Average temperature and Prison population rate
Where Average temperature is higher, Prison population rate tends to be higher. The link is weak: +0.33 across 2,577 counties, on a scale from −1 (opposite) to +1 (in step). That figure compares places with the same population density, income and education, so those differences can't explain it. It holds inside states too. Measured separately within each of 34 states, the middle value of the link is +0.01.
Holds after adjusting
Every place, plotted
One dot for each place reporting both measures. Hover over or tap a dot to see its name and values. The thin line is the straight line that best fits the dots. The bold line, shown for counties, is the link after adjusting for density, income and education. A dot far from the lines is a place that does not follow the pattern.
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What each measure is
Average temperature
The average temperature over the year, in degrees Fahrenheit, across the whole county or state. NOAA builds it from weather station readings, filling the gaps between stations with a map of the area, and averages the twelve monthly figures. One unusually warm or cold year can stand out, so look at several years.
NOAA NCEI nClimDiv · NOAA NCEI nClimDiv climdiv-tmpccy/tmpcst
Prison population rate
People in state prison who were sentenced in this county, wherever they are held now, per 100,000 residents aged 15 to 64. The middle county is 593. It is the reverse of the jail rate: it follows the county's own residents wherever they are sent, instead of counting whoever is inside its walls.
Vera Institute of Justice, Incarceration Trends · Vera Incarceration Trends total_prison_pop_rate
Highest and lowest
Where each measure is highest and lowest among the places reporting both (2023), with the other measure beside it. This is shown for every size of place where both are published. Metro-area values are added up from their counties. A measure that cannot be added up across counties, such as a middle value (median), has no metro figure. Counts are shown per 1,000 residents, since raw totals would only list the largest places. Cities and towns and ZIP codes are shown where the Census survey or the CDC publishes them; most other sources stop at the county. They are shown for places of 5,000 residents or more, and only where the survey’s margin of error is small enough for the figure to be usable. The CDC publishes its health estimates for cities in a version adjusted for age, so places with older or younger people can be compared fairly, but not for ZIP codes.
Counties
By average temperature
| Average temperature | Prison population rate | |
|---|---|---|
| Highest | ||
| Monroe County, FL | 78.4 | 777 |
| Miami-Dade County, FL | 78 | 375 |
| Broward County, FL | 77.7 | 467 |
| Collier County, FL | 77.2 | 492 |
| Starr County, TX | 77.1 | 342 |
| Lowest | ||
| Lake County, CO | 33.9 | 327 |
| Summit County, CO | 34.8 | 299 |
| Sublette County, WY | 34.9 | 791 |
| Teton County, WY | 35.1 | 155 |
| Grand County, CO | 36.5 | 251 |
By prison population rate
| Average temperature | Prison population rate | |
|---|---|---|
| Highest | ||
| Schoolcraft County, MI | 43.5 | 10,686 |
| McPherson County, NE | 49 | 3,435 |
| Carroll County, KY | 57.3 | 3,338 |
| Hall County, TX | 63.9 | 3,191 |
| Brown County, TX | 68.4 | 3,175 |
| Lowest | ||
| Los Alamos County, NM | 47.8 | 40.1 |
| Morgan County, UT | 43.9 | 69.6 |
| Dukes County, MA | 53.5 | 72.8 |
| Norfolk County, MA | 52.8 | 74 |
| Nantucket County, MA | 52.7 | 74.3 |
States — Prison population rate is not published for states
By average temperature
| Average temperature | Prison population rate | |
|---|---|---|
| Highest | ||
| Florida | 73.3 | — |
| Louisiana | 69.6 | — |
| Texas | 68.1 | — |
| Hawaii | 66.8 | — |
| Mississippi | 66.7 | — |
| Lowest | ||
| Alaska | 28.4 | — |
| Wyoming | 41.8 | — |
| North Dakota | 42 | — |
| Minnesota | 43.8 | — |
| Idaho | 43.8 | — |
Metro areas
By average temperature
| Average temperature | Prison population rate | |
|---|---|---|
| Highest | ||
| Key West-Key Largo, FL | 78.4 | 777 |
| Miami-Fort Lauderdale-West Palm Beach, FL | 77.5 | 426 |
| Naples-Marco Island, FL | 77.2 | 492 |
| Rio Grande City-Roma, TX | 77.1 | 342 |
| McAllen-Edinburg-Mission, TX | 77.1 | 536 |
| Lowest | ||
| Breckenridge, CO | 34.4 | 304 |
| Jackson, WY-ID | 35.6 | 155 |
| Edwards, CO | 38.8 | 184 |
| Evanston, WY-UT | 39.1 | 468 |
| Cody, WY | 39.4 | 477 |
By prison population rate
| Average temperature | Prison population rate | |
|---|---|---|
| Highest | ||
| Brownwood, TX | 68.4 | 3,175 |
| Mineral Wells, TX | 68 | 2,949 |
| Cordele, GA | 67.5 | 2,827 |
| Middlesborough, KY | 56.6 | 2,662 |
| Paris, TX | 65.6 | 2,455 |
| Lowest | ||
| Los Alamos, NM | 47.8 | 40.1 |
| Vineyard Haven, MA | 53.5 | 72.8 |
| Nantucket, MA | 52.7 | 74.3 |
| Pullman, WA | 51.1 | 74.9 |
| Amherst Town-Northampton, MA | 50.4 | 106 |
Counties furthest from the pattern
Compared with the straight line that best fits all 2,593 counties: the five with far more prison population rate than their average temperature would suggest, and the five with far less.
