Flu vaccination among Medicare enrollees and Injury deaths
Counting counties equally, Flu vaccination among Medicare enrollees and Injury deaths have a link of -0.14 across 2,962 counties, on a scale from −1 to +1. Giving bigger places more weight asks about the average resident rather than the average place, and it flips the link to +0.15. Neither figure is likely to be chance. So this is a real disagreement about who is being described.
Flips when bigger places count more
Every place, plotted
One dot for each place reporting both measures. Hover over or tap a dot to see its name and values. The thin line is the straight line that best fits the dots. The bold line, shown for counties, is the link after adjusting for density, income and education. A dot far from the lines is a place that does not follow the pattern.
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What each measure is
Flu vaccination among Medicare enrollees
The percentage of people on Medicare who got a flu shot.
County Health Rankings · County Health Rankings v155
Injury deaths
Deaths from injury per 100,000 people: overdoses, crashes, falls, suicides and homicides together.
County Health Rankings · County Health Rankings v135
Highest and lowest
Where each measure is highest and lowest among the places reporting both (2023), with the other measure beside it. This is shown for every size of place where both are published. Metro-area values are added up from their counties. A measure that cannot be added up across counties, such as a middle value (median), has no metro figure. Counts are shown per 1,000 residents, since raw totals would only list the largest places. Cities and towns and ZIP codes are shown where the Census survey or the CDC publishes them; most other sources stop at the county. They are shown for places of 5,000 residents or more, and only where the survey’s margin of error is small enough for the figure to be usable. The CDC publishes its health estimates for cities in a version adjusted for age, so places with older or younger people can be compared fairly, but not for ZIP codes.
Counties
By flu vaccination among Medicare enrollees
| Flu vaccination among Medicare enrollees | Injury deaths | |
|---|---|---|
| Highest | ||
| Story County, IA | 0.69% | 51.2 |
| Dane County, WI | 0.69% | 85.9 |
| Douglas County, KS | 0.66% | 59.3 |
| Carroll County, IA | 0.65% | 59.1 |
| Johnson County, IA | 0.65% | 49.3 |
| Lowest | ||
| Nome Census Area, AK | 0.03% | 212 |
| Kusilvak Census Area, AK | 0.03% | 243 |
| Bethel Census Area, AK | 0.03% | 234 |
| Yuma County, CO | 0.07% | 94.1 |
| Baca County, CO | 0.07% | 158 |
By injury deaths
| Flu vaccination among Medicare enrollees | Injury deaths | |
|---|---|---|
| Highest | ||
| Alpine County, CA | 0.19% | 312 |
| Yukon-Koyukuk Census Area, AK | 0.25% | 280 |
| Oglala Lakota County, SD | 0.17% | 276 |
| McDowell County, WV | 0.23% | 269 |
| Todd County, SD | 0.12% | 268 |
| Lowest | ||
| Loudoun County, VA | 0.52% | 28.9 |
| Arlington County, VA | 0.53% | 29.1 |
| Hidalgo County, TX | 0.42% | 32.7 |
| Madison County, ID | 0.39% | 33.3 |
| Wayne County, NE | 0.57% | 35.5 |
States
By flu vaccination among Medicare enrollees
| Flu vaccination among Medicare enrollees | Injury deaths | |
|---|---|---|
| Highest | ||
| Massachusetts | 0.58% | 75.1 |
| Delaware | 0.56% | 98.6 |
| Pennsylvania | 0.55% | 96.7 |
| Connecticut | 0.55% | 82.7 |
| Iowa | 0.54% | 73.3 |
| Lowest | ||
| Alaska | 0.32% | 108 |
| Nevada | 0.38% | 87.1 |
| Wyoming | 0.4% | 99.9 |
| New Mexico | 0.4% | 129 |
| Idaho | 0.4% | 81.9 |
By injury deaths
| Flu vaccination among Medicare enrollees | Injury deaths | |
|---|---|---|
| Highest | ||
| West Virginia | 0.41% | 146 |
| New Mexico | 0.4% | 129 |
| Tennessee | 0.49% | 115 |
| Louisiana | 0.42% | 114 |
| District of Columbia | 0.43% | 113 |
| Lowest | ||
| New York | 0.51% | 60 |
| California | 0.44% | 62.9 |
| Nebraska | 0.5% | 65 |
| Hawaii | 0.48% | 65.1 |
| New Jersey | 0.53% | 66.1 |
Metro areas
By flu vaccination among Medicare enrollees
| Flu vaccination among Medicare enrollees | Injury deaths | |
|---|---|---|
| Highest | ||
| Ames, IA | 0.673% | 55.7 |
| Madison, WI | 0.663% | 87.5 |
| Lawrence, KS | 0.66% | 59.3 |
| Carroll, IA | 0.65% | 59.1 |
| Iowa City, IA | 0.631% | 52.4 |
| Lowest | ||
| Winnemucca, NV | 0.15% | 122 |
| Safford, AZ | 0.19% | 103 |
| Andrews, TX | 0.2% | 73.5 |
| Nantucket, MA | 0.21% | 58.7 |
| Hobbs, NM | 0.22% | 111 |
By injury deaths
| Flu vaccination among Medicare enrollees | Injury deaths | |
|---|---|---|
| Highest | ||
| Española, NM | 0.34% | 213 |
| Gallup, NM | 0.41% | 201 |
| Beckley, WV | 0.409% | 191 |
| Show Low, AZ | 0.38% | 188 |
| Charleston, WV | 0.452% | 186 |
| Lowest | ||
| McAllen-Edinburg-Mission, TX | 0.42% | 32.7 |
| Brownsville-Harlingen, TX | 0.41% | 36.9 |
| Rio Grande City-Roma, TX | 0.3% | 40.3 |
| Eagle Pass, TX | 0.26% | 42.5 |
| Storm Lake, IA | 0.39% | 43.7 |
Counties furthest from the pattern
Compared with the straight line that best fits all 2,970 counties: the five with far more injury deaths than their flu vaccination among Medicare enrollees would suggest, and the five with far less.
