Days of 90°F or hotter and Prison population rate
Where Days of 90°F or hotter is higher, Prison population rate tends to be higher. The link is weak: +0.33 across 2,577 counties, on a scale from −1 (opposite) to +1 (in step). That figure compares places with the same population density, income and education, so those differences can't explain it. It holds inside states too. Measured separately within each of 34 states, the middle value of the link is +0.03.
Holds after adjusting
Every place, plotted
One dot for each place reporting both measures. Hover over or tap a dot to see its name and values. The thin line is the straight line that best fits the dots. The bold line, shown for counties, is the link after adjusting for density, income and education. A dot far from the lines is a place that does not follow the pattern.
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What each measure is
Days of 90°F or hotter
The number of days in the year when the high temperature reached 90°F or more. The high is the average over the county of NOAA's daily map of weather station readings, made of squares about 3 miles wide. So a county with hot valleys and cool mountains counts fewer days than its hottest town. A state's figure is the average of its counties, each weighted by its land area. Lower 48 states only, from 1951.
NOAA NCEI nClimGrid-Daily · NOAA NCEI nClimGrid-Daily v1.0.0 county averages (prcp/tmax/tmin, scaled), hot_days; states, counties averaged by land area
Prison population rate
People in state prison who were sentenced in this county, wherever they are held now, per 100,000 residents aged 15 to 64. The middle county is 593. It is the reverse of the jail rate: it follows the county's own residents wherever they are sent, instead of counting whoever is inside its walls.
Vera Institute of Justice, Incarceration Trends · Vera Incarceration Trends total_prison_pop_rate
Highest and lowest
Where each measure is highest and lowest among the places reporting both (2023), with the other measure beside it. This is shown for every size of place where both are published. Metro-area values are added up from their counties. A measure that cannot be added up across counties, such as a middle value (median), has no metro figure. Counts are shown per 1,000 residents, since raw totals would only list the largest places. Cities and towns and ZIP codes are shown where the Census survey or the CDC publishes them; most other sources stop at the county. They are shown for places of 5,000 residents or more, and only where the survey’s margin of error is small enough for the figure to be usable. The CDC publishes its health estimates for cities in a version adjusted for age, so places with older or younger people can be compared fairly, but not for ZIP codes.
Counties
By days of 90°F or hotter
| Days of 90°F or hotter | Prison population rate | |
|---|---|---|
| Highest | ||
| Starr County, TX | 196 | 342 |
| Zapata County, TX | 192 | 364 |
| Hidalgo County, TX | 189 | 536 |
| Brooks County, TX | 187 | 787 |
| Jim Hogg County, TX | 186 | 289 |
| Lowest | ||
| Teller County, CO | 0 | 471 |
| Summit County, CO | 0 | 299 |
| Saguache County, CO | 0 | 400 |
| Routt County, CO | 0 | 203 |
| Rio Grande County, CO | 0 | 574 |
By prison population rate
| Days of 90°F or hotter | Prison population rate | |
|---|---|---|
| Highest | ||
| Schoolcraft County, MI | 0 | 10,686 |
| McPherson County, NE | 23 | 3,435 |
| Carroll County, KY | 14 | 3,338 |
| Hall County, TX | 109 | 3,191 |
| Brown County, TX | 112 | 3,175 |
| Lowest | ||
| Los Alamos County, NM | 11 | 40.1 |
| Morgan County, UT | 0 | 69.6 |
| Dukes County, MA | 0 | 72.8 |
| Norfolk County, MA | 5 | 74 |
| Nantucket County, MA | 0 | 74.3 |
States — Prison population rate is not published for states
By days of 90°F or hotter
| Days of 90°F or hotter | Prison population rate | |
|---|---|---|
| Highest | ||
| Texas | 118 | — |
| Louisiana | 114 | — |
| Florida | 105 | — |
| Arizona | 90.2 | — |
| Mississippi | 89 | — |
| Lowest | ||
| Rhode Island | 0.396 | — |
| Vermont | 0.566 | — |
| New York | 0.947 | — |
| Maine | 1.16 | — |
| New Hampshire | 1.69 | — |
Metro areas
By days of 90°F or hotter
| Days of 90°F or hotter | Prison population rate | |
|---|---|---|
| Highest | ||
| Rio Grande City-Roma, TX | 196 | 342 |
| Zapata, TX | 192 | 364 |
| McAllen-Edinburg-Mission, TX | 189 | 536 |
| Alice, TX | 178 | 632 |
| Laredo, TX | 174 | 337 |
| Lowest | ||
| Youngstown-Warren, OH | 0 | 701 |
| Wooster, OH | 0 | 369 |
| Wheeling, WV-OH | 0 | 658 |
| Waynesville, NC | 0 | 677 |
| Watertown-Fort Drum, NY | 0 | 288 |
By prison population rate
| Days of 90°F or hotter | Prison population rate | |
|---|---|---|
| Highest | ||
| Brownwood, TX | 112 | 3,175 |
| Mineral Wells, TX | 115 | 2,949 |
| Cordele, GA | 77 | 2,827 |
| Middlesborough, KY | 3 | 2,662 |
| Paris, TX | 91.3 | 2,455 |
| Lowest | ||
| Los Alamos, NM | 11 | 40.1 |
| Vineyard Haven, MA | 0 | 72.8 |
| Nantucket, MA | 0 | 74.3 |
| Pullman, WA | 29 | 74.9 |
| Amherst Town-Northampton, MA | 5 | 106 |
Counties furthest from the pattern
Compared with the straight line that best fits all 2,593 counties: the five with far more prison population rate than their days of 90°F or hotter would suggest, and the five with far less.
