Per capita income and Share aged 65 and over
Where Per capita income is higher, Share aged 65 and over tends to be higher. The link is moderate: +0.44 across 3,197 counties, on a scale from −1 (opposite) to +1 (in step). That figure compares places with the same population density, income and education, so those differences can't explain it. It holds inside states too. Measured separately within each of 41 states, the middle value of the link is -0.11.
Holds after adjusting
Every place, plotted
One dot for each place reporting both measures. Hover over or tap a dot to see its name and values. The thin line is the straight line that best fits the dots. The bold line, shown for counties, is the link after adjusting for density, income and education. A dot far from the lines is a place that does not follow the pattern.
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What each measure is
Per capita income
All the money income in the area divided by everyone who lives there, children included. It is an average, so a few high earners pull it up, unlike the middle household income.
Census ACS 5-year · ACS table B19301_001
Share aged 65 and over
The percentage of all residents, children included, who are 65 or older. It is a share of everyone, not just of adults. The typical county is 19.7%, and four in five are between 14% and 26%. The extremes come from one big group living there, not from places that aged differently: Sumter County, Florida reaches 57.8% since The Villages retirement community is there. Chattahoochee County, Georgia is 3.3% since it is mostly Fort Benning, an army base, and Madison County, Idaho is 5.3% since it is a university town.
Census ACS 5-year · ACS table B01001_020…B01001_049 (12 cells), divided by total population
Highest and lowest
Where each measure is highest and lowest among the places reporting both (2023), with the other measure beside it. This is shown for every size of place where both are published. Metro-area values are added up from their counties. A measure that cannot be added up across counties, such as a middle value (median), has no metro figure. Counts are shown per 1,000 residents, since raw totals would only list the largest places. Cities and towns and ZIP codes are shown where the Census survey or the CDC publishes them; most other sources stop at the county. They are shown for places of 5,000 residents or more, and only where the survey’s margin of error is small enough for the figure to be usable. The CDC publishes its health estimates for cities in a version adjusted for age, so places with older or younger people can be compared fairly, but not for ZIP codes.
Counties
By per capita income
| Per capita income | Share aged 65 and over | |
|---|---|---|
| Highest | ||
| Pitkin County, CO | $105,100 | 21.6% |
| New York County, NY | $94,922 | 17.8% |
| Marin County, CA | $90,408 | 23.3% |
| San Francisco County, CA | $90,285 | 17.2% |
| Arlington County, VA | $88,024 | 11.6% |
| Lowest | ||
| Vieques Municipio, PR | $9,346 | 24.4% |
| Adjuntas Municipio, PR | $9,457 | 22.1% |
| Guánica Municipio, PR | $9,705 | 26.1% |
| Las MarÃas Municipio, PR | $9,744 | 22.9% |
| Jayuya Municipio, PR | $9,779 | 19.4% |
By share aged 65 and over
| Per capita income | Share aged 65 and over | |
|---|---|---|
| Highest | ||
| Sumter County, FL | $46,555 | 57.8% |
| Catron County, NM | $29,980 | 44.5% |
| La Paz County, AZ | $33,413 | 42.2% |
| Charlotte County, FL | $40,603 | 40.4% |
| Lancaster County, VA | $49,384 | 40% |
| Lowest | ||
| Chattahoochee County, GA | $26,920 | 3.32% |
| Madison County, ID | $23,024 | 5.32% |
| Aleutians West Census Area, AK | $52,596 | 6.37% |
| Kusilvak Census Area, AK | $16,657 | 6.42% |
| Oglala Lakota County, SD | $11,650 | 7.07% |
States
By per capita income
| Per capita income | Share aged 65 and over | |
|---|---|---|
| Highest | ||
| District of Columbia | $75,253 | 12.7% |
| Massachusetts | $56,284 | 17.5% |
| Connecticut | $54,409 | 18.1% |
| New Jersey | $53,118 | 16.8% |
| Maryland | $51,689 | 16.3% |
| Lowest | ||
| Puerto Rico | $16,794 | 22.7% |
| Mississippi | $30,529 | 16.8% |
| West Virginia | $32,949 | 20.7% |
| Arkansas | $33,147 | 17.3% |
| Louisiana | $34,211 | 16.3% |
