Across 152 countries, Electoral democracy and Equality score rise and fall together at r = +0.27 (on a scale from −1 to +1, where 0 means no link). Comparing only countries with similar income (GDP per person) flips the link to -0.19 (q = 0.016, allowing for the many pairs tested). The first figure pointed the other way only as richer and poorer countries differ. Caution: direction is not consistent across regions.
Comparing countries across the middle half of electoral democracy, 0.29 to 0.744 points, equality score is better by 0.379 typical gaps at the top of that range than the bottom. Comparing only countries with similar national income, the gap reverses, to 0.233 typical gaps the other way.
Link before adjusting (r)+0.265p = 0.001 · 152 countries
After adjusting for national income-0.187p = 0.021 · likely range [-0.34, -0.03]
p, allowing for regions0.001standard error 0.029 · 7 regions
Check for luck (q)0.016across 12,497 pairs
How to read these.r runs from −1 (one goes up as the other goes down) to +1 (they rise together), and 0 means no link. Adjusting for national income means comparing countries with the same GDP per person, so differences in wealth can’t explain the link. Income is used in percentage terms, since an extra $1,000 means more to a poor country than to a rich one. p is how likely a link this strong would be if there were really none. Below 0.05 means it is unlikely to be chance. Very small values are written in short form: 1.1e-32 means a decimal point followed by 31 zeros and then 11, so very close to zero. The likely range is where the true figure probably lies, and a range that crosses zero means the link could easily be chance. Countries in the same region tend to resemble each other, so the third figure allows for that, which gives a fairer p. The standard error is the typical size of the error in r. Finally, testing this many pairs means some will look strong by luck alone. A q below 0.05 means this link is unlikely to be one of those.
Electoral democracy · index (0-1)link with income +0.49 · moderate
Equality score · typical gaps (standard deviations)link with income +0.64 · high
“Link with income” is how closely each measure tracks GDP per person across countries, from −1 to +1.
Every country as a dot
best-fit line line after adjusting
Four ways to measure the link
Method
r
p
Countries
Standard (Pearson), not adjusted
+0.265
0.001
152
By rank (Spearman), not adjusted
+0.283
0.000
152
Standard (Pearson), adjusted for national income
-0.187
0.021
152
By rank (Spearman), adjusted for national income
-0.207
0.011
152
The rank version uses only each country’s place in line, from lowest to highest, so a few extreme countries count for less. The adjusted and unadjusted versions use the same 152 countries: those that report both measures and GDP per person. So the gap between them comes from the adjustment, not from a change in which countries are counted. Drop in the size of r after adjusting: +0.078 (a minus sign means it grew).
How solid is it?
Leaving out one country at a time, r ranges from -0.230 (without SWZ) to -0.174 (without BLR). The bar above shows that range on a scale from −1 to +1, with the solid line at the full result. The single country that moves r most: SWZ (-0.043).
Fragile: this link may not hold up.
direction is not consistent across regions
Within each region
Countries are not separate, unrelated cases, and neighbors share a lot. A link that holds inside each region is far more believable than one that shows up only when comparing regions.
n
r
East Asia & Pacific
16
-0.41
Europe & Central Asia
47
+0.04
Latin America & Caribbean
21
+0.10
Middle East, North Africa, Afghanistan & Pakistan
15
-0.14
Sub-Saharan Africa
45
-0.07
By income third
If the link shows up only in the richest third of countries, it is a feature of rich countries, not a general pattern.
n
r
Poorest third
51
-0.10
Middle third
50
-0.30
Richest third
51
-0.06
By largest religious group
Countries grouped by a label they share, such as main religion, rather than by a number. Groups of fewer than twelve countries are not shown. These groups differ in income, region and history all at once. So a gap between them is a place to start asking questions, not an answer.
n
r
Christians
96
+0.01
Muslims
39
-0.12
By last european coloniser
Countries grouped by a label they share, such as main religion, rather than by a number. Groups of fewer than twelve countries are not shown. These groups differ in income, region and history all at once. So a gap between them is a place to start asking questions, not an answer.
n
r
France
24
-0.02
Never a European colony
16
+0.14
Spain
19
-0.25
United Kingdom
40
-0.17
Without outliers (countries far outside the middle half of countries on either measure, by more than one and a half times the width of that middle half): r = -0.177 after dropping 4 countries.
Two series, one country
Both measures over the years for one country you pick. The two charts are stacked so they share only the years along the bottom.
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Over time, within countries
Everything above compares countries with each other at one moment. This section compares each country only with itself over 0years. So a link here can’t come from anything about a country that stays the same, such as its history, geography, institutions or culture.
Not enough history inside each country to look at this over time. That needs countries measured for several years in a row, and at least one of these measures is measured too rarely.
The data
index (0-1)
typical gaps (standard deviations)
Years
Denmark DNK
0.913
0.709
2025, 2023
Norway NOR
0.89
0.91
2025, 2023
Sweden SWE
0.889
0.734
2025, 2023
Belgium BEL
0.889
0.895
2025, 2023
Ireland IRL
0.887
0.769
2025, 2023
Estonia EST
0.887
0.666
2025, 2023
Switzerland CHE
0.882
0.491
2025, 2022
Luxembourg LUX
0.869
0.505
2025, 2023
France FRA
0.865
0.608
2025, 2023
Uruguay URY
0.862
0.135
2025, 2024
Costa Rica CRI
0.862
-0.196
2025
Finland FIN
0.852
0.858
2025, 2023
Czechia CZE
0.849
0.961
2025, 2023
Australia AUS
0.844
0.473
2025, 2020
Canada CAN
0.84
0.62
2025, 2022
Coppedge, M. et al., V-Dem Dataset, Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project wdi
V-Dem Institute, University of Gothenburg · via Our World in Data · CC BY 4.0 · updated annual
Based on political scientist Robert Dahl's idea of "polyarchy": are leaders chosen in free and fair elections, with freedom of speech, freedom to form groups, and the vote for nearly all adults? It is the base index that most other V-Dem measures are built on.
PlaceStats · via PlaceStats · Derived work; each member keeps its own licence · updated recomputed with the panel
The average of 2 measures from 1 publisher. Each measure is first put on a common scale: 0 is the average country in an average year, and 1 is a typical gap between countries (a standard deviation). Each is turned so that higher is better. Measures are averaged within each publisher first, so a publisher with many measures does not count for more. Members: Extreme poverty rate, Gini index.
How this was computed
Data used: most recent value in 2010-2025; values come from 2010–2025. To adjust for income, each measure is first predicted from GDP per person (in percentage terms, on a log scale) with a straight-line fit. Only what is left over is then compared. This is called a partial correlation. The line is drawn the standard way (ordinary least squares), which picks the line that comes closest to all the countries at once. The error margins allow for countries in the same region resembling each other, using 7 World Bank regions. The q-value corrects for testing all 12,497 pairs at once, using the Benjamini–Hochberg method. Underlying data last updated DYB 2024. How the country data works · explore Electoral democracy and Equality score
This page shows that two measures go together. It does not show that Electoral democracy changes Equality score, or the reverse. These figures also describe countries, not individual people. See the ecological fallacy.
More links with Electoral democracy or Equality score