Alcohol consumption vs. Female labor participation
Holds up after adjusting for income
Across 172 countries, Alcohol consumption and Female labor participation rise and fall together at r = +0.42 (on a scale from −1 to +1, where 0 means no link). It holds up almost unchanged when only countries with similar income (GDP per person) are compared (r = +0.45, q = 0.0073, allowing for the many pairs tested).
Comparing countries across the middle half of female labor participation, 44.5% to 60.8% of women 15+, alcohol consumption is 1.73 litres per adult per year higher at the top of that range than the bottom. Comparing only countries with similar national income, the gap is 1.63 litres per adult per year.
Link before adjusting (r)+0.415p = 1.5e-8 · 172 countries
After adjusting for national income+0.447p = 8.6e-10 · likely range [+0.32, +0.56]
p, allowing for regions0.028standard error 0.155 · 7 regions
Check for luck (q)0.007across 12,497 pairs
How to read these.r runs from −1 (one goes up as the other goes down) to +1 (they rise together), and 0 means no link. Adjusting for national income means comparing countries with the same GDP per person, so differences in wealth can’t explain the link. Income is used in percentage terms, since an extra $1,000 means more to a poor country than to a rich one. p is how likely a link this strong would be if there were really none. Below 0.05 means it is unlikely to be chance. Very small values are written in short form: 1.1e-32 means a decimal point followed by 31 zeros and then 11, so very close to zero. The likely range is where the true figure probably lies, and a range that crosses zero means the link could easily be chance. Countries in the same region tend to resemble each other, so the third figure allows for that, which gives a fairer p. The standard error is the typical size of the error in r. Finally, testing this many pairs means some will look strong by luck alone. A q below 0.05 means this link is unlikely to be one of those.
Alcohol consumption · litres per adult per yearlink with income +0.51 · moderate
Female labor participation · % of women 15+link with income +0.07 · independent
“Link with income” is how closely each measure tracks GDP per person across countries, from −1 to +1.
Every country as a dot
best-fit line line after adjusting
Four ways to measure the link
| Method | r | p | Countries |
|---|---|---|---|
| Standard (Pearson), not adjusted | +0.415 | 1.5e-8 | 172 |
| By rank (Spearman), not adjusted | +0.410 | 2.4e-8 | 172 |
| Standard (Pearson), adjusted for national income | +0.447 | 8.6e-10 | 172 |
| By rank (Spearman), adjusted for national income | +0.437 | 2.2e-9 | 172 |
The rank version uses only each country’s place in line, from lowest to highest, so a few extreme countries count for less. The adjusted and unadjusted versions use the same 172 countries: those that report both measures and GDP per person. So the gap between them comes from the adjustment, not from a change in which countries are counted. Drop in the size of r after adjusting: -0.032 (a minus sign means it grew).
How solid is it?
Leaving out one country at a time, r ranges from +0.432 (without TZA) to +0.471 (without ROU). The bar above shows that range on a scale from −1 to +1, with the solid line at the full result. The single country that moves r most: ROU (+0.024).
Within each region
Countries are not separate, unrelated cases, and neighbors share a lot. A link that holds inside each region is far more believable than one that shows up only when comparing regions.
| n | r | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| East Asia & Pacific | 23 | +0.33 | |
| Europe & Central Asia | 48 | +0.20 | |
| Latin America & Caribbean | 27 | +0.27 | |
| Middle East, North Africa, Afghanistan & Pakistan | 21 | +0.43 | |
| Sub-Saharan Africa | 45 | +0.42 |
By income third
If the link shows up only in the richest third of countries, it is a feature of rich countries, not a general pattern.
| n | r | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Poorest third | 58 | +0.54 | |
| Middle third | 57 | +0.56 | |
| Richest third | 57 | +0.28 |
By largest religious group
Countries grouped by a label they share, such as main religion, rather than by a number. Groups of fewer than twelve countries are not shown. These groups differ in income, region and history all at once. So a gap between them is a place to start asking questions, not an answer.
| n | r | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Christians | 104 | +0.26 | |
| Muslims | 48 | +0.52 |
By last european coloniser
Countries grouped by a label they share, such as main religion, rather than by a number. Groups of fewer than twelve countries are not shown. These groups differ in income, region and history all at once. So a gap between them is a place to start asking questions, not an answer.
| n | r | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| France | 25 | +0.66 | |
| Never a European colony | 21 | +0.58 | |
| Spain | 19 | +0.52 | |
| United Kingdom | 55 | +0.52 |
Without outliers (countries far outside the middle half of countries on either measure, by more than one and a half times the width of that middle half): r = +0.371 after dropping 10 countries.
Two series, one country
Both measures over the years for one country you pick. The two charts are stacked so they share only the years along the bottom.
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Over time, within countries
Everything above compares countries with each other at one moment. This section compares each country only with itself over 21years. So a link here can’t come from anything about a country that stays the same, such as its history, geography, institutions or culture.
Within countries over time, there is no link that is clearly more than chance (r = -0.025, comparing each country only with itself over the years, and each year only with the same year elsewhere). Whatever the cross-country picture shows, countries whose alcohol consumption moved did not tend to see their female labor participation move with it.
