding winter sunshine equal | -0.309 | compares counties that get the same sunlight in winter as well. If this is much weaker, part of the link is a difference between sunny and grey regions (more) |
| Giving bigger counties more weight | -0.231 | the adjusted link for the average resident rather than the average county. With this weighting, the data counts for about 284 equally weighted counties |
| Middle value inside single states | -0.032 | the link worked out inside each of 39 states with at least 20 counties reporting |
| Using ranks, after adjusting | -0.351 | uses each county’s rank, not its value, so a few extreme counties cannot create the link |
How much to believe it
Could it be chance?
The p-value is the chance of seeing a link this strong if there were really none. A value of 0.05 or less means the link is unlikely to be chance. Very small values are written in short form: 3.1e-16 means 0.00000000000000031, and the bigger the number after “e-”, the smaller the value. Treating every county as a separate case gives p = 8.9e-73. But counties in the same state tend to resemble each other, so the better figure allows for that: p = 0.000. The site tested 32,131 pairs, and testing so many turns up some flukes. The q-value allows for that too. For this pair it is 7.4e-72.
Do nearby places look alike?
Moran’s I measures how much nearby places look alike: 0 means no map pattern, and higher means neighbours are more similar. For the part of each county that the adjustment leaves unexplained, it is +0.44 (p = 0.001). That unexplained part still clusters on the map. So some regional factor shared by both measures is not accounted for.
Did they change together?
Not measurable: at least one of these is published for too few of the years a change needs (2014–2019 or 2019–2023), or for too few counties in both.
Related pairs
- Wet days and Clear days — -0.57
- Wet days and Cloud cover — +0.51
- Share Hispanic or Latino, any race and Catholic adherents — +0.47
- Share Hispanic or Latino, any race and Wet days — -0.47
- Wet days and Summer daily high — -0.47
- Wet days and Area in drought — -0.46
- Wet days and Daily sunlight — -0.45
- Wet days and Weeks with half the area in drought — -0.44
Association only. Nothing here shows that either measure changes the other. This describes counties, not the people in them. Two measures going together across places does not mean the same people have both. How the US county data works · Explore Wet days and Catholic adherents