| Average temperature | Prison population rate | |
|---|---|---|
| Above the line | ||
| Schoolcraft County, MI | 43.5 | 10,686 |
| McPherson County, NE | 49 | 3,435 |
| Carroll County, KY | 57.3 | 3,338 |
| Hall County, TX | 63.9 | 3,191 |
| Brown County, TX | 68.4 | 3,175 |
| Below the line | ||
| Fort Bend County, TX | 72.8 | 196 |
| Jim Hogg County, TX | 76 | 289 |
| Maverick County, TX | 74.3 | 256 |
| Starr County, TX | 77.1 | 342 |
| Miami-Dade County, FL | 78 | 375 |
Two series, one county
Both measures over time for a county you pick. The two charts are stacked, so they share only the years along the bottom. You can pick from the thirty largest counties reporting both. This panel covers 2010–2024, and a measure published only once shows as a single dot.
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Every version of the link
Each row measures the same link, from −1 to +1, in a different way. If the rows mostly agree, the link does not depend on one choice of method.
| Before adjusting for anything | +0.411 | 2,577 counties reporting both |
| After adjusting for density, income and education | +0.333 | the part of the link that is not just how urban, rich and educated a place is |
| Also adjusting for population size | +0.333 | size taken out as well as density |
| Also comparing only within each state | -0.035 | each county is compared only with others in its own state, so this is no longer a comparison between states |
| Giving bigger counties more weight | +0.252 | the adjusted link for the average resident rather than the average county. With this weighting, the data counts for about 248 equally weighted counties |
| Middle value inside single states | +0.013 | the link worked out inside each of 34 states with at least 20 counties reporting |
| Using ranks, after adjusting | +0.392 | uses each county’s rank, not its value, so a few extreme counties cannot create the link |
How much to believe it
Could it be chance?
The p-value is the chance of seeing a link this strong if there were really none. A value of 0.05 or less means the link is unlikely to be chance. Very small values are written in short form: 3.1e-16 means 0.00000000000000031, and the bigger the number after “e-”, the smaller the value. Treating every county as a separate case gives p = 1.6e-67. But counties in the same state tend to resemble each other, so the better figure allows for that: p = 6.9e-6. The site tested 24,090 pairs, and testing so many turns up some flukes. The q-value allows for that too. For this pair it is 1.1e-66.
Do nearby places look alike?
Moran’s I measures how much nearby places look alike: 0 means no map pattern, and higher means neighbours are more similar. For the part of each county that the adjustment leaves unexplained, it is +0.19 (p = 0.001). That unexplained part still clusters on the map. So some regional factor shared by both measures is not accounted for.
Did they change together?
The figures above compare counties at one moment. This asks a different question: where average temperature rose most, did prison population ratemove too? Each county’s change is compared with the average change in its own state. That takes out ups and downs that hit a whole region at once. Each change is the gap between two estimates that both contain some error. That error pulls these links towards zero, so a weak one is weak partly for that reason. The q column shows whether a link could be a fluke, allowing for the many pairs tested: 0.05 or less means it is unlikely to be chance.
| Period | Counties | Change together | Within states | q |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2014–2019 the main test: each Census survey figure averages five years, and these two do not overlap; before the pandemic | 2,548 | +0.02 | -0.05 | 0.300 |
| 2019–2023 a repeat check: its two five-year survey figures both include 2019, and it covers the COVID years | — | — | — | — |
Over the main period, any link between the changes could easily be chance. How change is measured.
Related pairs
- Average temperature and Winter nightly low — +0.91
- Average temperature and Summer daily high — +0.88
- Adults under 65 without health insurance and Average temperature — +0.53
- High cholesterol and Average temperature — +0.52
- Returns claiming the earned income credit and Average temperature — +0.49
- Diagnosed diabetes and Average temperature — +0.48
- High blood pressure and Average temperature — +0.46
- Incarceration of children raised poor here and Prison population rate — +0.45
Association only. Nothing here shows that either measure changes the other. This describes counties, not the people in them. Two measures going together across places does not mean the same people have both. How the US county data works · Explore Average temperature and Prison population rate