Across countries (adjusted)+0.447for comparison
Within countries-0.020each country vs itself
…and vs the same year elsewhere-0.025q = 0.776 · 175 countries
Year-on-year changes+0.036q = 0.504
Read with care.
- Almost all of this indicator's variation is between countries, not within them, so the within-country estimate rests on a small part of the data.
3,675 country-years (one country in one year), 175 countries, 2000–2020, about 21 years each on average. Share of the variation that happens within countries over time: 3% for Alcohol consumption, 4% for Female labor participation. The margins of error allow for each country appearing many times, and for each year’s value being close to the year before.
Year-to-year changes are a cautious test, not a final answer. Looking only at changes from one year to the next removes each country’s own trends. But it also makes measurement mistakes louder, which pulls the results toward zero. A near-zero result here is weak evidence of no link, not proof.
With one measure years behind the other
Same year (lag 0): -0.025. A peak away from zero does not show which comes first. These series change slowly — this year’s value is close to last year’s. That makes the curve smooth and nearly symmetric, whatever produced the data. Even a sharp peak at one lag (a gap of some years) would not prove that one measure changes the other.
This curve peaks at the edge of the window (lag -10), so it is still drifting where the search stops. That pattern usually reflects a slow trend left over in the data, not a link with real timing. The peak value should not be read as the “true” link at the right lag.
The data
litres per adult per year | % of women 15+ | Years | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Romania ROU | 16.8 | 41.8% | 2020, 2025 |
| Georgia GEO | 14.4 | 56.7% | 2020, 2025 |
| Latvia LVA | 12.9 | 55.2% | 2020, 2025 |
| Lithuania LTU | 12.1 | 57.7% | 2020, 2025 |
| Czechia CZE | 12 | 53.5% | 2020, 2025 |
| Germany DEU | 11.8 | 55.3% | 2020, 2025 |
| Poland POL | 11.7 | 51.6% | 2020, 2025 |
| Belarus BLR | 11.6 | 56.8% | 2020, 2025 |
| Bulgaria BGR | 11.6 | 50.4% | 2020, 2025 |
| Austria AUT | 11.5 | 55.1% | 2020, 2025 |
| Uganda UGA | 11.3 | 75.6% | 2020, 2025 |
| Burkina Faso BFA | 11.3 | 64.1% | 2020, 2025 |
| Moldova MDA | 11.1 | 72.3% | 2020, 2025 |
| Tanzania TZA | 10.9 | 80.3% | 2020, 2025 |
| Luxembourg LUX | 10.8 | 57.5% | 2020, 2025 |
World Bank, World Development Indicators
World Bank, World Development Indicators
Sources
Alcohol consumption
Total alcohol consumption per capita (litres of pure alcohol, age 15+)
World Health Organization Global Health Observatory · CC BY 4.0 · updated quarterly
Recorded drinking plus an estimate of unrecorded drinking, per person aged fifteen and over. Ends in 2020. No "better" direction is set, and the reason is the strongest fact about this measure on the site. Of everything here, it is what most separates countries by their largest religion. Alcohol is forbidden in Islam, so a low figure in a Muslim-majority country is religious practice showing up in a health statistic. Calling that end "best" would make this site score religious practice, which it refuses to do everywhere else. Every measure of attendance, prayer, marriage and belief here has no "better" direction for exactly that reason. This is the same fact arriving through a different column. The World Health Organization is right that alcohol carries a real burden of disease, and the site does not dispute it. It declines to turn that into a score for a country, when the thing being scored would largely be how many of its people are Muslim.
Female labor participation
Labor force participation rate, female (% of female population 15+)
International Labour Organization · CC BY 4.0 · updated quarterly
How this was computed
Data used: most recent value in 2010-2025; values come from 2019–2025. To adjust for income, each measure is first predicted from GDP per person (in percentage terms, on a log scale) with a straight-line fit. Only what is left over is then compared. This is called a partial correlation. The line is drawn the standard way (ordinary least squares), which picks the line that comes closest to all the countries at once. The error margins allow for countries in the same region resembling each other, using 7 World Bank regions. The q-value corrects for testing all 12,497 pairs at once, using the Benjamini–Hochberg method. Underlying data last updated DYB 2024. How the country data works · explore Alcohol consumption and Female labor participation
This page shows that two measures go together. It does not show that Alcohol consumption changes Female labor participation, or the reverse. These figures also describe countries, not individual people. See the ecological fallacy.
More links with Alcohol consumption or Female labor participation
- Alcohol consumption vs One-person households before +0.74 → after adjusting +0.60
- Extreme poverty rate vs Female labor participation before +0.37 → after adjusting +0.59
- Alcohol consumption vs Muslim share before -0.57 → after adjusting -0.55
- Alcohol consumption vs Religion very important before -0.69 → after adjusting -0.55
- Female labor participation vs Youth not in work or study before -0.47 → after adjusting -0.53
- Alcohol consumption vs Population 65+ before +0.67 → after adjusting +0.53
- Employment in agriculture vs Female labor participation before +0.21 → after adjusting +0.48
- Female labor participation vs Old-age spending before -0.36 → after adjusting -0.46