| Days of 90°F or hotter | Prison population rate | |
|---|---|---|
| Above the line | ||
| Schoolcraft County, MI | 0 | 10,686 |
| McPherson County, NE | 23 | 3,435 |
| Carroll County, KY | 14 | 3,338 |
| Hall County, TX | 109 | 3,191 |
| Brown County, TX | 112 | 3,175 |
| Below the line | ||
| Jim Hogg County, TX | 186 | 289 |
| Starr County, TX | 196 | 342 |
| Zapata County, TX | 192 | 364 |
| Maverick County, TX | 163 | 256 |
| Imperial County, CA | 170 | 315 |
Two series, one county
Both measures over time for a county you pick. The two charts are stacked, so they share only the years along the bottom. You can pick from the thirty largest counties reporting both. This panel covers 2010–2024, and a measure published only once shows as a single dot.
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Every version of the link
Each row measures the same link, from −1 to +1, in a different way. If the rows mostly agree, the link does not depend on one choice of method.
| Before adjusting for anything | +0.377 | 2,577 counties reporting both |
| After adjusting for density, income and education | +0.332 | the part of the link that is not just how urban, rich and educated a place is |
| Also adjusting for population size | +0.336 | size taken out as well as density |
| Also comparing only within each state | -0.049 | each county is compared only with others in its own state, so this is no longer a comparison between states |
| Also holding winter sunshine equal | +0.193 | compares counties that get the same sunlight in winter as well. If this is much weaker, part of the link is a difference between sunny and grey regions (more) |
| Giving bigger counties more weight | +0.222 | the adjusted link for the average resident rather than the average county. With this weighting, the data counts for about 248 equally weighted counties |
| Middle value inside single states | +0.030 | the link worked out inside each of 34 states with at least 20 counties reporting |
| Using ranks, after adjusting | +0.351 | uses each county’s rank, not its value, so a few extreme counties cannot create the link |
How much to believe it
Could it be chance?
The p-value is the chance of seeing a link this strong if there were really none. A value of 0.05 or less means the link is unlikely to be chance. Very small values are written in short form: 3.1e-16 means 0.00000000000000031, and the bigger the number after “e-”, the smaller the value. Treating every county as a separate case gives p = 3.0e-67. But counties in the same state tend to resemble each other, so the better figure allows for that: p = 2.9e-8. The site tested 32,131 pairs, and testing so many turns up some flukes. The q-value allows for that too. For this pair it is 2.3e-66.
Do nearby places look alike?
Moran’s I measures how much nearby places look alike: 0 means no map pattern, and higher means neighbours are more similar. For the part of each county that the adjustment leaves unexplained, it is +0.20 (p = 0.001). That unexplained part still clusters on the map. So some regional factor shared by both measures is not accounted for.
Did they change together?
The figures above compare counties at one moment. This asks a different question: where days of 90°F or hotter rose most, did prison population ratemove too? Each county’s change is compared with the average change in its own state. That takes out ups and downs that hit a whole region at once. Each change is the gap between two estimates that both contain some error. That error pulls these links towards zero, so a weak one is weak partly for that reason. The q column shows whether a link could be a fluke, allowing for the many pairs tested: 0.05 or less means it is unlikely to be chance.
| Period | Counties | Change together | Within states | q |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2014–2019 the main test: each Census survey figure averages five years, and these two do not overlap; before the pandemic | 2,548 | -0.03 | -0.07 | 0.001 |
| 2019–2023 a repeat check: its two five-year survey figures both include 2019, and it covers the COVID years | — | — | — | — |
In counties where one changed more, the other tended to move the opposite way, compared with other counties in the same state (r = -0.07). How change is measured.
Related pairs
- Days of 90°F or hotter and Cooling degree days — +0.95
- Days of 90°F or hotter and Average temperature — +0.88
- Days of 90°F or hotter and Heating degree days — -0.80
- Days of 90°F or hotter and Winter daily sunlight — +0.79
- Freezing days and Days of 90°F or hotter — -0.74
- Days of 90°F or hotter and Daily sunlight — +0.74
- Days of 90°F or hotter and Winter nightly low — +0.73
- Days of 90°F or hotter and Cloud cover — -0.69
Association only. Nothing here shows that either measure changes the other. This describes counties, not the people in them. Two measures going together across places does not mean the same people have both. How the US county data works · Explore Days of 90°F or hotter and Prison population rate