By share aged 65 and over
| Per capita income | Share aged 65 and over | |
|---|---|---|
| Highest | ||
| Puerto Rico | $16,794 | 22.7% |
| Maine | $42,035 | 21.9% |
| Florida | $41,055 | 21.1% |
| Vermont | $44,365 | 20.8% |
| West Virginia | $32,949 | 20.7% |
| Lowest | ||
| Utah | $39,240 | 11.6% |
| District of Columbia | $75,253 | 12.7% |
| Texas | $39,446 | 13.2% |
| Alaska | $44,928 | 13.3% |
| Georgia | $39,525 | 14.6% |
Metro areas
By per capita income
| Per capita income | Share aged 65 and over | |
|---|---|---|
| Highest | ||
| San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA | $75,895 | 14.4% |
| Nantucket, MA | $72,733 | 15.5% |
| Los Alamos, NM | $72,684 | 18.2% |
| San Francisco-Oakland-Fremont, CA | $72,306 | 16.6% |
| Vineyard Haven, MA | $71,014 | 26% |
| Lowest | ||
| Lares, PR | $10,871 | 22.9% |
| Utuado, PR | $10,916 | 24.6% |
| Coco, PR | $12,533 | 21.8% |
| Guayama, PR | $12,987 | 21.8% |
| Ponce, PR | $13,325 | 23% |
By share aged 65 and over
| Per capita income | Share aged 65 and over | |
|---|---|---|
| Highest | ||
| Wildwood-The Villages, FL | $46,555 | 57.8% |
| Punta Gorda, FL | $40,603 | 40.4% |
| Port Townsend, WA | $49,853 | 39.6% |
| Homosassa Springs, FL | $35,586 | 36.3% |
| Sebring, FL | $32,982 | 35.9% |
| Lowest | ||
| Rexburg, ID | $24,869 | 7.86% |
| Provo-Orem-Lehi, UT | $35,045 | 7.87% |
| Fort Leonard Wood, MO | $29,250 | 9.6% |
| Andrews, TX | $36,935 | 9.67% |
| Hinesville, GA | $27,465 | 9.68% |
Cities and towns
By per capita income
| Per capita income | Share aged 65 and over | |
|---|---|---|
| Highest | ||
| Palm Beach town, FL | $211,810 | 62.1% |
| Atherton town, CA | $203,140 | 25.6% |
| Highland Park town, TX | $187,200 | 20.3% |
| Scarsdale village, NY | $181,920 | 14.5% |
| Cherry Hills Village city, CO | $176,850 | 23% |
| Lowest | ||
| Binghamton University CDP, NY | $2,240 | 0% |
| Clemson University CDP, SC | $4,362 | 0% |
| Stony Brook University CDP, NY | $6,166 | 3.28% |
| University of California-Davis CDP, CA | $7,295 | 0% |
| Leakesville town, MS | $7,329 | 9.69% |
By share aged 65 and over
| Per capita income | Share aged 65 and over | |
|---|---|---|
| Highest | ||
| Desert Palms CDP, CA | $57,637 | 86.4% |
| Sun City West CDP, AZ | $51,788 | 85.8% |
| The Villages CDP, FL | $55,357 | 85.2% |
| On Top of the World CDP, FL | $44,954 | 83.7% |
| Laguna Woods city, CA | $54,008 | 83% |
| Lowest | ||
| University of California-Davis CDP, CA | $7,295 | 0% |
| Fort Irwin CDP, CA | $28,872 | 0% |
| Camp Pendleton South CDP, CA | $23,944 | 0% |
| North Fort Lewis CDP, WA | $25,817 | 0% |
| Fort Lewis CDP, WA | $23,123 | 0% |
ZIP codes
By per capita income
| Per capita income | Share aged 65 and over | |
|---|---|---|
| Highest | ||
| ZIP 10007 (New York city, NY) | $209,000 | 7.75% |
| ZIP 10282 (New York city, NY) | $207,030 | 10.2% |
| ZIP 94027 (Atherton town, CA) | $203,240 | 25.7% |
| ZIP 94105 (San Francisco city, CA) | $196,160 | 7.89% |
| ZIP 33480 (Palm Beach town, FL) | $194,910 | 61.8% |
| Lowest | ||
| ZIP 32816 (University CDP, FL) | $1,570 | 0% |
| ZIP 13902 (Binghamton University CDP, NY) | $2,240 | 0% |
| ZIP 33620 (Tampa city, FL) | $2,713 | 0% |
| ZIP 79406 (Lubbock city, TX) | $2,722 | 0% |
| ZIP 32612 (Gainesville city, FL) | $2,878 | 0% |
By share aged 65 and over
| Per capita income | Share aged 65 and over | |
|---|---|---|
| Highest | ||
| ZIP 32162 (The Villages CDP, FL) | $53,329 | 88.1% |
| ZIP 85375 (Sun City West CDP, AZ) | $51,752 | 85.2% |
| ZIP 92637 (Laguna Woods city, CA) | $54,008 | 83% |
| ZIP 85622 (Pima County, AZ) | $55,564 | 82.8% |
| ZIP 85351 (Sun City CDP, AZ) | $41,321 | 76.2% |
| Lowest | ||
| ZIP 99703 (Fairbanks city, AK) | $25,418 | 0% |
| ZIP 98433 (Pierce County, WA) | $24,061 | 0% |
| ZIP 93410 (California Polytechnic State University CDP, CA) | $4,612 | 0% |
| ZIP 93106 (University of California-Santa Barbara CDP, CA) | $15,878 | 0% |
| ZIP 92310 (San Bernardino County, CA) | $28,872 | 0% |
Counties furthest from the pattern
Compared with the straight line that best fits all 3,217 counties: the five with far more share aged 65 and over than their per capita income would suggest, and the five with far less.
