placestats

Expected schooling vs. Religion very important

Fades after adjusting for income

A country is not a person. Countries where more people are counted as belonging to this group also tend to differ on the other measure, and that is all. It does not follow that the people in the group are the people with the different score. Making that leap is called the ecological fallacy: reading a pattern across places as a fact about individual people. It is the most common misuse of this kind of data. Religion also varies strongly with region, history and national income, so much of what looks religious here is really those. That is what the adjusted figures are for. The religion shares are estimates for two years only, and the survey questions are asked in rounds that can be ten years apart.

Across 104 countries, Expected schooling and Religion very important rise and fall together at r = -0.62 (on a scale from −1 to +1, where 0 means no link). Comparing only countries with similar income (GDP per person) shrinks it to -0.27, which could easily be chance (q = 0.25, allowing for the many pairs tested, and allowing for countries in the same region being alike). So the first figure mostly shows richer countries differing from poorer ones, not a link between these two things. Caution: direction is not consistent across regions.

Comparing countries across the middle half of religion very important, 15.5% to 71% of respondents, expected schooling is worse by 3.06 years at the top of that range than the bottom. Comparing only countries with similar national income, the gap is 1.04 years.

Link before adjusting (r)-0.623p = 1.6e-12 · 104 countries
After adjusting for national income-0.267p = 0.006 · likely range [-0.44, -0.08]
p, allowing for regions0.230standard error 0.200 · 7 regions
Check for luck (q)0.254across 12,497 pairs

How to read these.r runs from −1 (one goes up as the other goes down) to +1 (they rise together), and 0 means no link. Adjusting for national income means comparing countries with the same GDP per person, so differences in wealth can’t explain the link. Income is used in percentage terms, since an extra $1,000 means more to a poor country than to a rich one. p is how likely a link this strong would be if there were really none. Below 0.05 means it is unlikely to be chance. Very small values are written in short form: 1.1e-32 means a decimal point followed by 31 zeros and then 11, so very close to zero. The likely range is where the true figure probably lies, and a range that crosses zero means the link could easily be chance. Countries in the same region tend to resemble each other, so the third figure allows for that, which gives a fairer p. The standard error is the typical size of the error in r. Finally, testing this many pairs means some will look strong by luck alone. A q below 0.05 means this link is unlikely to be one of those.

Expected schooling · yearslink with income +0.81 · proxy
Religion very important · % of respondentslink with income -0.66 · high

Both of these rise and fall closely with national income, so a strong link between them before adjusting was close to certain. Read the adjusted figure, not the first one.

“Link with income” is how closely each measure tracks GDP per person across countries, from −1 to +1.