| Flu vaccination among Medicare enrollees | Injury deaths | |
|---|---|---|
| Above the line | ||
| Alpine County, CA | 0.19% | 312 |
| Buffalo County, SD | 0.39% | 267 |
| Yukon-Koyukuk Census Area, AK | 0.25% | 280 |
| Oglala Lakota County, SD | 0.17% | 276 |
| McDowell County, WV | 0.23% | 269 |
| Below the line | ||
| Maverick County, TX | 0.26% | 42.5 |
| Starr County, TX | 0.3% | 40.3 |
| Presidio County, TX | 0.2% | 52.7 |
| Madison County, ID | 0.39% | 33.3 |
| Hidalgo County, TX | 0.42% | 32.7 |
Two series, one county
Both measures over time for a county you pick. The two charts are stacked, so they share only the years along the bottom. You can pick from the thirty largest counties reporting both. This panel covers 2010–2024, and a measure published only once shows as a single dot.
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Every version of the link
Each row measures the same link, from −1 to +1, in a different way. If the rows mostly agree, the link does not depend on one choice of method.
| Before adjusting for anything | -0.370 | 2,962 counties reporting both |
| After adjusting for density, income and education | -0.138 | the part of the link that is not just how urban, rich and educated a place is |
| Also adjusting for population size | -0.138 | size taken out as well as density |
| Also comparing only within each state | -0.117 | each county is compared only with others in its own state, so this is no longer a comparison between states |
| Giving bigger counties more weight | +0.151 | the adjusted link for the average resident rather than the average county. With this weighting, the data counts for about 282 equally weighted counties |
| Middle value inside single states | -0.339 | the link worked out inside each of 39 states with at least 20 counties reporting |
| Using ranks, after adjusting | -0.085 | uses each county’s rank, not its value, so a few extreme counties cannot create the link |
How much to believe it
Could it be chance?
The p-value is the chance of seeing a link this strong if there were really none. A value of 0.05 or less means the link is unlikely to be chance. Very small values are written in short form: 3.1e-16 means 0.00000000000000031, and the bigger the number after “e-”, the smaller the value. Treating every county as a separate case gives p = 4.0e-14. But counties in the same state tend to resemble each other, so the better figure allows for that: p = 0.009. The site tested 20,910 pairs, and testing so many turns up some flukes. The q-value allows for that too. For this pair it is 1.1e-13.
Do nearby places look alike?
Moran’s I measures how much nearby places look alike: 0 means no map pattern, and higher means neighbours are more similar. For the part of each county that the adjustment leaves unexplained, it is +0.36 (p = 0.001). That unexplained part still clusters on the map. So some regional factor shared by both measures is not accounted for.
Did they change together?
The figures above compare counties at one moment. This asks a different question: where flu vaccination among medicare enrollees rose most, did injury deathsmove too? Each county’s change is compared with the average change in its own state. That takes out ups and downs that hit a whole region at once. Each change is the gap between two estimates that both contain some error. That error pulls these links towards zero, so a weak one is weak partly for that reason. The q column shows whether a link could be a fluke, allowing for the many pairs tested: 0.05 or less means it is unlikely to be chance.
| Period | Counties | Change together | Within states | q |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2014–2019 the main test: each Census survey figure averages five years, and these two do not overlap; before the pandemic | — | — | — | — |
| 2019–2023 a repeat check: its two five-year survey figures both include 2019, and it covers the COVID years | 2,934 | -0.02 | -0.00 | 0.926 |
Measured over the nearest years published: Flu vaccination among Medicare enrollees: 2019–2022 for the 2019–2023 row; Injury deaths: 2019–2022 for the 2019–2023 row.
Not measurable over the main period, so only the second period is shown. How change is measured.
Related pairs
- Injury deaths and Years of potential life lost — +0.65
- Injury deaths and Premature mortality — +0.56
- Injury deaths and Life expectancy — -0.54
- Share American Indian or Alaska Native, not Hispanic and Injury deaths — +0.48
- Injury deaths and Health score — -0.41
- Current asthma and Injury deaths — +0.39
- Injury deaths and Firearm suicide rate — +0.39
- Child mortality and Injury deaths — +0.38
Association only. Nothing here shows that either measure changes the other. This describes counties, not the people in them. Two measures going together across places does not mean the same people have both. How the US county data works · Explore Flu vaccination among Medicare enrollees and Injury deaths