| Per capita income | Share aged 65 and over | |
|---|---|---|
| Above the line | ||
| Sumter County, FL | $46,555 | 57.8% |
| Catron County, NM | $29,980 | 44.5% |
| La Paz County, AZ | $33,413 | 42.2% |
| Charlotte County, FL | $40,603 | 40.4% |
| Lancaster County, VA | $49,384 | 40% |
| Below the line | ||
| Chattahoochee County, GA | $26,920 | 3.32% |
| Madison County, ID | $23,024 | 5.32% |
| Kusilvak Census Area, AK | $16,657 | 6.42% |
| Aleutians West Census Area, AK | $52,596 | 6.37% |
| Oglala Lakota County, SD | $11,650 | 7.07% |
Two series, one county
Both measures over time for a county you pick. The two charts are stacked, so they share only the years along the bottom. You can pick from the thirty largest counties reporting both. This panel covers 2010–2024, and a measure published only once shows as a single dot.
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Every version of the link
Each row measures the same link, from −1 to +1, in a different way. If the rows mostly agree, the link does not depend on one choice of method.
| Before adjusting for anything | -0.017 | 3,197 counties reporting both |
| After adjusting for density, income and education | +0.440 | the part of the link that is not just how urban, rich and educated a place is |
| Also adjusting for population size | +0.445 | size taken out as well as density |
| Also comparing only within each state | +0.471 | each county is compared only with others in its own state, so this is no longer a comparison between states |
| Giving bigger counties more weight | +0.446 | the adjusted link for the average resident rather than the average county. With this weighting, the data counts for about 292 equally weighted counties |
| Middle value inside single states | -0.114 | the link worked out inside each of 41 states with at least 20 counties reporting |
| Using ranks, after adjusting | +0.443 | uses each county’s rank, not its value, so a few extreme counties cannot create the link |
How much to believe it
Could it be chance?
The p-value is the chance of seeing a link this strong if there were really none. A value of 0.05 or less means the link is unlikely to be chance. Very small values are written in short form: 3.1e-16 means 0.00000000000000031, and the bigger the number after “e-”, the smaller the value. Treating every county as a separate case gives p = 3.1e-151. But counties in the same state tend to resemble each other, so the better figure allows for that: p = 4.3e-9. The site tested 20,910 pairs, and testing so many turns up some flukes. The q-value allows for that too. For this pair it is 3.1e-150.
Do nearby places look alike?
Moran’s I measures how much nearby places look alike: 0 means no map pattern, and higher means neighbours are more similar. For the part of each county that the adjustment leaves unexplained, it is +0.33 (p = 0.001). That unexplained part still clusters on the map. So some regional factor shared by both measures is not accounted for.
Did they change together?
The figures above compare counties at one moment. This asks a different question: where per capita income rose most, did share aged 65 and overmove too? Each county’s change is compared with the average change in its own state. That takes out ups and downs that hit a whole region at once. Each change is the gap between two estimates that both contain some error. That error pulls these links towards zero, so a weak one is weak partly for that reason. The q column shows whether a link could be a fluke, allowing for the many pairs tested: 0.05 or less means it is unlikely to be chance.
| Period | Counties | Change together | Within states | q |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2014–2019 the main test: each Census survey figure averages five years, and these two do not overlap; before the pandemic | 3,216 | +0.14 | +0.11 | — |
| 2019–2023 a repeat check: its two five-year survey figures both include 2019, and it covers the COVID years | 3,217 | +0.14 | +0.11 | — |
Both come from the American Community Survey, which asks a sample of households. Random error in a county's sample pushes both changes at once. So part of any agreement here is that shared error. It is shown, but not counted as a finding. How change is measured.
Related pairs
- Median age and Share aged 65 and over — +0.93
- Median household income and Per capita income — +0.77
- Share aged 65 and over and Share never married — -0.56
- Share aged 65 and over and Share widowed — +0.55
- Per capita income and Share with a bachelor's degree or higher — +0.54
- Homeownership rate and Share aged 65 and over — +0.53
- Share aged 65 and over and Returns reporting capital gains — +0.53
- Share aged 65 and over and People per tax return — -0.47
Association only. Nothing here shows that either measure changes the other. This describes counties, not the people in them. Two measures going together across places does not mean the same people have both. How the US county data works · Explore Per capita income and Share aged 65 and over