Every country as a dot

Expected schooling · years →Religion very important · % of respondents →7.0120.83.25%98.9%Albania: 14.5 years, 24.4% of respondentsAndorra: 14.5 years, 9.46% of respondentsArgentina: 18.8 years, 24.3% of respondentsArmenia: 14.4 years, 52.7% of respondentsAustralia: 20.7 years, 13.8% of respondentsAustria: 16.3 years, 13.9% of respondentsAzerbaijan: 12.9 years, 15.9% of respondentsBelgium: 19 years, 13.2% of respondentsBurkina Faso: 8.73 years, 82.9% of respondentsBangladesh: 12.3 years, 94.2% of respondentsBulgaria: 15.3 years, 21.9% of respondentsBosnia and Herzegovina: 13.2 years, 39.8% of respondentsBelarus: 13.7 years, 19.7% of respondentsBolivia: 15.6 years, 58.4% of respondentsBrazil: 15.8 years, 45.1% of respondentsCanada: 15.9 years, 15.5% of respondentsSwitzerland: 16.7 years, 11.3% of respondentsChile: 16.9 years, 20.7% of respondentsChina: 15.5 years, 3.25% of respondentsColombia: 14.3 years, 58.4% of respondentsCyprus: 16.2 years, 50.5% of respondentsCzechia: 16.8 years, 7.67% of respondentsGermany: 17.3 years, 13.5% of respondentsDenmark: 18.7 years, 5.73% of respondentsAlgeria: 15.5 years, 90.7% of respondentsEcuador: 14.9 years, 53.6% of respondentsEgypt, Arab Rep.: 13.1 years, 97.3% of respondentsSpain: 17.8 years, 17.2% of respondentsEstonia: 16 years, 6.54% of respondentsEthiopia: 9.22 years, 92.8% of respondentsFinland: 19.5 years, 11% of respondentsFrance: 16.1 years, 14.3% of respondentsUnited Kingdom: 17.8 years, 15.6% of respondentsGeorgia: 16.8 years, 69.6% of respondentsGhana: 11.4 years, 91.1% of respondentsGreece: 20.8 years, 54.8% of respondentsGuatemala: 10.7 years, 51.5% of respondentsHong Kong SAR, China: 16.9 years, 10.7% of respondentsCroatia: 16.3 years, 20.6% of respondentsHaiti: 10.9 years, 28% of respondentsHungary: 15.5 years, 16.1% of respondentsIndonesia: 13.3 years, 98.1% of respondentsIndia: 13 years, 64.2% of respondentsIreland: 19.2 years, 27.7% of respondentsIran, Islamic Rep.: 14 years, 70.5% of respondentsIraq: 12.4 years, 87.6% of respondentsIceland: 18.9 years, 13.2% of respondentsItaly: 16.7 years, 24.9% of respondentsJordan: 13.1 years, 95.4% of respondentsJapan: 15.5 years, 4.58% of respondentsKazakhstan: 14 years, 28.7% of respondentsKenya: 11.5 years, 86.7% of respondentsKyrgyz Republic: 12.7 years, 56% of respondentsKorea, Rep.: 16.6 years, 10.3% of respondentsKuwait: 15.9 years, 86.5% of respondentsLebanon: 11.7 years, 64.1% of respondentsLibya: 12.9 years, 97.9% of respondentsLithuania: 16.5 years, 12.2% of respondentsLuxembourg: 14.4 years, 16.8% of respondentsLatvia: 16.5 years, 8.84% of respondentsMorocco: 15.1 years, 89% of respondentsMoldova: 14.6 years, 32.9% of respondentsMaldives: 12.8 years, 95.7% of respondentsMexico: 14.5 years, 50.5% of respondentsNorth Macedonia: 14.8 years, 53.7% of respondentsMali: 7.01 years, 88.2% of respondentsMalta: 15.9 years, 58.7% of respondentsMyanmar: 11.5 years, 81% of respondentsMontenegro: 15.5 years, 63.1% of respondentsMongolia: 13.6 years, 8.76% of respondentsMalaysia: 12.7 years, 72.4% of respondentsNigeria: 10.5 years, 93.4% of respondentsNicaragua: 11.5 years, 60% of respondentsNetherlands: 18.6 years, 11.9% of respondentsNorway: 18.8 years, 11.2% of respondentsNew Zealand: 19.3 years, 14.5% of respondentsPakistan: 7.9 years, 89.6% of respondentsPeru: 14.9 years, 44.6% of respondentsPhilippines: 12.8 years, 88.9% of respondentsPoland: 16.7 years, 37.3% of respondentsPortugal: 17.5 years, 20.1% of respondentsWest Bank and Gaza: 13 years, 87.5% of respondentsQatar: 13.1 years, 98.9% of respondentsRomania: 14.1 years, 48.2% of respondentsRussian Federation: 13.2 years, 17.4% of respondentsRwanda: 12.6 years, 40.3% of respondentsSingapore: 16.7 years, 34% of respondentsSerbia: 15 years, 25.3% of respondentsSlovak Republic: 14.9 years, 22.2% of respondentsSlovenia: 17.5 years, 11.5% of respondentsSweden: 19 years, 9.48% of respondentsThailand: 15.4 years, 41.8% of respondentsTajikistan: 10.8 years, 63.1% of respondentsTrinidad and Tobago: 14.2 years, 78.5% of respondentsTunisia: 14.7 years, 90.6% of respondentsTurkiye: 19.8 years, 60% of respondentsUkraine: 13.3 years, 19.5% of respondentsUruguay: 17.5 years, 19.5% of respondentsUnited States: 15.9 years, 37.1% of respondentsUzbekistan: 12.5 years, 45.1% of respondentsViet Nam: 15.5 years, 12.3% of respondentsSouth Africa: 13.8 years, 55.8% of respondentsZambia: 11 years, 75.7% of respondentsZimbabwe: 11.1 years, 87.7% of respondentsAUSAZEDNKETHFINGRCHTIKWTMLIMNGPAKTUR

best-fit line line after adjusting

Four ways to measure the link

MethodrpCountries
Standard (Pearson), not adjusted-0.6231.6e-12104
By rank (Spearman), not adjusted-0.6402.6e-13104
Standard (Pearson), adjusted for national income-0.2670.006104
By rank (Spearman), adjusted for national income-0.2610.008104

The rank version uses only each country’s place in line, from lowest to highest, so a few extreme countries count for less. The adjusted and unadjusted versions use the same 104 countries: those that report both measures and GDP per person. So the gap between them comes from the adjustment, not from a change in which countries are counted. Drop in the size of r after adjusting: +0.356 (a minus sign means it grew).

How solid is it?

Leaving out one country at a time, r ranges from -0.304 (without GRC) to -0.179 (without QAT). The bar above shows that range on a scale from −1 to +1, with the solid line at the full result. The single country that moves r most: QAT (+0.088).

Fragile: this link may not hold up.
  • direction is not consistent across regions

Within each region

Countries are not separate, unrelated cases, and neighbors share a lot. A link that holds inside each region is far more believable than one that shows up only when comparing regions.

nr
East Asia & Pacific14-0.47
Europe & Central Asia48+0.22
Latin America & Caribbean13-0.59
Middle East, North Africa, Afghanistan & Pakistan14-0.12

By income third

If the link shows up only in the richest third of countries, it is a feature of rich countries, not a general pattern.

nr
Poorest third35-0.24
Middle third34-0.04
Richest third35-0.46

By largest religious group

Countries grouped by a label they share, such as main religion, rather than by a number. Groups of fewer than twelve countries are not shown. These groups differ in income, region and history all at once. So a gap between them is a place to start asking questions, not an answer.

nr
Christians61-0.20
Muslims28-0.06

By last european coloniser

Countries grouped by a label they share, such as main religion, rather than by a number. Groups of fewer than twelve countries are not shown. These groups differ in income, region and history all at once. So a gap between them is a place to start asking questions, not an answer.

nr
Never a European colony15+0.56
Spain12+0.03
United Kingdom25-0.68

Without outliers (countries far outside the middle half of countries on either measure, by more than one and a half times the width of that middle half): r = -0.271 after dropping 1 countries.

Two series, one country

Both measures over the years for one country you pick. The two charts are stacked so they share only the years along the bottom.

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Over time, within countries

Everything above compares countries with each other at one moment. This section compares each country only with itself over 0years. So a link here can’t come from anything about a country that stays the same, such as its history, geography, institutions or culture.

Not enough history inside each country to look at this over time. That needs countries measured for several years in a row, and at least one of these measures is measured too rarely.

The data


years
% of respondents		Years
Greece GRC20.854.8%2023, 2022
Australia AUS20.713.8%2023, 2022
Turkiye TUR19.860%2023, 2022
Finland FIN19.511%2023, 2022
New Zealand NZL19.314.5%2023, 2022
Ireland IRL19.227.7%2023, 2010
Belgium BEL1913.2%2023, 2010
Sweden SWE199.48%2023, 2022
Iceland ISL18.913.2%2023, 2022
Argentina ARG18.824.3%2023, 2022
Norway NOR18.811.2%2023, 2022
Denmark DNK18.75.73%2023, 2022
Netherlands NLD18.611.9%2023, 2022
Spain ESP17.817.2%2023, 2022
United Kingdom GBR17.815.6%2023, 2022

United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Report 2025
Haerpfer, C. et al., World Values Survey; EVS, European Values Study

Sources

Expected schooling

Expected years of schooling

United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Report Office · via Our World in Data · CC BY 3.0 IGO · updated annual

The years a child starting school today can expect to spend in it, if current enrolment rates hold. It is a forecast built from the same UNESCO enrolment figures the site already has, so it moves with them.

Religion very important

Share saying religion is very important in their life

World Values Survey Association and European Values Study · via Our World in Data · Free for non-commercial use with attribution · updated irregular (survey waves, roughly every 5 years)

The strongest of four answers. The others are "rather", "not very" and "not at all" important. Thinking religion is important is different from attending services, and the gap between them is the interesting part. The United States reports high importance while attendance falls. Several Catholic countries show the reverse. No "better" direction is set, for the same reason as attendance. The survey runs in waves, not every year.

How this was computed

Data used: most recent value in 2010-2025; values come from 2010–2023. To adjust for income, each measure is first predicted from GDP per person (in percentage terms, on a log scale) with a straight-line fit. Only what is left over is then compared. This is called a partial correlation. The line is drawn the standard way (ordinary least squares), which picks the line that comes closest to all the countries at once. The error margins allow for countries in the same region resembling each other, using 7 World Bank regions. The q-value corrects for testing all 12,497 pairs at once, using the Benjamini–Hochberg method. Underlying data last updated DYB 2024. How the country data works · explore Expected schooling and Religion very important

This page shows that two measures go together. It does not show that Expected schooling changes Religion very important, or the reverse. These figures also describe countries, not individual people. See the ecological fallacy.

More links with Expected schooling or Religion very important